彩超对多发性大动脉炎锁骨下动脉病变的诊断价值

目的：研究多发性大动脉炎（Takayasu's arteritis,TA)锁骨下动脉病变的超声特点及彩超在该病中的诊断价值。方法：超声检查了16例TA患32支锁骨下动脉。灰阶超声观察病变分布情况，测量病变外管壁厚度。彩色血流显像及脉冲多普勒分析受累锁骨下动脉血流信号变化，观察椎动脉是否反流。结果：全部患均有锁骨下动脉受累（16／16，100％）。大部分患为双侧锁骨下动脉发病（11／16，69％）。病变处管壁常表现为长节段、弥漫性增厚。TA累及的锁骨下动脉主要出现狭窄闭塞性变化（44／47，94％），3支锁骨下动脉近段扩张（3／47，6％）。3支椎动脉血流反向，提示锁骨下动脉起始段端重度狭窄或闭塞。结论：彩超可清楚发现TA锁骨下动脉病变和判断病变程度，对TA该血管病变的诊断和随访有重要作用。     

颅外颈动脉螺旋CT血管造影的临床应用

目的 初步探讨螺旋CT血管造影(SCTA)及三维重建对颈动脉病变的诊断价值。方法 10例颅外颈动脉血管SCTA及三维重建。三维重建方法包括：多平面重建(MPR)、表面遮盖成像(SSD)和最大强度投影(MIP)。结果 7例缺血性脑梗塞，2例左侧颈总动脉近段及1例双侧颈总动脉近段SSD及MIP成像均显示管腔明显狭窄、表面不规则．狭窄段血管周围低密度血栓及钙化影。4例SSD及MIP显示双侧颈总动脉、颈内外动脉近中段大小形态正常。1例SSD及MIP成像显示双侧颈总动脉分叉处呈梭形瘤样扩张。1例SSD及MIP成像显示右侧颈总动脉近端迂曲扩张。1例左颈总动脉狭窄血管内支架术后．MPR，SSD及MIP显示左颈总动脉狭窄血管内支架整体形态及通畅情况。结论 SCTA及三维重建显示颅外颈动脉狭窄、扩张等外部形态变化及血管内支架术后通畅情况．作为缺血性脑梗塞颈动脉狭窄筛选检查方法有一定限度。     

高血压与颈动脉超声改变相关性的研究

目的　应用超声技术观察高血压组和正常对照组的研究对象的双侧颈总、颈内和颈外动脉的结构和血流动力学情况。方法　研究对象分高血压组和正常对照组 (95对 ,190例 ) ,利用二维超声、彩色多普勒超声测量双侧颈总、颈内和颈外动脉内径 ,舒张期末血流速度 ,时间平均血流速度以及双侧颈总、颈外动脉内中膜厚度以及有无斑块。结果　高血压组研究对象的颈总动脉内径均较正常对照组者的颈动脉内径增加 (P <0 .0 1)。高血压组研究对象的斑块发生率明显高于正常对照组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;高血压组研究对象的双侧颈总动脉舒张期末血流速度 ,时间平均血流速度以及双侧颈总、颈外动脉内中膜与正常对照组相比均有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　无创伤性的超声检查不仅能够进行对颈动脉内中膜以及整个血管壁结构的准确评估 ,而且可以对颈动脉进行血流动力学检测。     

二维彩色多普勒血流显像在颈动脉体瘤诊断中的应用

目的：探讨二维彩色多普勒血流显像（2D－CDFI）在颈动脉体瘤诊断中的应用价值。方法：对10例颈动脉体瘤患者进行了2D－CDFI检查，并血管造影，其中9例经手术病理证实。结果：颈动脉体瘤2D－CDFI表现为：1．颈动脉交叉处见实质性低回声肿块，边界清晰、边缘规则或呈分叶状；2．肿瘤较小时，多位于颈总动脉分叉处，使颈内、外动脉间距增大；肿瘤较大时，常围绕颈总动脉、颈内、外动脉生长，并将这些血管包裹；3、肿瘤内见较丰富的彩色血流信号，以动脉为主，其中有8例为颈外动脉的分支直接进入肿瘤内，4、能清晰地显示肿瘤与颈动脉的关系，超声诊断符合率为100％。结论：2D－CDFI具有分辨率高、无创、安全、特异性强等特点，是诊断颈动脉体瘤的一种有价值实用的方法。     

原发性高血压患者颈动脉病变的临床分析

目的：探讨原发性高血压患者颈动脉病变和血压水平、年龄及血脂之间的关系。方法：采用超声检测60例原发性高血压患者和10例健康者的颈动脉内膜中层厚度及斑块大小，同时进行血脂、高血压分级及年龄比较。结果：（1）高血压病患者颈总动脉及颈内动脉内膜中层厚度与高血压分级呈正相关，血压分组越高者，颈动脉内膜增厚越明显；（2）随着年龄的增加，患者颈动脉斑块阳性率增加，不同年龄组之间差异显著；（3）颈动脉内膜增厚组和斑块组与胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白有一定的相关性。结论：高血压患者颈动脉内膜的病变程度受血压水平、年龄及血脂等因素的影响。     

颈动脉体瘤的超声表现1例

患者女,25岁。因右侧颈部包块3个月而就诊。经常感头晕,包块下压时有疼痛感。无昏厥,无进行性吞咽困难,无声嘶。超声所见:右侧颈总动脉分叉处可见一实质性低回声团块,边界清晰,大小约29.0mm×19.0mm×14.0mm。右侧颈内外动脉间间距明显增宽,且颈内外动脉轻度受压。CDFI:团块内可见丰富的血流信号,横切面及纵切面扫查均可见该团块围绕颈内外动脉,并可见颈外动脉的分支直接进入团块内(图1,2)。超声诊断为右颈部实性包块-颈动脉体瘤(包裹型)。CT示:右颈动脉分叉处结节影,以颈动脉体瘤,神经纤维瘤可能性大。术中见颈动脉分叉处有30mm×20mm的…     

颈动脉血流的三维彩色多普勒成像研究

目的 探讨三维彩色多普勒超声进行颈动脉血流立体成像及在颈动脉粥样硬化血流显像方面的特征。方法 健康志愿者30例；颈动脉粥样硬化患者30例。选用仪器为Acuson X／P 128彩色多普勒超声诊断仪，L5／7MHz线阵探头；TomTec三维彩色多普勒成像系统(Ecohscan 4．2)。三维图像采集方法选用自由臂方式。脱机进行血流的三维重建与显示。结果 颈动脉血流的三维彩色多普勒图像能够连续、完整地显示出颈总动脉、颈内动脉、颈外动脉内的血流空间走行。粥样斑块形成的颈动脉三维图像可以直观立体地显示出管腔内血流束的立体变化特征。结论 三维彩色多普勒超声成像是一项新的无创性的血流立体成像技术，对于颈动脉血流观察及病变的影像学诊断具有重要的临床价值和应用潜力。     

超声评价颈动脉狭窄的颅内侧支循环建立情况

目的　了解颈内动脉狭窄时 :①颈内 外动脉间吻合支循环建立情况 ;②侧支循环建立时 ,颈总动脉的血流动力学特点。方法　用彩色多普勒血流成像 ,选择一侧颈内动脉完全或 99%以上阻塞的、病程≥ 0 .5年的 5 6例病人 ,根据对侧颈内动脉狭窄程度分为四组。检查颈内动脉完全阻塞侧的眼动脉血流方向 ,确定侧支循环建立情况 ,然后测双侧颈总动脉的血流动力学指标。结果　①对侧颈内动脉狭窄程度在 95 %以上时 ,颈内 外动脉吻合支开放率 85 .7% (12 / 14 ) ;②侧支循环开放时 ,双侧颈总动脉的收缩期峰速 (PSV)和舒张期末速度 (EDV)均增高。结论　①双侧颈内动脉严重狭窄时 ,颈内 外动脉间的吻合支开放 ,保证脑组织的血供 ;②CDFI检查眼动脉和颈总动脉的血流动力学情况 ,可以方便地评价颅内侧支循环状态     

QTc延长与亚临床性动脉粥样硬化关系的探讨

目的：探讨QTc(心率校正的QT间期）延长与亚临床性动脉粥样硬化发生率之间的关系。方法：应用高分辨率超声仪观察34例QTc延长患者与30例QTc正常人的颈动脉，对比两组间颈总动脉贩内－中膜厚度（IMT）、粥样斑块发生率、收缩期最大血流速（Vmax)、舒张期最小血流速（Vmin)、平均血流速（Vmean)的差异。结果：QTc延长组的颈总动脉的内－中膜厚度（IMT）较QTc正常组明显增厚，动脉粥样班块的发生率明显增加，两组颈动脉的血流动力学指标无统计学差异。结论：QTc延长与颈总动脉的内－中膜厚度（IMT)、颈动脉粥样硬化斑块有明显的相关性，因此，QTc可作为亚临床性动脉粥样硬化的指标之一。     

左颈总动脉瘤伴分叉畸形1例的超声表现

1 临床资料 患者女，45岁。声音嘶哑、头晕来院就诊。颈动脉超声检查：左颈总动脉近分叉处见瘤样扩张，瘤体内径10.2mm，其内血流呈漩流（图1），分叉后直行的为颈内静脉，折向后下方的为颈外动脉（图2），分叉角度约120°。右颈总动脉未见异常。超声诊断：左颈总动脉瘤伴分叉畸形。经血管造影证实。     

Color duplex sonography of occlusion of the common carotid artery with reversed flow in the extracranial internal carotid artery

In a small percentage of cases with an occluded common carotid artery (CCA), the patency of the arteries beyond the carotid bulb is preserved. Color duplex sonography is useful for assessing blood flow in these vessels. We present a case of retrograde flow in an internal carotid artery (ICA) with an occluded ipsilateral CCA identified using color duplex sonography in a 70-year-old man with diabetes and known atherosclerotic disease. Color duplex sonography revealed that the right CCA was totally occluded near its origin and that flow was re-established at the bulb. Flow in the right ICA was directed cephalad, with a low-frequency, damped waveform; flow in the right external carotid artery (ECA) was bidirectional, with increased reversed diastolic flow. Extensive atherosclerotic lesions were also found in the left side. Endarterectomy of the left carotid bifurcation was performed. Follow-up color duplex sonography 3 months later revealed a small increase of stenosis in the left CCA and mild stenosis in the left ICA. The right CCA remained occluded, but reversed flow with a high-resistance flow pattern was seen in the ipsilateral ICA that supplied the ECA, which had cephalad-directed flow.     

Evaluation of the early hemodynamic changes in carotid arteries during ventricular and dual chamber pacing

In spite of a wide choice of pacemakers, there are some problems in making more rational clinical decisions for individual patients since mode selection and programming is usually performed on the basis of a clinical hunch. The aim of this study was to measure the differences in carotid flow in patients with a pacemaker programmed in the dual chamber and in the single chamber pacing modes. Sixty patients with implanted bipolar DDD pacemakers were enrolled in this study. Blood peak systolic velocity (PSV) and end-diastolic velocity (EDV), cross-sectional area, resistive index (RI), and pulsatility index (PI) were measured in the common (CCA), internal (ICA), and external (ECA) carotid arteries before pacemaker implantation and after dual chamber and ventricular pacing at 60 beats/min. PSVs in the left CCA (79.3 +/- 24.9 cm/s) and right CCA (84.1 +/- 18.7) were shown to significantly decrease after VVI pacing (60.1 +/- 16.6 and 62.1 +/- 20.0, respectively). There was also a similar significant decrease in PSV in the left and right ICAs and ECAs. Besides PSV, RI, and PI in the left and right CCAs, ICAs, and ECAs significantly decreased after VVI pacing. There was no similar decrease after DDD pacing. Cross-sectional area and flow volume in the CCA, ICA, and ECA were similar after DDD and VVI pacing and before pacemaker implantation suggesting that cardiac output was similar when the measurements were recorded. Carotid artery PSVs, pulsatility, and RIs were found to be significantly decreased during VVI pacing compared to baseline and DDD pacing. The greater incidence of adverse cerebral outcomes in patients with VVI rather than DDD pacing may be partly due to decreased carotid PSVs.     

彩色多普勒超声对颈动脉体瘤的诊断价值

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声在颈动脉体瘤诊断中的应用价值.方法 回顾分析11例患者颈动脉体瘤的声像图表现.结果 颈动脉体瘤声像图表现为颈动脉分叉处见实质性低回声肿块,边界清楚、边缘较规则、无明显包膜.肿瘤较小时,多位于颈总动脉分叉处,使颈内、外动脉间距增大;肿瘤较大时,常围绕血管生长.CDFI显示肿瘤内较丰富的血流信号,以动脉为主;用彩色多普勒能量图更能清晰地显示肿瘤内血流与颈动脉的关系;频谱多普勒显示:肿块内以动脉为主,为低速低阻型血流.结论 彩色多普勒超声是诊断颈动脉体瘤具有较大实用价值的首选方法.     

Reduced flow velocity in the internal carotid artery independently of cardiac hemodynamics in patients with cerebral ischemia

PURPOSE: To retrospectively investigate the relationships between carotid flow velocities, clinical features and cardiac hemodynamics to assess the meaning and significance of reduced carotid flow velocities in patients with cerebral ischemic symptoms. METHODS: We selected the files from patients who had undergone duplex Doppler sonographic examination of extracranial carotid arteries, echocardiography, and MR angiography, and in whom the following parameters were available: peak systolic (PSV) and end diastolic (EDV) flow velocity, pulsatility index (PI), and diameter of the left and right common (CCA) and internal (ICA) carotid arteries, intima-media thickness (IMT) of the left and right CCA, left ventricle (LV) mass, peak flow velocity on LV outflow tract, and fractional shortening (FS). Patients with stenosis of the carotid artery or its main intracranial branches were excluded, as were patients with major cerebral infarction, severe intracranial abnormality, or heart function disorder. The remaining 59 patients were subdivided according to the presence or absence of cerebral ischemic symptoms, diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, and hyperlipidemia for multivariate analyses and stepwise regressions. RESULTS: Women had smaller diameters and lower PI in the left and right CCA, and smaller LV mass than men. Age, CCA diameter, and IMT showed an inverse correlation with carotid flow velocities in several arterial segments. There was a positive correlation between PSV in the left CCA and ICA and FS, and between PSV in the left CCA and peak velocity on LV outflow tract. Flow velocities in the left and right ICA were significantly slower in patients with than in patients without cerebral ischemic symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac hemodynamics and carotid flow velocities are significantly related, only on the left side, probably due to larger hemodynamic stress. Increased intracerebral circulatory resistance is probably involved in the decrease in carotid flow velocity and increase in PI in patients with cerebral ischemic symptoms.     

Carotid flow rates and flow division at the bifurcation in healthy volunteers

In nine healthy subjects, magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure blood flow waveforms in the common (CCA), internal (ICA) and external (ECA) carotid arteries. Useful data were acquired from 14 carotid arteries in total. Flow rates were determined from regions of interest placed over the arteries in CINE-phase contrast velocity encoded images. Use of a normalized cardiac cycle allowed the combination of flow waveforms from individuals. Time-averaged group mean flow rates were 6.16, 4.14 and 1.59 ml s(-1) for the CCA, ICA and ECA, respectively. Time-averaged values for the flow division ratios ICA/CCA, ECA/ICA and ECA/CCA were 0.70, 0.39 and 0.26, respectively. The data will be of use in future physiological studies and in computational modelling of carotid artery haemodynamics.     

Blood Flow in the Internal Carotid Artery With Common Carotid Artery–Occluding Lesions in Takayasu Arteritis

Objective. The purpose of this study was to investigate carotid artery hemodynamics and blood flow involving external carotid artery (ECA) and internal carotid artery (ICA) patency in patients with Takayasu arteritis (TA). Methods. The common carotid artery (CCA), ECA, ICA, and vertebral artery (VA) were examined in 19 patients with TA involving ECA and ICA patency and in 19 healthy control participants. Bilateral carotid sonographic studies were performed with the use of 5‐ to 8‐MHz linear transducers. Results. Patency of the ECA and ICA was noted in 14 bilateral, 2 right‐sided, and 3 left‐sided CCA lesions. Flow in the ECA was retrograde, whereas flow in the ICA was directed cephalad and showed a low‐frequency, damped waveform or even a veinlike waveform. The peak systolic velocity (PSV) of the ICA in the patients was significantly lower than that in the control participants (P < .001). A good correlation was observed in the PSV between the ECA and ICA (r = 0.77). The VA displayed normally directed flow, a significantly larger diameter, and a higher flow velocity (P < .001). Conclusions. Color duplex sonography can identify special features of TA with CCA‐occluding lesions and permit quantification of carotid artery flow velocities and VA diameters both efficiently and practically.     

多发性大动脉炎颈动脉受累的超声表现及活动性评估简

目的总结多发性大动脉炎（Takayasu’Sarteritis,TA）颈动脉受累的声像图特点并评价超声在‘rA诊断及活动性评估中的作用。方法对58例TA患者的颈动脉进行常规超声检查,测量受累颈总动脉管壁厚度。将TA患者分为活动期和非活动期两组,以58名正常人作为对照,比较各组问颈动脉管壁厚度的差异,并使用受试者工作特征曲线分析管壁厚度对‘rA活动性的评估效果。结果58例TA患者共106条颈动脉受累,其中76条（71．7％）管壁超声表现为弥漫性、均匀性增厚,增厚管壁呈中等或中低回声。35条（33．0％）管壁呈通心粉征,67条（63．2％）呈靶环征。TA活动期组管壁厚度大于非活动期组,且均大于对照组（P均〈0．05）。以管壁厚度来判断TA活动状态,最佳诊断阈值为2．25ram,敏感性为71．4％,特异性66．0％。按照有无管腔狭窄进一步分组,分别确立诊断阈值后,非狭窄组中特异性提高为81．5％,狭窄组中敏感性提高为90．0％。结论靶环征是TA受累颈动脉除通心粉征外的另一超声新征象,有助于TA的超声诊断。管壁厚度对于评估TA活动性有一定帮助。     

多发性大动脉炎颈动脉受累的超声表现及活动性评估

  目的  总结多发性大动脉炎(Takayasu's arteritis, TA)颈动脉受累的声像图特点并评价超声在TA诊断及活动性评估中的作用。  方法  对58例TA患者的颈动脉进行常规超声检查, 测量受累颈总动脉管壁厚度。将TA患者分为活动期和非活动期两组, 以58名正常人作为对照, 比较各组间颈动脉管壁厚度的差异, 并使用受试者工作特征曲线分析管壁厚度对TA活动性的评估效果。  结果  58例TA患者共106条颈动脉受累, 其中76条(71.7%)管壁超声表现为弥漫性、均匀性增厚, 增厚管壁呈中等或中低回声。35条(33.0%)管壁呈通心粉征, 67条(63.2%)呈靶环征。TA活动期组管壁厚度大于非活动期组, 且均大于对照组(P均 < 0.05)。以管壁厚度来判断TA活动状态, 最佳诊断阈值为2.25 mm, 敏感性为71.4%, 特异性66.0%。按照有无管腔狭窄进一步分组, 分别确立诊断阈值后, 非狭窄组中特异性提高为81.5%, 狭窄组中敏感性提高为90.0%。  结论  靶环征是TA受累颈动脉除通心粉征外的另一超声新征象, 有助于TA的超声诊断。管壁厚度对于评估TA活动性有一定帮助。     

彩色多普勒超声对颈动脉狭窄的诊断价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声对颈动脉狭窄的诊断价值。方法对21例有症状性缺血性脑血管疾病患者行颈总动脉和颈内动脉颅外段超声检查，测量其血流动力学参数，计算狭窄率。结果以64层螺旋CT血管造影（CTA）作为标准对照，彩色多普勒超声对颈动脉狭窄的敏感度为95．8％，特异度为83．3％。对轻．中度狭窄的敏感度为90．4％，特异度为93．6％，对重度狭窄的敏感度为94．6％，特异度为93．6％。与CTA结果比较，对颈动脉狭窄的诊断无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。结论彩色多普勒超声可作为诊断颈动脉狭窄的首选方法，为早期预防和治疗提供依据，具有重要的临床价值。