急性前交叉韧带断裂合并膝关节骨挫伤的临床诊治

目的总结分析急性前交叉韧带断裂合并膝关节骨挫伤的临床类型及分布,并探讨骨挫伤和关节软骨损伤之间的关系。方法选择2010-12—2012-06间收治的40例急性前交叉韧带断裂合并膝关节骨挫伤的患者做为研究对象,回顾分析其临床影像学资料,总结骨挫伤MRI表现类型和关节镜下软骨受损情况。结果 40例患者中单发骨挫伤16例、复合性骨挫伤24例。MRI扫描出64处骨挫伤,其中Ⅰ型15处、Ⅱ型35处、Ⅲ型8处、Ⅳ型4处、Ⅴ型2处。60处(93.75%)位于外侧间室,4处(6.25%)位于内侧间室。结论在前交叉韧带发生急性断裂时,多伴随发生外侧间室骨挫伤,特别是外侧股骨髁前部和外侧胫骨平台的后部。在关节镜下可发现软骨损伤和骨挫伤不一定呈对应关系。     

Hoffa骨折合并膝关节韧带损伤4例报告

正Hoffa骨折为股骨髁冠状面上骨折,是关节内骨折,发生率低,具有骨折不稳定、血供较差、治疗较困难等特点,且合并伤较多,包括股骨远端、半月板、交叉韧带及侧副韧带等损伤~[1、2],2012年5月~2016年5月收治Hoffa骨折4例,其中外髁1例,内髁3例,内髁3例行MRI检查提示合并前交叉韧带损伤,1例外髁骨折合并内侧副韧带断裂,均采用骨折切开复位内固定联合关节镜下韧带重建术治疗,效     

MRI与关节镜对急性膝关节软骨损伤的诊断对比

目的通过MRI与关节镜的对比研究,探讨MRI为关节软骨损伤的临床诊断和治疗提供可靠的影像学依据。方法回顾本院经MRI诊断急性膝关节软骨损伤的病例,对照关节镜检查结果进一步分析。结果根据MRI表现90例膝关节中共720个关节软骨面。其中Ⅰ级损伤23个,Ⅱ级损伤56个,Ⅲ级损伤83个,Ⅳ级损伤134个。除软骨损伤外,部分病例还合并膝关节韧带及半月板损伤,关节腔积血、骨挫伤及骨折等其他征像。结论 MRI是诊断膝关节软骨损伤的重要方法,提高MRI诊断准确率对手术治疗膝关节软骨损伤有指导性意义。     

膝关节外伤后软骨下骨挫伤和骨折的MRI表现——"对吻"征

膝关节外伤后常见的损伤有：半月板撕裂、韧带损伤及软骨下骨挫伤和骨折等。国内对膝关节损伤的研究多集中在韧带及半月板损伤，有关骨软骨损伤的MRI研究报道甚少。国外研究资料表明，骨软骨损伤，尤其是损伤较轻时，很难在普通X线片上显示[1-3]，而MR检查较敏感，可以作出早期     

急性滑脱性髌股关节撞击症的认识与MRI诊断

目的 认识并定义急性滑脱性髌股关节撞击症，探讨其发病机制及MRI诊断。方法 回顾性分析自2001年5月～2002年7月，34例经MRI诊断的急性滑脱性髌股关节撞击症的MRI表现，并结合临床资料、X线片、CT及关节镜所见进行分析。从矢状、冠状及横断三个平面行MR扫描，扫描方法采用：(1)三维快速梯度回波序列(FE3D)T1及T2加权像．该序列可较好地显示关节软骨及软骨下骨的损伤程度；(2）脂肪抑制梯度回波反转恢复序列(STIR)PD加权像，该序列对骨及软骨损伤有非常高的敏感性；(3)脂肪抑制快速自旋回波反转恢复序列(TSHIRT)T2加权像，该序列可显示韧带损伤情况。结果34例外伤后膝关节MRI均显示髌骨内下部及股骨外髁前外侧部对应的软骨下骨质异常信号改变。表明为骨损伤．与关节镜相比，34例中MRI可见20例髌骨内下部软骨骨折．其中15例为骨软骨骨折；8例股骨外髁前外侧部软骨骨折，其中6例为骨软骨骨折；11例关节囊内可见游离软骨或骨软骨碎片影。27例MRI显示不同程度髌内侧支持带损伤，其中Ⅰ度8例，Ⅱ度12例，Ⅲ度7例。所有患者均可见关节积液，其中单纯积液6例，血性积液18例．脂肪血性积液10例。23例可见髌骨外侧半脱位，结论 急性滑脱性髌股关节撞击症拟定义为当膝盖节急性屈曲外翻时．髌骨在向外侧滑脱或脱位后再自行复位的过程中．髌骨内侧面与股骨外髁相互撞击或挤压．并随之产生的一系列膝关节各解剖结构的损伤，主要包括髌骨内侧面骨软骨损伤、股骨外髁前外侧部骨软骨损伤、髌骨脱位或半脱位、髌内侧支持带损伤，关节囊积液。MRI提高对该症的检出率，并可全面而准确地表现各解剖结构的损伤程度。     

膝关节MR检查对100例交叉韧带损伤患者的诊断作用研究分析

目的研究分析核磁共振对膝关节交叉韧带损伤患者的临床诊断价值及特点。方法选取2016年1月至2017年7月本院收治的怀疑为膝关节前交叉韧带损伤患者100例,所有患者均行CT、MRI检查,检查后2~4天以内行关节镜检查,最终CT、MRI诊断结果以关节镜检查结果作为判断准确度的金标准。观察并比较CT、MRI检查前交叉韧带损伤诊断结果及前交叉韧带的损伤在CT及MRI影像学检查的表现。结果本研究100例患者,经关节镜检查结果显示,22例无韧带损伤(22.0%),34例为部分韧带撕裂(34.0%),剩余44例为完全韧带撕裂(44.0%)。CT检查前交叉韧带的诊断为80.0%(80/100),MRI检查前交叉韧带的诊断率为97.0%(97/100),差异具有统计学意义(χ~2=5.0493,P0.05);MRI检查结果显示,完全韧带撕裂的后交叉韧带角度、后交叉韧带弯曲度指数、前交叉韧带与胫骨内侧平舌矢状面夹角均明显小于无韧带损伤及部分韧带撕裂,比较差异具有统计学意义P0.05。结论 MRI在诊断前交叉韧带损伤方面具有明显优势,其对软组织的分辨率及对比度均较高,可以清晰显示关节整体结构及韧带、半月板损伤情况等,可作为交叉韧带损伤诊断的重要检查方法。     

一过性髌骨脱位MRI诊断及评估

目的 认识一过性髌骨脱位发病机制及MRI诊断。方法 回顾性分析2015-2016年间,40例一过性髌骨脱位的MRI表现,男19例,女21例。结果 35例患者均有明确屈曲外翻扭伤病史。13例髌骨内侧骨折或骨软骨骨折。40例在特定部位(股骨外侧髁前外侧面和/或髌骨内下侧面)发现软骨下骨髓水肿,其中34例同时在髌骨内下侧及股骨外侧髁承重面,6例仅在股骨外侧髁承重面。MRI发现40例髌内侧支持带均有损伤,其中11例I度、18例II度、11例III度;3例合并前交叉或后交叉韧带损伤。15例可见髌骨外侧半脱位。所有患者均可见关节腔积液。结论MRI能较好地显示一过性髌骨脱位特征部位的骨及髌内侧支持带损伤。     

关节镜下退行性股骨髁问窝前交叉韧带撞击症的诊断和治疗

目的探讨关节镜对退行性股骨髁间窝前交叉韧带撞击症的诊断和治疗。方法对2006年4月～2010年4月期间,在本组应用关节镜检查、治疗存在半月板损伤或关节游离体等症状的膝退行性关节炎129例140膝患者进行回顾性分析,发现合并股骨髁问窝前交叉韧带撞击症有69例72膝,并发率高达51．43％。关节镜下屈伸膝关节动态观察股骨髁间窝与前交叉韧带有无撞击,作出诊断后,行股骨髁间窝扩大成形及关节清理术。结果本组病例随访12～48个月,平均24个月,术后膝前区疼痛、关节积液、关节屈伸功能明显改善,Lysholm评分明显提高。结论膝退行性关节炎并发股骨髁间窝前交叉韧带撞击症,并发率较高,术前较难以明确诊断,关节镜是检查诊断股骨髁间窝前交叉韧带撞击症的金标准,可以明确诊断有无股骨髁间窝前交叉韧带撞击存在及其病因,股骨髁间窝扩大成形后疗效较好。     

低磁场MRI在膝关节软骨损伤中的价值

目的分析关节软骨损伤的低磁场MRI、CT和常规X线平片（CR）表现,评价低磁场MRI在关节软骨损伤检查、诊断中的临床应用价值。方法分析5例有膝关节损伤病史,且经膝关节镜手术证实为关节软骨损伤患者的膝关节MRI、CT和CR所见,着重观察关节软骨和软骨游离体,并与关节镜手术结果对照分析。结果 5例关节软骨骨折在MRI上均有表现异常,其中软骨信号异常3例,软骨凹陷2例,软骨连续性中断2例,软骨缺损1例,软骨缺损伴关节内游离软骨体1例。5例均有关节腔、囊积液,2例见轻微骨挫伤。CT仅1例见局部骨皮质毛糙,但均可见不同程度关节囊肿胀;CR除见局部关节周围软组织稍肿胀外,均无异常改变。结论低磁场MRI在关节软骨损伤检查诊断中同样具有很大优势,对急性关节软骨损伤显示准确,可准确评价急性膝关节损伤的范围、程度,决定治疗方案。     

MRI在基层医院膝关节外伤中的诊断价值

目的:探讨MRI在基层医院膝关节外伤中的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析97例膝关节外伤患者的MRI表现。结果:半月板损伤74例,其中撕裂28例;韧带损伤78例,其中撕裂25例,以前交叉韧带和内侧副韧带损伤为主;骨挫伤76例;骨软骨骨折2例。同时发生半月板、韧带、和骨损伤3类中两者及以上的复合性损伤75例(77%)。关节积液及周围软组织损伤为伴随表现。结论:MRI能准确的显示膝关节外伤后的各种表现,是临床的首选检查方法,对临床治疗及预后评估有重要的指导作用。     

关节滑液3B3表位检测对软骨早期退变的诊断价值

[目的]骨性关节炎、髌骨软化症病人膝关节滑液中3B3表位含量是否与软骨退变程度相关。[方法]作者改良了竞争性ELISA检测关节滑液3B3表位的方法。抽吸71例膝骨关节炎、57例髌骨软化症病人及10例正常人志愿者的膝关节滑液，用该方法检测关节滑液中3B3表位含量，比较各组之间的差异。[结果]骨性关节炎组及髌骨软化组病人膝关节滑液中3B3表位均比正常人对照明显升高（P〈0．05），而且骨关节炎Ⅱ级关节软骨退变时关节滑液中3B3表位含量明显比Ⅳ级关节软骨退变增高（P〈0．01），而髌骨软骨软化患者Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级软骨退变各组间无明显差异（P〉0．05）。[结论]检测关节滑液中3B3表位含量具有诊断关节软骨退变的价值，尤其适用于骨性关节炎软骨早期退变（Ⅱ级）的诊断。     

关节软骨病损的磁共振成像与关节镜检查的比较

[目的]对照膝关节软骨病损的MRI和关节镜表现,评价MRI对早期软骨病变诊断的临床价值。[方法]对临床上拟行膝关节镜检查的膝关节疼痛患者共26人27例膝关节,术前常规行T1加权快速自旋回波(FSET1WI)和质子密度加权快速自旋回波(FSE PDWI)2种MRI序列扫描,其中10例加做三维脂肪抑制扰相梯度回波(3D FS-FSPGR)序列。MRI分级结果并与关节镜下分级诊断结果比较。[结果]以关节镜诊断为标准,3D FS-FSPGR序列敏感度最高,可达96.5%,准确率达95.0%。在敏感度和准确度上3D FS-FSPGR>FSE FDWI>FSET1WI,与关节镜诊断的一致性上,3D FS-FSPGR的Kappa值达到0.776,一致性极佳,均明显优于FSE PDWI和FSET1WI(P值均<0.01)。[结论]3D FS-FSPGR序列能够准确反映软骨病变,并且对于早期的软骨病变亦能较真实体现,与关节镜诊断结果具有良好的一致性,而且通过三维重建对软骨病变进行立体定位诊断,应用前景广阔。     

Articular cartilage lesions of the knee

The pathogenesis and clinical significance of articular cartilage lesions of the knee persist as topics of considerable interest among orthopedic surgeons. This study was designed to assess the association of articular cartilage degeneration with concomitant intraarticular abnormalities and to correlate the prevalence and severity of articular cartilage damage with preoperative historical and physical exam findings in patients presenting with knee pain. Twenty-six history and physical exam data points were prospectively collected from 192 patients (200 knees), consecutively undergoing arthroscopic knee surgery. During surgery, all articular cartilage lesions were recorded with respect to size, location, and character and were graded according to Oglivie-Harris et al. All concomitant knee joint abnormalities were simultaneously recorded. Of 200 knees examined arthroscopically, 12 knees revealed no demonstrable etiology for the presenting symptoms, 65 knees revealed assorted intraarticular pathology but no articular cartilage degeneration, and the remaining 123 knees revealed a total of 211 articular cartilage lesions (103 femoral, 72 patellar, 36 tibial); 7 femoral, 6 patellar and 0 tibial lesions were completely isolated (no concomitant knee joint pathology). The concomitance of femoral defects with tibial lesions was highly significant (p = 0.01). Femoral and tibial articular cartilage lesions were strikingly correlated with the presence of an unstable torn meniscus (p less than 0.001). Medial compartment articular cartilage lesions were significantly more common (p = 0.001), more closely associated with meniscal derangement, and appreciably more severe than lateral compartment lesions. In 75% of anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knees with concomitant articular cartilage degeneration, the duration from injury to surgery was greater than 9 months, and in each of these cases, a history of reinjury to the knee was elicited. From these data one can conclude that: (a) in some patients with painful knees, isolated articular cartilage lesions may be the only abnormality noted at arthroscopy; (b) unstable meniscal tears are significantly associated with destruction of articular cartilage; (c) the medial compartment is particularly susceptible to articular cartilage degeneration; and (d) in our series, anterior cruciate ligament tears were increasingly associated with articular cartilage destruction as the elapsed time from injury to arthroscopy increased.     

Osteochondral lesions of the talus: A new magnetic resonance grading system with arthroscopic correlation

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to show that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can accurately and noninvasively evaluate the articular cartilage overlying osteochondral lesions of the talus, using arthroscopy as the standard, and provide information about lesion stability. A classification system applicable to both MRI and arthroscopy is proposed. Type of Study: Retrospective review with MRI and arthroscopy correlation. Methods: A retrospective analysis involving 26 men and 28 women who underwent MRI of the ankle and in whom arthroscopy had been performed. The talar dome cartilage was evaluated using the following grading system: 0, normal cartilage; 1, abnormal signal but intact; 2, fibrillation or fissures not extending to bone; 3, flap present or bone exposed; 4, loose undisplaced fragment; 5, displaced fragment. There was a history of trauma in 80% of cases. Results: At surgery, 14 ankle joints had intact cartilage and 40 showed osteochondral lesions. MRI correctly identified all 40 osteochondral lesions and all 14 normal ankles. MRI correctly graded 33 of 40 (83%) of the osteochondral lesions using the described 5-point scale. Of the remaining 7 lesions, all were identified within 1 grade. Collapsing all grades into disease-negative status (grades 0 and 1) and disease-positive status (grades 2, 3, 4, and 5) yielded sensitivity of 95%, specificity of 100%, negative predictive value of 88%, and positive predictive value of 100%. Conclusions: This study shows that MRI can be used to evaluate the articular cartilage covering osteochondral lesions of the talus with a high degree of accuracy and thus may aid in identifying patients who would benefit from definitive arthroscopic treatment.Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 19, No 4 (April), 2003: pp 353–359     

低场MRI分级诊断膝关节软骨损伤

目的评价低场MRI分级对诊断膝关节软骨损伤的价值。方法回顾性分析60例(60膝,360处关节面)经关节镜证实的膝关节软骨损伤患者的MRI资料,以关节镜结果为金标准,评价低场MRI分级诊断软骨损伤的价值。结果低场MRI对膝关节软骨损伤的总敏感度、特异度和准确率分别为78.50%(157/200)、91.25%(146/160)和84.17%(303/360);诊断2~4级膝关节软骨损伤与关节镜无差异,对1级诊断有所差异。结论低场MRI对分级诊断膝关节2~4级软骨损伤的价值较高,而对1级损伤价值有限。     

Articular cartilage lesions in the symptomatic anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee

Purpose: The goal of the study was to report the prevalence of the lesions of the articular cartilage of the femoral condyles and tibial plateau in patients with a symptomatic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)-deficient knee undergoing day-case arthroscopy. Type of Study: Case series study. Methods: We studied 378 skeletally mature patients (average age, 27.3 years; range, 16–50 years; 282 men and 84 women), part of a sample of 1,978 patients undergoing a primary knee arthroscopy between January 1986 and August 1993. The articular cartilage lesions were classified according to Outerbridge by a single observer. We assessed the relationship between time of injury and articular cartilage lesions and between meniscal lesions and articular cartilage lesions. Results: A complete ACL tear was found in all 378 knees. Of these, 157 showed at least one lesion of the articular cartilage. The medial femoral condyle (MFC) showed the highest frequency of articular cartilage lesions, especially in the weight-bearing portion. Patients with a bucket-handle tear of the medial meniscus had greater degeneration of the MFC than those with other meniscal tears. A meniscal tear was associated with a greater degree of articular damage. The second most common lesion was a combined lesion of the medial and lateral compartments, followed by isolated lateral compartment lesion. A time-dependent pattern of development of articular cartilage lesions was identified. Conclusions: In patients with more advanced degenerative changes, the time from injury to arthroscopy was significantly longer than in patients with lesser articular surface abnormalities, and the presence of a meniscal tear was associated with a greater degree of articular cartilage damage. Patients with a symptomatic ACL-deficient knee and an associated tear of the medial meniscus are at high risk of having a lesion of the articular surface of the weight bearing area of the knee.     

保留残余束支及残端纤维重建前交叉韧带

[目的]探讨保留残余的束支以及断端纤维进行前交叉韧带重建的方法及意义。[方法]关节镜下证实前交叉韧带损伤47例,其中部分束支断裂15例,完全断裂26例,韧带松弛6例。对前交叉韧带部分损伤的束支或韧带松弛者予以保留,对完全断裂的残端不做清理,采用自体四股腘绳肌腱单束重建前交叉韧带,股骨端采用Rigid-Fix固定,胫骨端采用IntraFix固定。[结果]术后均得到随访,时间12~24个月,平均19个月,术后膝关节稳定性增强,Lysholm膝关节功能评分,术前平均68.6分,术后平均94.9分,较术前提高26.3分。Lachman试验阴性43例,弱阳性3例,阳性1例。按Insall膝关节疗效评定标准,优38例,良9例。[结论]保留残余韧带重建ACL,有助于移植肌腱再血管化和本体感觉的建立,有利于维持膝关节的稳定性。     

关节软骨病损的磁共振成像及其与组织学的对照研究

[目的]探讨MRI对关节软骨各期病变的敏感成像序列并评价MRI对早期软骨病变的诊断价值。[方法]通过1例新鲜截肢人和4例正常猪膝关节的T2W1、PDWI、GE、STIR、3D FS-FSPGR等序列的成像研究，选定最佳的序列用于6例猪骨性关节炎（Osteoarthritis，OA）模型膝关节扫描，以MRI图像为标准切取标本染色，图像与染色图片对照以评价MR对关节软骨的诊断价值。[结果]5种序列的组织分辨力、病变检出率以3D FS-FSPGR序列最高分别达67．9％和93．7％；蛋白多糖（proteoglycan，PG）和胶原纤维（collagen fibers，CF）主要分布在关节软骨的深层组织。以MRI图像为标准切取的各级软骨标本之间染色浓度，PG呈递减关系，CF呈递增关系。[结论]在5种序列中，3D FS-FSPGR是理想的关节软骨成像序列；MR不仅对中晚期软骨病变有良好显示，对早期软骨病变也能作出正确诊断。     

Intraarticular distal radius fractures--arthroscopic assessment of injuries]

Intraarticular distal radius fractures affect predominantly young people by contrary to "loco typico" fractures concerning old patients with osteoporosis. They are usually caused by high energy trauma and their treatment needs anatomic reposition. Between August and December 2004 there were performed 10 wrist arthroscopies in distal intraarticular radius fractures: 3 women and 7 men, age from 20 to 63 years, average 41. In all cases arthroscopy revealed larger displacement than assessed by standard radiographs and multiple associated soft tissue injuries were detected: lesions of TFCC in 5 patients, cartilage lesions of carpal bones in 6 and I degree SL interosseous ligament lesion in 4 patients. Arthroscopy in distal radius fractures allows detailed articular surface displacement assessment and reposition under "eye control". Additionally associated soft tissue injuries, which are not visible in standard X-ray examination are detected and treated.     

3-Tesla-MRT vs. Arthroskopie bei der Diagnostik degenerativer Knorpelschäden des Kniegelenkes

Background

The literature contains only a few studies investigating the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diagnostics of degenerative cartilage diseases. Studies on MRI diagnostics of the cartilage using field strengths of 3-Tesla demonstrate promising results. To assess the value of 3-Tesla MRI for decision making regarding conservative or operative treatment possibilities, this study focused on patients with degenerative cartilage diseases.

Methods

Thirty-two patients with chronic knee pain, a minimum age of 40 years, a negative history of trauma, and at least grade II degenerative cartilage disease were included. Cartilage abnormalities detected at preoperative 3-Tesla MRI (axial/koronar/sagittal PD-TSE-SPAIR, axial/sagittal 3D-T1-FFE, axial T2-FFE; Intera 3.0T, Philips Medical Systems) were classified (grades I–IV) and compared with arthroscopic findings.

Results

Thirty-six percent (70/192) of the examined cartilage surfaces demonstrated no agreement between MRI and arthroscopic grading. In most of these cases, grades II and III cartilage lesions were confounded with each other. Regarding the positive predictive values, the probability that a positive finding in MRI would be exactly confirmed by arthroscopy was 39–72%. In contrast, specificities and negative predictive values of different grades of cartilage diseases were 85–95%.

Conclusions

Regarding the high specificities and negative predictive values, 3-Tesla MRI is a reliable method for excluding even slight cartilage degeneration. In summary, in degenerative cartilage diseases, 3-Tesla MRI is a supportive, noninvasive method for clinical decision making regarding conservative or operative treatment possibilities. However, the value of diagnostic arthroscopy for a definitive assessment of the articular surfaces and for therapeutic planning currently cannot be replaced by 3-Tesla MRI. This applies especially to treatment options in which a differentiation between grade II and III cartilage lesions is of interest.