常规导联与头胸导联对急性右心室梗死心电图诊断的比较

目的观察在对急性右心室梗死心电图诊断方面,头胸导联是否具有与常规导联一样的价值。方法对于正常人和经冠状动脉造影确诊的急性右心室梗死患者,同步记录常规及其右胸导联心电图和头胸导联心电图各一份,由两位不知情的资深电生理医生进行分析诊断。而后由观察者将两种体表心电图的诊断结果与冠脉造影的结果、以及正常人的结果相对照,分别计算出两种导联系统对急性右心室梗死心电图诊断的准确率和假阳性率,并作卡方检验进行比较。结果本实验包括由全国十二家大医院提供的急性右心室梗死患者42例,和正常人58例。常规导联对急性右心室梗死的心电图诊断准确率为83.3%（35/42）、假阳性率32.7%（19/58）;而头胸导联的诊断准确率为95.2（40/42）、假阳性率0%（0/58）。头胸导联诊断急性右心室梗死的准确率高于常规导联,假阳性率低于常规导联,两者皆有统计学上的显著差异（P〈0.05）。结论在对急性右心室梗死患者的诊断方面,头胸导联优于常规导联。     

头胸导联心电图在显性旁道定位诊断中的作用

同时记录预激综合征患者常规心电图及头胸导联心电图各1份,比较两种体表心电图对旁道定位的准确率。结果:头胸导联心电图的准确率较常规心电图略低(78.3%vs84.8%);但尚无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:在对预激综合征患者显性旁道定位诊断方面,头胸导联心电图也有较高的准确率。     

正常人肢体导联心电图与对应头胸导联心电图的比较

目的比较健康人常规12导联中的肢体导联心电图与相对应头胸导联正常心电图之间的差异。方法选择健康体检者同时记录常规心电图及头胸导联心电图,由两位资深的电生理医生分析,作出心电图无异常的诊断。而后以6个肢体导联（I、II、III和aVR、aVL、aVF）分别与头胸导联中对应的各两组导联（CL2、CL4、CL6和HV7、HV8、HV9及HR3、HO、HL3和AR3、HR7、AL3）,进行逐一配对的心电图比较。观察心电图P、QRS、T波的形态,计数各导联同一波形之假性改变者,作对应导联的卡方检验进行比较。结果在120例健康人正常心电图中,常规肢体导联中的III导联双相或倒置P波的出现率是31.6%、宽或深Q波的出现率是29.1%、低平或倒置T波的出现率是26.7%,而对应头胸导联的CL6或HV9导联上述假性改变的出现率均为零（0.0%）;aVR导联P波和T波倒置的出现率是100%,而对应头胸导联AR3倒置P、T波的出现率均为18.3%,HR3导联无假性改变;aVL导联T波倒置的出现率是23.3%,而HO和HR7导联无假性改变。正常心电图P-QRS-T波假性改变在两导联系统的出现率有统计学上的差异（均为P<0.01）。结论健康人的正常心电图,头胸导联波形假性改变出现率比常规肢体导联显著降低。     

QRS波第一峰时限与aVR导联四步法诊断宽QRS波心动过速的分析

宽QRS波心动过速(WCT)指QRS时间≥0.12 s、频率＞100次/min的心动过速[1].室性和室上性心动过速心电图上都可表现为宽QRS波群,两者电生理机制、诊断、治疗不同,因此,对宽QRS波心动过速的鉴别诊断十分重要.依据体表12导联心电图鉴别宽QRS波心动过速是临床常用方法,已开展的有Brugada四步法、Vereckei五步法及aVR导联四步法.2010年Luis提出通过心电图Ⅱ导联测量QRS波第一峰时限(R-wave peak time,RWPT)[2](新方法)来鉴别宽QRS波心动.本研究应用新方法和aVR导联四步法对395份动态心电图记录的宽QRS波心动过速进行了回顾性分析,比较两种方法鉴别WCT的优劣,现将结果报告如下.     

三种宽QRS波心动过速鉴别流程的对比研究

目的 探讨aVR单导联四步法、室速积分法、肢体导联流程(LLA)诊断宽QRS心动过速的临床价值.方法 选取41例宽QRS心动过速患者发作时的体表12导联心电图,并经心内电生理检查证实心动过速性质,由两位心电图医师分别用三种鉴别流程进行诊断,对比三种方法诊断室速(VT)的敏感度、特异度、准确性、约登指数及一致性.结果 a...     

体表心电图对阵发性窄QRS波心动过速鉴别诊断及定位的价值探讨

目的探讨体表心电图对阵发性窄QRS波心动过速鉴别诊断及定位的价值。方法选取2017年5月-2019年5月我院内科住院收治的阵发性窄QRS波心动过速患者76例,住院期间已明确电生理机制,将患者依据电生理机制分为房性心动过速、房室结折返性心动过速和房室折返性心动过速三组。比较三组患者体表心电图鉴别的灵敏度、特异度及准确度。结果诊断房性心动过速的关联指标是R-P^1/P^1-R≥1,特异度为87%,敏感度为50%。诊断房室折返性心动过速的关联指标是平行联合试验,特异度33%,敏感度77%;ST-T改变特异度为67%,敏感度为76%;R-P^1/P^1-R<1,特异度为78%,敏感度为68%。诊断房室结折返性心动过速的关联指标是平行联合试验,特异度为33%,敏感度为77%;R-P^1/P^1-R<1,特异度为60%,敏感度为63%;Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联假s波,特异度为100%,敏感度为59%;V1导联假r^1波,特异度为100%,敏感度为56%。结论在房室结折返性心动过速和房室折返性心动过速两种类型的心动过速鉴别中,平行联合试验能够明显提升检测的敏感度(即阳性检出率),体表心电图对阵发性窄QRS波心动过速的鉴别及定位有着重要意义。     

40例宽QRS波心动过速体表心电图及食管电生理诊断分析

目的　探讨体表心电图及食管电生理检查对宽 QRS波心动过速的诊断的准确性。方法　回顾分析 40例宽 QRS波心动过速患者体表心电图、食管心电生理检查特点 ,并与心内电生理检查结果比较 ,检验各传统指标的敏感性、特异性及准确性。结果　在体表心电图及食管电生理检查各项诊断指标中 ,诊断室性心动过速的敏感性、准确性较高的指标有 :胸导联无 RS型、食管心电图房室分离、心房起搏不能终止心动过速。结论　将体表心电图及食管电生理检查结合起来分析可提高对宽 QRS波心动过速诊断的准确性。     

Q RS波第一峰时限联合aVR单导联法对宽QRS波心动过速的鉴别诊断价值

目的 探讨Ⅱ导联QRS波第一峰时限(R-wave peak time,RWPT)与aVR导联QRS波初始R波法联合应用对宽QRS波心动过速(wide QRS complex tachycardia,WCT)的鉴别诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析已确诊的132例室性心动过速(ventricular tachycardia,VT)和33例室上性心动过速(supraventricular tachycardia,SVT)患者的心电图形态特征,测量心电图的Ⅱ导联RWPT并观察aVR导联初始波是否为R波,检测应用该方法诊断VT的灵敏度、特异度、准确率、阳性预测值及阴性预测值,并将其结果与RWPT诊断方法进行比较分析.结果 运用RWPT结合aVR导联QRS波初始R波法诊断VT的灵敏度96.97%,特异度72.73%,准确度92.12%,阳性预测值93.43%,阴性预测值85.71%;与运用RWPT方法比较,灵敏度、准确度及阴性预测值均显著提高(P<0.05).结论 运用RWPT结合aVR导联QRS波初始R波法对WCT的鉴别诊断具有较高的灵敏度与准确度,而且简便快捷,更加适用于急诊WCT的鉴别诊断.     

"半模拟"12导联与常规12导联心电图各波段比较的实验研究

目的观察分析"半模拟"12导联与常规12导联心电图的异同之处,为12导联动态心电图诊断标准提供依据.方法比较200例正常人采用"半模拟"12导联及常规12导联记录的心电图各波段.结果"半模拟"12导联心电图无论是平卧位还是直立位,P波的形态、方向均几乎与常规一致,P波振幅普遍较常规增高,有8%的人直立位时表现为"肺型"P波;QRS波的形态在胸导联V1～V6及肢导联aVR与常规相似;在"半模拟"Ⅲ、aVF导联ST段表现与常规符合率较低(81.5～88%),其余导联的符合率较高,＞90%.有少数受检者部分导联ST段压低≥0.05mV,无一例超过0.1mV.T波在平卧位"半模拟"Ⅰ、Ⅱ、V1～V6导联与常规导联符合率较高,为99%～100%;"半模拟"12导联未见异常U波出现.结论如果采用常规心电图诊断标准,ST段压低超过0.1mV有病理意义的可能性大,胸导联QRS波形较肢导联QRS波形对室性心律失常定位较准确,出现异常U波有病理意义."半模拟"12导联心电图表现的左室肥大、右室肥大、异常深Q波不可轻率诊断.     

陈旧性心肌梗死的异常Q波在常规和头胸导联心电图的分布对比研究

目的观察常规和头胸导联心电图在陈旧性心肌梗死中异常Q波的分布情况,借以探讨WL和HCECG对真假异常Q波的辨别能力及对诊断心肌梗死的敏感性和特异性.方法取40例健康人群作对照组,另取40例陈旧性心梗死组,两组均采用ML2000数字化24道全同步心电仪记录常规导联和头胸导联心电图,比较两组异常Q波的分布情况.结果对照组在常规导联心电图中出现异常Q波率明显高于头胸导联心电图的异常Q波率.两者之比常规导联:头胸导联心电图=34.77%:8.86%,有显著性差异;而陈旧性心肌梗死组的异常Q波在两组导联中出现率基本相等,p＞0.05.结论①头胸导联心电图对常规导联心电图出现的异常Q波具有校正作用,即具有辨别其真伪能力.②对于诊断心肌梗死(无论是急性或陈旧性),头胸导联和常规导联,两者的敏感性和特异性是一致的.     

健康青年右胸头胸导联心电图和常规导联心电图对比分析

目的 :对比观察头胸导联心电图和常规导联心电图反映右室心电活动的差异。方法 :对 5 0例健康青年进行右胸头胸导联和常规导联 2种心电图的检查 ,并对 P波、QRS波、T波进行对比。结果 :右胸头胸导联心电图 P波、R波、直立 T波较常规导联对应的各波波幅明显增大。而前者的 Q波及部分 S波波幅较后者明显减小。右胸头胸导联心电图未见宽深 Q波和倒置 T波。结论 :头胸导联心电图较常规导联心电图更好地反映右室的心电活动     

老年下壁异常q波患者头胸导联心电图表现及与冠状动脉病变的关系

目的 评价头胸导联心电图对老年患者常规心电图下壁导联异常q波的鉴别作用.方法 常规导联心电图Ⅲ、aVF导联同时存在异常q波老年患者55例,根据是否有急性心肌梗死病史分为陈旧心肌梗死组(心肌梗死组)和非陈旧性心肌梗死组(非心肌梗死组).患者均行冠状动脉CT血管成像(CTA)检查了解冠状动脉病变程度.对比常规心电图下壁导联Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF与之对应的头胸导联下壁左腋前线、前正中线旁、右腋前线导联的心电图,对各个导联q波的出现频率进行比较,并与冠状动脉CTA结果比较,计算各导联对于心肌梗死诊断的敏感和特异程度.结果 心肌梗死组患者22例(100%)右冠状动脉均见重度狭窄,非心肌梗死组10例(30.3%)轻度狭窄,23例(69.7%)中度狭窄.心肌梗死组头胸导联与常规心电图相对应部位的导联q波出现率差异无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).非心肌梗死组左腋前线、Ⅱ、右腋前线、Ⅲ、前正中线旁、aVF导联无q波而排除陈旧心肌梗死诊断的特异性分别为100%、97.0%(32/33)、97.0%(32/33)、15.2%(5/33)、100%、39.4%(13/33).结论 头胸导联q波改变与冠状动脉血管病变符合度较高,因此头胸导联对常规导联下壁的异常q波的临床意义有一定的鉴别作用.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the ability of further discriminating diagnosis of the headchest lead electrocardiogram (HCECG) in elderly patients with abnormal Q waves in routine lead electrocardiogram (RLECG) in inferior lead. Methods The 55 male patients, aged 65-88 years,with abnormal Q waves in both lead Ⅲ and aVF were selected and divided into two groups: myocardial infarction (MI) group and non-MI group, according to if the patient had a history of acute MI. All the patients accepted examination of coronary computed tomographic angiography (CTA) and ultrasound cardiogram, those with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and myocardial hypertrophy were excluded.The 30 individuals of control group had no abnormal Q waves in lead Ⅱ , Ⅲ and aVF. HCECG and RLECG were recorded simultaneously in respective groups and occurrence rate of Q waves in correlative leads Ⅱ, Ⅲ, aVF and HL3, H0, HR3 were matched and compared, sensitivity and specificity were compared in respective leads. Results There were serious stenosis in 22 patients (100%) in MI group, and there were mild stenosis in 10 (30. 3%) and moderate stenosis in 23 patients (69.7%) in non-MI group. There was no significant difference between HCECG and RLECG in occurrence rate of Q waves in MI group (P＞ 0. 05 ). Non-MI group left anterior axillary line, Ⅱ ,Ⅲ, right anterior axillary line, near the anterior midline, aVF without Q wave and exclusion of old MI diagnostic specificity were 100%, 97.0%(32/33), 97.0% (32/33), 15.2% (5/33), 100%, 39.4%( 13/33)respectively. Conclusions Pseudo-changes are rarely found in HCECG and there is a higher degree of conformity in HCECG with coronary lesions, therefore HCECG may be used to discriminate whether the inferior abnormal Q waves occurred in RLECG are truly abnormal or not.     

头胸导联心电图诊断冠心病的价值

目的 :比较 Wilson导联心电图 （常规 ECG）和头胸导联心电图 （HCECG）对冠心病的诊断价值。方法 :在 14 3例经选择性冠状动脉造影 （CAG）患者中 ,确诊的冠心病患者 12 9例 .分别使用常规心电图机和头胸导联心电图机非同步记录常规 ECG和 HCECG图形 ,由专业人员盲法分析其结果 ,评价二种方法对冠心病的诊断价值。结果 :常规 ECG诊断冠心病的灵敏度、特异度和准确度分别为 5 9% ,5 7% ,5 7%。HCECG诊断冠心病的灵敏度、特异度和准确度分别为 79% ,5 0 % ,76 %。HCECG均显著高于常规 ECG（P<0 .0 1）。结论 :HCECG对冠心病的诊断价值明显高于常规 ECG。     

Value and limitations of adenosine in the diagnosis and treatment of narrow and broad complex tachycardias

The diagnostic and therapeutic potential of intravenous adenosine was studied in 64 patients during 92 episodes of regular sustained tachycardia. In 40 patients who had narrow complex tachycardias (QRS less than 0.12 s) adenosine (2.5-25 mg) restored sinus rhythm in 25 with junctional tachycardias (46 of 48 episodes) and produced atrioventricular block to reveal atrial or sinus tachycardia in 15. In 24 patients with broad complex tachycardias (QRS greater than or equal to 0.12 s) adenosine terminated the tachycardias in six patients and revealed atrial or sinus arrhythmias in four. The tachycardias persisted in 14 patients despite doses up to 20 mg, but adenosine allowed the diagnosis of ventricular tachycardia with retrograde atrial activation in two patients by producing transient ventriculoatrial dissociation. Diagnosis based on adenosine induced atrioventricular nodal block was correct in all patients with narrow complex tachycardias and in 92% of those with broad complex tachycardias, compared with correct electrocardiographic diagnoses in 90% and 75% respectively. Adenosine gave diagnostic information additional to the electrocardiogram in 25%. The response to adenosine in broad complex tachycardias identified those of supraventricular origin with 90% sensitivity, 93% specificity, and 92% predictive accuracy. Adenosine restored sinus rhythm in all patients with junctional reentrant tachycardias, but in 10 (35%) the arrhythmias recurred within two minutes. Symptomatic side effects (dyspnoea, chest pain, flushing, headache) were reported by 40 (63%) patients and, although transient, were severe in 23 (36%). There were ventricular pauses of over 2 s in 16% of patients, the longest pause being 6.1 s. Adenosine is of value in the diagnosis and treatment of narrow and broad complex tachycardias, but its use is limited by symptomatic side effects, a tenfold range in minimal effective dosage, occasional action at sites other than the atrioventricular node, and early recurrence or arrhythmia.     

Value and limitations of adenosine in the diagnosis and treatment of narrow and broad complex tachycardias.

The diagnostic and therapeutic potential of intravenous adenosine was studied in 64 patients during 92 episodes of regular sustained tachycardia. In 40 patients who had narrow complex tachycardias (QRS less than 0.12 s) adenosine (2.5-25 mg) restored sinus rhythm in 25 with junctional tachycardias (46 of 48 episodes) and produced atrioventricular block to reveal atrial or sinus tachycardia in 15. In 24 patients with broad complex tachycardias (QRS greater than or equal to 0.12 s) adenosine terminated the tachycardias in six patients and revealed atrial or sinus arrhythmias in four. The tachycardias persisted in 14 patients despite doses up to 20 mg, but adenosine allowed the diagnosis of ventricular tachycardia with retrograde atrial activation in two patients by producing transient ventriculoatrial dissociation. Diagnosis based on adenosine induced atrioventricular nodal block was correct in all patients with narrow complex tachycardias and in 92% of those with broad complex tachycardias, compared with correct electrocardiographic diagnoses in 90% and 75% respectively. Adenosine gave diagnostic information additional to the electrocardiogram in 25%. The response to adenosine in broad complex tachycardias identified those of supraventricular origin with 90% sensitivity, 93% specificity, and 92% predictive accuracy. Adenosine restored sinus rhythm in all patients with junctional reentrant tachycardias, but in 10 (35%) the arrhythmias recurred within two minutes. Symptomatic side effects (dyspnoea, chest pain, flushing, headache) were reported by 40 (63%) patients and, although transient, were severe in 23 (36%). There were ventricular pauses of over 2 s in 16% of patients, the longest pause being 6.1 s. Adenosine is of value in the diagnosis and treatment of narrow and broad complex tachycardias, but its use is limited by symptomatic side effects, a tenfold range in minimal effective dosage, occasional action at sites other than the atrioventricular node, and early recurrence or arrhythmia.     

Narrow QRS Tachycardia with Ventriculoatrial Dissociation Mediated by a Left Fasciculoventricular Fiber

A 30-year-old man presented with narrow QRS tachycardia. The intracardiac electrocardiogram showed an atrial-HIS (AH) interval of 75 msec and a HIS-ventricular (HV) interval of 44 msec during baseline. Atrial incremental pacing revealed HV shortening, with apparent incomplete right bundle branch block (RBBB) morphology without QRS complex axis deviation. The induced tachycardia exhibited several QRS morphologies: a narrow QRS, complete RBBB and complete left bundle branch block (LBBB) morphology. Spontaneous conversion of the QRS pattern from wide to narrow was observed. The cycle length of the tachycardia was significantly shortened (from 316 to 272 ms) from LBBB morphology to narrow QRS complex. The atrial activation was dissociated from the ventricular activation during all tachycardias. Each QRS complex during tachycardia was preceded by a HIS deflection and HV interval was 35 ms, which was shorter than that of sinus rhythm. HIS deflection was earlier than right bundle potential during all kinds of tachycardia. This tachycardia is most likely mediated by a left fasciculoventricular fiber which connects the HIS bundle below the atrioventricular node to the myocardial tissue of the left ventricle. The HIS-Purkinje system is used as an antegrade conduction limb and the fasciculoventricular fiber as a retrograde limb in the tachycardia circuit.     

ST-T改变在鉴别窄QRS波心动过速中的价值

为评价ST T改变在鉴别窄QRS波心动过速中的价值 ,用SPSS分析 12 4例窄QRS波心动过速患者体表 12导联心电图的ST T改变 ,其中房室折返性心动过速 (AVRT) 72例 ,房室结折返性心动过速 (AVNRT) 5 2例。结果 :AVRT组Ⅰ aVL导联ST段压低幅度 (0 .10± 0 .0 7mV)大于AVNRT组 (0 .0 6± 0 .0 6mV) ,P =0 .0 0 2 ;AVRT组V1导联T波幅度 (0 .14± 0 .19mV)大于AVNRT组 (0 .0 1± 0 .13mV) ,P <0 .0 0 1。鉴别窄QRS波心动过速的预测指标为QRS波终末改变 (R2 =0 .6 0 4 ,P <0 .0 0 1)、V1导联T波方向 (R2 =0 .2 4 9,P <0 .0 0 1)、V1导联T波幅度 (R2 =0 .180 ,P <0 .0 0 1)、Ⅰ aVL导联ST段压低 (R2 =0 .0 4 3,P <0 .0 0 1)。QRS波终末改变阳性预测AVNRT的特异性 98.6 % ,敏感性 75 .0 % ;V1导联T波正向预测AVRT的特异性 6 7.3% ,敏感性 81.9%。结论 :ST T改变有助于鉴别窄QRS波心动过速。QRS波终末改变是鉴别窄QRS波心动过速的较强预测指标 ;V1导联T波方向与幅度、Ⅰ aVL导联ST段压低是鉴别窄QRS波心动过速的较弱预测指标。     

The supraventricular tachycardias: Proposal of a diagnostic algorithm for the narrow complex tachycardias

The narrow complex tachycardias (NCTs) are defined by the presence in a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) of a QRS complex duration less than 120 ms and a heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute; those are typically of supraventricular origin, although rarely narrow complex ventricular tachycardias have been reported in the literature.As some studies document, to diagnose correctly the NCTs is an arduous exercise because sometimes those have similar presentation on the ECG. In this paper, we have reviewed the physiopathological, clinical, and ECG findings of all known supraventricular tachycardias and, in order to reduce the possible diagnostic errors on the ECG, we have proposed a quick and accurate diagnostic algorithm for the differential diagnosis of NCTs.     

Computer detection of atrioventricular dissociation from surface electrocardiograms during wide QRS complex tachycardias

Differentiation of wide QRS complex tachycardias on surface electrocardiograms is difficult for physicians and computers due in part to their inability to identify atrial activity, specifically atrioventricular (AV) dissociation. We studied 20 examples of AV associated rhythms and 17 examples of AV dissociated ventricular tachycardia. We applied an algorithm consisting of subtraction of a mean beat from each individual beat in leads II and V1 to generate remainder electrocardiograms. The remainder electrocardiograms were visually inspected for the presence of P wave candidates and then autocorrelated. AV dissociated P wave candidates were evident on visual inspection of remainder electrocardiograms in none of 20 AV associated and 15 of 17 AV dissociated rhythms. Atrial cycle length and the presence of AV dissociation were automatically detected by applying a peak selection algorithm to the autocorrelation function. AV association was detected in all 20 AV associated rhythms and AV dissociation was detected for 11 of 17 AV dissociated rhythms (sensitivity 65%, specificity 100%, positive and negative predictive accuracy 100%, 77%). The correlation coefficient of detected vs true atrial cycle length for the 11 correctly detected AV dissociated rhythms was r = .98. Visual inspection of the remainder electrocardiograms along with the original electrocardiogram may increase the ease with which human readers can identify the presence of AV dissociation and thus diagnose ventricular tachycardia. Computer diagnosis of wide QRS complex tachycardias should be significantly improved by use of this algorithm.