吉祥草药材质量标准研究

目的对多产地吉祥草药材中水分、总灰分、酸不溶性灰分、农药残留、重金属、浸出物及总皂苷含量进行定量测定,进一步完善吉祥草药材的质量标准。方法常规检查项目按2010年版《中华人民共和国药典》(一部)ⅨH水分测定法中的烘干法、附录ⅨK灰分测定法、附录ⅩA浸出物测定法及ⅨE重金属检查法测定;采用紫外分光光度法测定总皂苷含量。结果 13批吉祥草样品所测的值平均为:水分10.4%,总灰分12.22%,酸不溶性灰分5.0%,浸出物25.2%,总皂苷含量1.28%;同时对其各检测项限度提出了建议。结论研究结果为进一步完善吉祥草药材质量标准提供依据。     

滇产植物的皂素成分研究 Ⅰ.滇吉祥草的甾体成分(1)

从滇吉祥草(Reineckea yunnanensis W.W.Smith)中分得两个甾体皂甙元,其一为薯蓣皂甙元(diosgenin),另一皂甙元暂名为滇吉祥草皂甙元(yunnanogenin),熔点275—277℃,[α]_D^17°—64.1(CHCl₃,c=0.156),制成双乙酰化物,熔点181—182℃,双苯甲酰化物,熔点236—239℃,23-溴代双乙酰化物,熔点196—199℃。由上述数据及红外吸收光谱数据,推测为一正系饱和的双羟基皂甙元。     

吉祥草总黄酮提取物的抗氧化活性评价

目的对吉祥草中总黄酮的体外抗氧化活性进行研究。方法采用盐酸-镁粉法测定黄酮含量,通过1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)法和铁离子还原(ferric ion antioxidant power,FRAP)法评价吉祥草总黄酮提取物的抗氧化活性。结果总黄酮提取物和脂溶性成分的EC50为(0.253±0.009)g·L-1,FRAP值为(0.964±0.028)mmol·g-1。结论吉祥草中总黄酮具有较强的抗氧化活性。     

铃兰族植物化学成分和药理作用研究进展

铃兰族隶属于广义百合科,包括吉祥草属、蜘蛛抱蛋属、开口箭属等属。该族植物资源丰富,药理活性良好,民间应用较多,具有广阔的应用前景。甾体皂苷为铃兰族植物的主要化学成分,其结构特征性强,多为母核中A、B环多羟基取代的甾体皂苷。目前,该族植物的化学成分和药理活性研究尚处在初步阶段,研究报道较零散。本文将已报道的铃兰族植物中的甾体皂苷类成分进行了归纳总结,包括149个甾体皂苷结构,并对其在保护心脑血管、抗菌消炎、抗肿瘤和降血糖等方面的药理活性研究进行综述,为铃兰族植物的研究与开发提供参考。     

吉祥草化学成分的分离与鉴定

目的对吉祥草的化学成分进行分离与鉴定。方法采用反复硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20、高效液相制备等方法分离纯化,所得化合物通过理化常数测定及光谱分析等手段鉴定其化学结构。结果分离得到8个化合物,分别为diosphenol(1)、N-benzoyl-L-phenylalaninol(2)、大豆素(daidzein,3)3、'-羟基大豆苷元(3'-hydroxydaidzein,4)、bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(5)、邻苯二酸二正丁基酯(1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid,dibuty ester,6)、丁香脂素(syringaresinol,7)、刺五加酮(ci-wujiatong,8)。结论化合物1为新的天然产物2,-8为首次从该属植物中分离得到。     

当归主要病虫害防治研究进展

文章通过文献和报道对当归的病虫害及其防治进行了总结,并在此基础上对存在问题加以分析,为当归病虫害的防治提供新的思路。     

中药栀子的栽培技术及病虫害防治

栀子是常用中药材，本文就其栽培技术及病虫害防治提出一些浅见，仅供参考。     

中药材种植中农药使用情况及残留现状分析

目的： 对中药材种植病虫害发生特点、农药残留污染现状进行综述汇总,旨在掌握中药材中农药残留情况,进而为中药材中农药监测和管理提出建议方法： 查阅近5年内发表的相关文献并结合本课题组对中药材中农药残留筛查与日常监测情况,整理不同中药材种植过程中农药登记情况、农药残留污染现状等。结果与结论： 中药材中农药残留检出率高但残留量较低。现有登记农药种类远不能满足实际种植中的病虫害防治需求,部分药材种植过程中存在农药滥用情况。建议应关注部分药材中植物生长素的使用情况,采用风险评估方法为标准制定和监管提供有力证据;同时,研究低毒的病虫害防治手段,从源头上避免农药污染。     

甘草栽培技术

甘草是一种的重要且常用的传统中药材。介绍了甘草的形态特征、生态特征、栽培技术、田间整理、病虫害防治和采收加工方法,并概述了甘草的市场前景。     

论中药材污染的防治与控制

本文通过对我国中药材污染现状的分析,围绕生产绿色中药材,阐述了加强中药材的病虫害防治及其污染控制的设想;提出了当前需要加大研究力度的一些课题,目的是确保中药材符合质量标准.     

观音草的化学成分研究

目的 研究百合科植物观音草全草的化学成分。方法 采用反复硅胶柱、SephadexLH-20凝胶柱、ODS柱色谱及反相制备型HPLC等方法进行分离纯化,根据化合物的理化性质和波谱数据鉴定结构。结果与结论 分离得到14个化合物,经鉴定分别为羽扇豆醇（1）、芦丁（2）、3-羟基齐墩果烯（3）、阿魏酸（4）、白桦脂酸甲酯（5）、薯蓣皂苷元（6）、槲皮素（7）、β-谷甾醇（8）、1,8-dihydroxy-3,4,5-trimethoxyxanthone（9）,1-hydroxy-3,7,8-trimethoxyxanthone（10）,胡萝卜苷（11）、甲基原薯蓣皂苷（12）、二十六烷酸（13）、豆甾醇（14）。其中化合物1、2、3、4、5、7、9、10、12、13、14是首次从该种植物中分离得到的。     

吉祥草中一个新的呋甾皂苷

对云南产吉祥草的地上部分进行了植物化学研究。针对乙酸乙酯萃取后的水溶液,利用一系列色谱方法分离得到了一个新呋甾皂苷和四个已知化合物。通过1D NMR、2D NMR,IR和HRESI-MS的方法对分离得到化合物进行了结构鉴定,分别为26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-（25S）-5β-furost-20（22）-en-1α,3β,26-triol-1-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-（1→2）-[α-Lrhamnopyranosyl]-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside（1）,（1β,3β,16β,22S）-cholest-5-en-1,3,16,22-tetrol-1,16-di-（β-D-glucopyranoside）（2）,diosgenin（3）,β-sitosterol（4）,ecdysterone（5）。     

大庆区域野生祈州漏芦的驯化及其栽培技术

本文描述了大庆区域野生祈州漏芦的植物形态及生活习性;重点介绍了将野生祈州漏芦驯化为栽培种的研究与实践,文章中叙述的收集种子的方法很有实用价值;还阐述了二次移栽和病虫害防治及采收加工的关键技术。     

Impact of insect growth regulators on biology and behavior of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

Ecotoxicology - This study investigated the effects of four insect growth regulators (IGRs) on biology and behavior of Chrysoperla carnea. IGRs were sprayed on eggs, larvae (~24-h old), and pupae...     

A review on recent research results on bio-effects of plant essential oils against major Coleopteran insect pests

Upfront problems about the use of synthetic insecticides such as damage to the environment and human health and pests’ resistance have brought about interest in natural compounds. In the last few years, more studies have been published for the insecticidal effects of essential oils from several plant families such as Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Cupressaceae, Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, Poaceae, Piperaceae, Rutaceae and Zingiberaceae. The present article emphases on the effects of essential oils against Coleopteran insect pests by highlighting on their extraction, chemical insecticidal properties, mode of action on insect, commercialization and safety.     

Fighting the global pest problem: preface to the special Toxicon issue on insecticidal toxins and their potential for insect pest control.

Arthropod pests are responsible for major crop devastation and are vectors for the transmission of new and re-emerging diseases in humans and livestock. Despite many years of effective control by conventional agrochemical insecticides, a number of factors are threatening the effectiveness and continued use of these agents. These include the development of insecticide resistance and use-cancellation or de-registration of some insecticides due to human health and environmental concerns. Several approaches are being investigated for the design of new (bio)pesticides. These include the development of transgenic plants and recombinant baculoviruses as delivery systems for a variety of insect-selective toxins. Additional approaches for the development of foliar sprays include the rational design of peptidomimetics based on the key residues of these toxins that interact with the insect target. This special issue provides an overview of these phyletically selective animal, plant and microbial toxins and their diverse mechanisms of action to paralyze or kill arthropods. In addition, it reviews their potential for biopesticide discovery and validation of novel insecticide targets and provides an overview of the strengths and weaknesses of biopesticides in the global control of arthropod pests.     

Toxic effects of prenatal Ipomoea carnea administration to rats

Chronic exposure of livestock to Ipomoea carnea, a toxic plant, promotes toxicosis characterized by lysosomal vacuolization of different organs, and is clinically manifested by CNS signs, abnormal endocrine and gastrointestinal functions, alteration of the immune system, and abnormal embryogenesis. The present study evaluated the effects of different doses of the plant extract on pregnant rats and their offspring after oral administration to the dams from day 6 to day 20 of gestation. Histopathology of thyroid, pancreas, liver and kidneys of dams on gestational day 21 showed characteristic vacuolization promoted by I. carnea toxicosis in these organs; the same was observed in the organs of 7-d-old pups. On the other hand, no alteration was found in these same organs of dams the 7th d after parturition. Although the lesions were reversed in the dams, the same did not occur in their pups. I. carnea administration also promoted decreased body weight, thymus atrophy and spleen enlargement in pups. The toxic principle of I. carnea (swainsonine) seems to pass through the placenta.     

Toxins for transgenic resistance to hemipteran pests

The sap sucking insects (Hemiptera), which include aphids, whiteflies, plant bugs and stink bugs, have emerged as major agricultural pests. The Hemiptera cause direct damage by feeding on crops, and in some cases indirect damage by transmission of plant viruses. Current management relies almost exclusively on application of classical chemical insecticides. While the development of transgenic crops expressing toxins derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has provided effective plant protection against some insect pests, Bt toxins exhibit little toxicity against sap sucking insects. Indeed, the pest status of some Hemiptera on Bt-transgenic plants has increased in the absence of pesticide application. The increased pest status of numerous hemipteran species, combined with increased prevalence of resistance to chemical insecticides, provides impetus for the development of biologically based, alternative management strategies. Here, we provide an overview of approaches toward transgenic resistance to hemipteran pests.