艾滋病肺孢子菌肺炎的临床及影像学表现分析

目的 :总结艾滋病肺孢子菌肺炎(PCP)的影像学特征,以提高该病影像学诊断水平。方法 :回顾性分析3例艾滋病PCP确诊患者的胸部影像学资料及特点。结果 :例1首次胸片及CT检查示双肺随机分布的多发斑片状、大片状渗出性高密度影,伴磨玻璃密度渗出影;抗渗出治疗1周复查,病变进展至双肺弥漫渗出伴实变。例2初次CT检查示双肺弥漫分布的磨玻璃渗出及部分实变影,伴间质渗出改变;抗感染抗病毒治疗5 d复查CT,双肺渗出无明显吸收,肺实变显著进展,范围扩大,大量纵隔气肿。例3双肺弥漫性多发片状磨玻璃影及实变影,以肺门为中心向心性实变、背侧实变,左侧少量胸腔积液。结论:艾滋病PCP影像学表现具有特征性,结合症状、体征及实验室检查,对临床诊断有较好地提示。     

艾滋病卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎患者的临床影像学分析

目的：总结艾滋病肺孢子菌肺炎（PCP）的影像学特征,以提高该病影像学诊断水平。方法：回顾性分析3例艾滋病PCP确诊患者的胸部影像学资料及特点。结果：例1首次胸片及CT检查示双肺随机分布的多发斑片状、大片状渗出性高密度影,伴磨玻璃密度渗出影;抗渗出治疗1周复查,病变进展至双肺弥漫渗出伴实变。例2初次CT检查示双肺弥漫分布的磨玻璃渗出及部分实变影,伴间质渗出改变;抗感染抗病毒治疗5 d复查CT,双肺渗出无明显吸收,肺实变显著进展,范围扩大,大量纵隔气肿。例3双肺弥漫性多发片状磨玻璃影及实变影,以肺门为中心向心性实变、背侧实变,左侧少量胸腔积液。结论：艾滋病PCP影像学表现具有特征性,结合症状、体征及实验室检查,对临床诊断有较好地提示。     

小儿麻疹合并间质性肺炎的影像学分析

目的探讨小儿麻疹合并间质性肺炎的影像学表现,提高和重视对这一疾病的认识。方法回顾分析60例小儿麻疹合并问质性肺炎的临床资料以及X线和CT表现。结果①X线胸片：泡性肺气肿33例,其中伴右上肺斑点状,颗粒状较高密度影6例。肺门影增大、增浓56例。两肺纹理增多、模糊51例,其中密集的肺纹理使两肺透亮度减低17例,出现空气支气管征12例。间质性肺气肿i6例。网状肺纹理32例。星芒、结节状影27例。两肺磨玻璃影ll例。伴发小叶性肺炎13例,两肺单发或多发的片状实变影5例。其他表现：心影增大9例,气胸3例,纵隔皮下气肿4例,两侧少量胸腔积液8例;②10例CT检查结果：两肺大片磨玻璃影2例,实变影伴磨玻璃影3例,两肺纹理增多、模糊8例,两下肺纹理周围斑片状渗出5例。右下肺小叶间隔增厚2例,右下肺胸膜下弧线影1例,两下肺网格状、星芒状结节影2例。结论婴幼儿麻疹合并间质性肺炎的影像学表现应引起高度重视,早期发现和积极治疗有利于提高治愈率和改善患者预后。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎的临床表现及CT影像学特点

【摘要】目的：探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）的临床表现和CT影像学特点,为临床早发现、早诊断、早隔离、早治疗提供理论依据。方法：分析64例确诊的COVID-19患者的临床症状、实验室检查及CT影像学早期、进展期、吸收期影像学特点。结果：COVID-19患者平均年龄54.55岁,临床症状以发热为主（84.37%）,常伴有咳嗽等呼吸道症状;患者白细胞计数正常或减少（98.44%） ,淋巴细胞计数正常及下降（100%）,超敏C反应蛋白增高（79.69%）,血沉加快（75%）。COVID-19的 CT 表现多为双肺多叶磨玻璃影,磨玻璃影伴实变,实变及条索影,以双肺胸膜下分布为主。肺部病变CT早期显示磨玻璃影（61.53%）,磨玻璃影伴实变（19.23%）,斑片状实变（8. 97%）,大片实变影（10.25%）;进展期磨玻璃影（4.58%）,磨玻璃影伴实变（38.17%）,斑片状实变（12.21%）,大片实变影（20.61%）,纤维条索影（23. 66%）;吸收期CT表现磨玻璃影（3.22%）,磨玻璃影伴实变（23.03%）,斑片状实变（9.68%）,大片实变影（23.39%）,纤维条索影（34. 68%）。结论：COVID-19的CT影像学表现早期双肺胸膜下多发淡薄的局限性磨玻璃影,进展期双肺多发、弥漫磨玻璃影伴实变,进一步发生实变,病变严重者出现“白肺”表现,部分患者可出现纤维条索影,吸收期病变由多发、弥漫转变为局限,见较多纤维条索影,部分可完全吸收。     

结缔组织病肺部受累的高分辨力CT表现

结缔组织病肺部损害的病理改变多种多样,以弥漫性肺间质病变为主,包括普通间质性肺炎、非特异性间质性肺炎、淋巴细胞性间质性肺炎、急性弥漫性肺泡损害及闭塞性细支气管炎伴机化性肺炎等.高分辨力CT对弥漫性肺间质病变的检出率高于普通CT及胸片,有助于疾病的早期诊断、病情的随诊及判断预后.     

结缔组织病肺部受累的高分辨力CT表现

结缔组织病肺部损害的病理改变多种多样，以弥漫性肺间质病变为主，包括普通间质性肺炎、非特异性间质性肺炎、淋巴细胞性间质性肺炎、急性弥漫性肺泡损害及闭塞性细支气管炎伴机化性肺炎等。高分辨力CT对弥漫性肺间质病变的检出率高于普通CT及胸片，有助于疾病的早期诊断、病情的随诊及判断预后。     

闭塞性细支气管炎伴机化性肺炎的临床表现与HRCT特点

目的:探讨闭塞性细支气管炎伴机化性肺炎(BOOP)的临床表现及高分辨率CT(HRCT)特点,提高对该病的认识.材料和方法:回顾性分析16例经病理证实并行HRCT检查的BOOP患者资料,分析其临床表现、肺功能结果、X线胸片及HRCT特点.结果:14例患者主要表现为干咳和(或)气短,2例主要表现发热伴咳嗽.12例患者肺功能检查表现为限制性通气功能障碍和(或)弥散功能减低,4例肺功能正常.12例患者X线胸片呈多发斑片实变影,4例表现为纹理增粗.16例患者HRCT扫描表现为多发斑片实变影和(或)磨玻璃影,4例伴小结节.1例病变弥漫分布于双肺,15例病变位于胸膜下和(或)沿支气管血管束分布.肾上腺皮质激素治疗16例患者有效.结论:BOOP主要的临床特征是干咳、气短.HRCT对该病的早期诊断具有重要价值,可提示活检部位,随访激素治疗效果.最终确诊依赖于临床-放射-病理诊断.     

儿童特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着症HRCT表现分析

目的探讨特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着症(IPH)的高分辨CT表现,提高诊断水平。方法对2010年~2013年间经我院收治并临床确诊的10例IPH患儿的胸部影像及临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果胸部高分辨CT检查10例出现不规则磨玻璃影,7例出现斑片状实变影,1例出现碎石路征,5例出现腺泡结节,6例出现肺内粟粒影,2例出现节段性肺实变,4例出现网状阴影。急性发作期表现以磨玻璃影及实变影为主,慢性稳定期以粟粒影及网状阴影为主。各种影像学表现左右肺分布无明显差异。结论高分辨CT能清晰的显示IPH在肺内的形态、分布、病理分期,结合化验检查并排除其他疾病导致的继发性肺出血,即可诊断。     

隐源性机化性肺炎的CT表现及糖皮质激素治疗后改变

目的探讨隐源性机化性肺炎(COP)的CT表现及糖皮质激素治疗后改变。方法回顾性分析我院COP患者29例,其中21例患者给予糖皮质激素治疗并随诊,随访时间1～38个月。结果 23例(79.3%)为多发病灶,病灶位于双肺20例,单肺3例,其中14例为多发实变,3例为多发磨玻璃样变,6例为实变及磨玻璃样病灶并存;6例(20.7%)为单发病灶,其中4例为片状肺实变,1例为实性结节,1例为片状部分实性密度影;16例(55.2%)伴有条索样改变。9例(31.0%)COP患者可见"反晕征"表现。11例(37.9%)COP患者伴有轻度支气管扩张。糖皮质激素治疗21例,治疗后病灶大部分吸收14例,完全吸收2例;3例在治疗过程中出现游走性。结论 COP最常见的表现是肺实变影和磨玻璃样变影,肺实变多表现为沿支气管血管束和胸膜下分布,磨玻璃样变分布不具有特异性。CT上出现"反晕征"对诊断COP有一定提示作用。糖皮质激素对部分COP患者有较好的疗效。     

CT在隐源性机化性肺炎诊断中的价值

目的:探讨CT在隐源性机化性肺炎(COP)的诊断中的价值。方法:回顾性分析经肺活检病理证实的6例COP患者的CT资料。结果:6例患者中CT表现为多发斑片状含气实变影6例,主要分布在双肺下叶、胸膜下区和沿支气管束走行,6例有磨玻璃样变,2例伴有肺结节,4例伴有肺间质改变,常多种表现混合存在。结论:COP最常见的CT表现是肺实变和磨玻璃样变。肺实变多表现为沿支气管血管束周围或胸膜下的分布特征,对诊断有重要价值。     

Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia: CT features in 14 patients

Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia is a disease characterized by the presence of granulation tissue within small airways and the presence of areas of organizing pneumonia. We retrospectively reviewed the chest radiographs, CT scans, and biopsy specimens in 14 consecutive patients with proved bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Six patients were immunocompromised because of leukemia or bone-marrow transplantation. In all patients, 10-mm collimation CT scans were available. In 11 of the 14 patients, select 1.5-mm scans were obtained. The CT findings included patchy unilateral (n = 1) or bilateral air-space consolidation (n = 9), small nodular opacities (n = 7), irregular linear opacities (n = 2), bronchial wall thickening and dilatation (n = 6), and small pleural effusions (n = 4). All patients had areas of air-space consolidation, small nodules, or both. A predominantly subpleural distribution of the air-space consolidation was apparent on the radiographs of two patients and on CT scans of six. Pathologically, the nodules and the consolidation represented different degrees of inflammation in bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli. Although most of the findings were apparent on the radiographs, the CT scans depicted the anatomic distribution and extent of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia more accurately than did the plain chest radiographs.     

Radiographic and high-resolution CT findings of influenza virus pneumonia in patients with hematologic malignancies

OBJECTIVE: We sought to describe the radiographic and high-resolution CT findings of influenza virus pneumonia in patients with hematologic malignancies. CONCLUSION: Radiologic findings of influenza virus pneumonia in immunocompromised patients consist of patchy or confluent consolidation and nodular opacities on chest radiography and ground-glass attenuation, consolidation, centrilobular nodules, and branching linear opacities on high-resolution CT.     

造血干细胞移植术后肺部非感染性并发症的CT分析

目的:探讨造血干细胞移植术(HSCT)后肺部非感染性并发症的CT诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析7例HSCT后伴肺部非感染性并发症患者的临床、实验室以及肺部CT检查及治疗后复查资料。结果:7例中CT显示柱状支气管扩张3例,弥漫性马赛克样磨玻璃影2例,条状或分叉状影2例,小叶中心结节融合片状影2例,肺气肿2例,不规则实变1例,气胸1例,双侧胸腔积液1例。3例支气管扩张均合并肺气肿或气胸。弥漫马赛克样磨玻璃病变2例于抗免疫治疗后短期内好转,其中1例合并肺部不规则实变。结论:HSCT术后肺部非感染性并发症常见且致命.其CT表现具有一定特点,短期内复查CT并结合临床往往可做出准确诊断。     

Bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia versus chronic eosinophilic pneumonia: high-resolution CT findings in 81 patients

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research was to compare high-resolution CT findings of bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia (BOOP) with those of chronic eosinophilic pneumonia (CEP) and to determine whether high-resolution CT can differentiate the two. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed high-resolution CT scans of 38 patients with BOOP and 43 patients with CEP. Without knowledge of the diagnosis, two radiologists evaluated the frequency and distribution of high-resolution CT findings in both groups of patients and made a diagnosis using a three-point scale of confidence. RESULTS: Nodules, nonseptal linear or reticular opacities, and bronchial dilatation were significantly more common in BOOP than in CEP (31.6% vs. 4.7%, p < 0.005; 44.7% vs. 9.3%, p < 0.001; and 57.9% vs. 25.6%, p < 0.005, respectively). Septal line thickening was more frequent in CEP than in BOOP (72.1% vs. 39.5%, p < 0.005). Peribronchial distribution of consolidation was more frequent in BOOP than in CEP (28.9% vs. 9.3%, p < 0.05). A correct diagnosis was made in 69.7% of cases, and the diagnostician was confident in 21.7%. Interobserver agreement was good (kappa = 0.6). CONCLUSION: Although several of the high-resolution CT findings of BOOP and CEP are different, these diseases are differentiated with confidence in only a small percentage of cases.     

Can acute interstitial pneumonia be differentiated from bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia by high-resolution CT?

PURPOSE: In the early stages, clinical and chest radiographic findings of acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP) are often similar to those of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP). However, patients with AIP have a poor prognosis, while those with BOOP can achieve a complete recovery after corticosteroid therapy. The objective of this study was to identify differences in high-resolution CT (HRCT) findings between the two diseases. METHODS: The study included 27 patients with AIP and 14 with BOOP who were histologically diagnosed [open-lung biopsy (n=7), autopsy (n=17), transbronchial lung biopsy (n=17)]. The frequency and distribution of various HRCT findings for each disease were retrospectively evaluated. RESULTS: Traction bronchiectasis, interlobular septal thickening, and intralobular reticular opacities were significantly more prevalent in AIP (92.6%, 85.2%, and 59.3%, respectively) than in BOOP (42.9%, 35.7%, and 14.3%, respectively) (p<0.01). Parenchymal nodules and peripheral distribution were more prevalent in BOOP (28.6% and 57.1%, respectively) than in AIP (7.4% and 14.8%, respectively) (p<0.01). Areas with ground-glass attenuation, air-space consolidation, and architectural distortion were common in both AIP and BOOP. CONCLUSION: For a differential diagnosis of AIP and BOOP, special attention should be given to the following HRCT findings: traction bronchiectasis, interlobular septal thickening, intralobular reticular opacities, parenchymal nodules, pleural effusion, and peripheral zone predominance.     

Near drowning: thin-section CT findings in six patients

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the thin-section CT findings of near drowning in six patients. METHOD: Thin-section (1 mm collimation) CT scans of six patients who experienced near drowning were retrospectively analyzed. The CT scans were performed 0-5 days (median 1 day) after near drowning. RESULTS: Thin-section CT findings included bilateral patchy or diffuse areas of ground-glass attenuation (n = 6) with geographic pattern (n = 3) and fine intralobular reticular opacities ("crazy-paving" appearance) (n = 3), ill-defined centrilobular nodules (n = 4), and air-space consolidation (n = 1). Distribution of ground-glass attenuation was predominantly central (n = 4) or diffuse (n = 2). Interstitial pulmonary emphysema and pneumomediastinum were present in two patients. CONCLUSION: The thin-section CT findings of near drowning consist of ground-glass opacities with or without associated reticular opacities and centrilobular nodules.     

Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia: radiographic and high-resolution CT features in 28 patients

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to compare the radiographic and the high-resolution CT findings of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The chest radiographs and 1.5-mm collimation CT scans obtained in 28 patients with serologically proven M. pneumoniae pneumonia were retrospectively reviewed. The radiographs and CT scans were analyzed independently by two observers. RESULTS: The most common finding on radiography was the presence of air-space opacification (n = 24), which was patchy and segmental (n = 9) or nonsegmental (n = 15) in distribution. On high-resolution CT, areas of ground-glass attenuation were seen in 24 patients (86%) and air-space consolidation in 22 (79%). In 13 patients (59%), the areas of consolidation had a lobular distribution evident on CT. Nodules were seen more commonly on high-resolution CT (25 of 28 patients, 89%) than on radiography (14 patients, 50%) (p < 0.01, chi-square test). In 24 (86%) of the 28 patients, the nodules had a predominantly centrilobular distribution on CT. Thickening of the bronchovascular bundles was identified more commonly on CT (23 of 28 patients, 82%) than on radiography (five patients, 18%) (p < 0.01, chi-square test). CONCLUSION: The lobular distribution, centrilobular involvement, and interstitial abnormalities in M. pneumoniae pneumonia are often difficult to recognize on radiography but can usually be seen on high-resolution CT.     

Thin-section CT findings in rheumatoid arthritis-associated lung disease: CT patterns and their courses

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to describe the long-term follow-up CT evaluation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-associated lung disease. METHOD: Thin-section CT scans from 29 patients with RA and suspected associated lung disease were reviewed. Twenty-two patients underwent sequential CT evaluation during 3 to 108 months of follow-up (mean 28 months). Histologic comfirmation of pulmonary involvement was available in 19 patients. RESULTS: Three major patterns were identified: reticulation with or without honey-combing (n = 19), centrilobular branching lines with or without bronchial dilatation (n = 5), and consolidation (n = 5). Reticulation and centrilobular branching lines corresponded to usual interstitial pneumonia (n = 14) and bronchiolitis obliterans (n = 1), respectively. Consolidation corresponded to bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP; n = 3) and coexistent chronic eosinophilic pneumonia (CEP) and BOOP (n = 1). Patients with reticulation had rapid deterioration when there was new appearance of multifocal areas of ground-glass attenuation. Centrilobular branching lines progressed to bronchiectasis in one case. There was mild progression of existing bronchiectasis associated with centrilobular branching lines in one case. Area of consolidation in two patients with BOOP and one with coexistent CEP and BOOP evolved into honeycombing at serial CT. CONCLUSION: Thin-section CT is a noninvasive technique for monitoring disease morphology in RA-associated lung disease. Initial CT findings and their evolution on sequential examinations may be useful in evaluating prognosis.     

Human metapneumovirus infection in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: high-resolution computed tomography findings

PURPOSE: To review the high-resolution computed tomography (CT) findings in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HCT) recipients who had proven human metapneumovirus (HMPV) pneumonia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 5 HCT recipients who had proven HMPV pneumonia. The patients included 4 men and 1 woman ranging in age from 23 to 58 years (mean age = 42 years). The CT scans were assessed for the presence, appearance, size, and distribution of parenchymal abnormalities. RESULTS: Human metapneumovirus was isolated in all 5 patients in this series. None of these patients had any other infectious organism identified in cultures or bronchoalveolar lavage. The predominant CT findings were bilateral abnormalities in all patients, consisting primarily of a mixture of patterns, including, most commonly, ground-glass attenuation and nodular opacities. Areas of ground-glass opacification had no zonal predominance and were bilateral, asymmetric, and patchily distributed. Multiple nodules were identified in 4 (80%) of 5 patients. Nodules were multiple; less than 5 nodules were identified in 1 case, and 5 to 10 nodules were identified in 3 cases. All nodules in all cases were less than 10 mm in diameter. Areas of air-space consolidation were identified in 2 (40%) patients. All patients were available for follow-up; lesions improved in 4 patients. CONCLUSION: The thin-section CT manifestations of HMPV pneumonia usually consist of a mixture of patterns, including, most commonly, ground-glass attenuation and nodular opacities.     

The idiopathic interstitial pneumonias

This review includes the seven idiopathic interstitial pneumonias defined by The American Thoracic Society and The European Respiratory Society 2002 publication. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is the clinical term for usual interstitial pneumonia. The radiologic pattern includes basal and subpleural ground glass and reticular opacities and honeycomb lung. Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia is characterized with a radiologic pattern of subpleural and basal ground glass and reticular opacities. Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia is manifest radiologically by peribronchial ground glass opacities and subpleural consolidation. Acute interstitial pneumonia is the clinical term for idiopathic diffuse alveolar damage and the exudative phase is characterized radiologically with diffuse ground glass opacification and dependent consolidation with the additional feature of lung architectural distortion in the organizing phase. Respiratory bronchiolitis associated interstitial lung disease manifests as centrilobular ground glass opacities on CT. Desquamative interstitial pneumonia is characterized by ground glass opacities with lower zone predominance on CT. Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia manifests by ground glass opacities and nodular interlobular septal thickening on CT. The diagnosis of an IIP should be rendered ideally only after all clinicoradiologic-pathologic data have been reviewed.