深圳市饮用水污水中隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫的调查

目的 调查深圳市水系贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫污染情况，从而为制订我国饮用水原虫卫生标准提供依据。方法 采集深圳市3家自来水厂的原水、出厂水以及3家污水处理厂处理后的排出污水，通过对病原虫的抽滤，淘洗，磁分离，染色鉴定，检测其贾第鞭毛虫囊和隐孢子虫卵囊含量。结果 深圳市饮用水源及出厂水均未检出贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫，3家污水处理厂中有2家在处理后的污水中检出贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫。结论 目前深圳市供水末发现贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫污染，但污水处理厂处理后的水仍可检出致病原虫，表明存在对地面水污染的危险性。     

深圳市村镇级水厂水源水中隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫调查

目的调查深圳市村镇级水厂水源水中贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫污染情况,评价小型供水的生物安全性,并为制订我国饮用水原虫卫生标准提供依据。方法采集深圳市供水规模0.5～5×104t的8家村镇级水厂的水源水,应用美国环保局(EPA)的标准检测方法,水样经抽滤、淘洗、磁分离、染色鉴定等步骤检测其贾第鞭毛虫包囊和隐孢子虫卵囊含量。结果深圳市8家村镇水厂中,有6家水厂的水源水检出贾第鞭毛虫包囊眼0.05～0.65个/L(1～13个/20L)演,1家水厂的水源水检出隐孢子虫卵囊眼0.1个/L(2个/20L)演。结论目前,深圳市村镇级水厂水源水存在原虫污染,在处理工艺不完善的情况下存在介水疾病传播的可能。     

2008年深圳市集中式供水中贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫污染现状

目的了解深圳市集中式供水企业水处理工艺情况以及原水、出厂水中贾第鞭毛虫、隐孢子虫的污染现状,为防治原虫介水传染病提供科学依据。方法于2008年5—7月,对19户供水企业的水源、水处理工艺进行现场卫生学调查。采集每户供水企业原水、出厂水水样各1件,检测水样中贾第鞭毛虫孢囊和隐孢子虫卵囊。结果深圳市19户市、区级集中式供水企业的原水均采用混凝沉淀、石英砂过滤、加氯消毒的常规水处理工艺。2008年深圳市供水企业原水、出厂水中均未检出贾第鞭毛虫孢囊和隐孢子虫卵囊。结论深圳市集中式供水未受贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫污染。     

深圳地产蔬菜和水系中致病性原虫污染的调查

目的 :调查深圳地产蔬菜、水系中致病性原虫的污染现况 ,从而为制订防制对策提供依据。方法 :采集深圳 3个农场种植的蔬菜、饮用水水源、3家水厂出厂水、3家污水处理厂排出水共 2 8份样品 ,通过对致病性原虫抽滤、淘洗、磁分离、染色鉴定 ,检测贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫 (卵囊 )含量。结果 :深圳种植的蔬菜、饮用水水源、饮用水共 2 1份样品均未检出致病性原虫 ,但 2家污水处理厂排出水共 5份样品检出贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫。结论 :目前深圳地产蔬菜、饮用水水源、饮用水未发现致病性原虫污染 ,但污水处理厂排出水中仍检出贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫 ,表明有对地面水和地产蔬菜污染潜在的危险性     

包头市牧区水环境隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫调查

目的了解包头市典型牧区水环境中隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫的污染状况。方法于2016年2月至2018年9月的春、夏、秋、冬四季分别采集包头市某牧区旗1处集中式供水和2处分散式供水的饮用水、2处典型地表水和当地污水处理厂进水及出水水样各1次,进行隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫检测。结果共采集饮用水样品12份,均未检出隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫。地表水各个季节均有不同程度隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫检出,检出率分别为50%(4/8)和37.5%(3/8)。污水厂水样在春、夏、秋季检出隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫,检出率分别为42.9%(3/7)和57.1%(4/7)。结论本次调查包头市典型牧区生活饮用水未发现隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫污染,而地表水和污水中隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫污染较为普遍。     

南方农村集中式供水出厂水贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫污染调查

目的了解南方农村集中式供水出厂水中贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫的污染状况。方法于2013年8—9月对南方3省以地表水为水源的30座农村集中式供水水厂的出厂水中贾第鞭毛虫、隐孢子虫及其水质相关指标进行检测,对水厂基本情况开展卫生学调查。结果 30座水厂中60%的水厂采用完全处理,消毒方式主要以使用含氯消毒剂为主。30件出厂水水样中,贾第鞭毛虫孢囊密度为0~20.6个/10 L,检出率为36.67%,超标率为23.33%;隐孢子虫卵囊密度为0~0.9个/10L,检出率为28.33%。贾第鞭毛虫与隐孢子虫、浑浊度、耐热大肠菌群呈正相关(P0.05);隐孢子虫与浑浊度、总大肠菌、耐热大肠菌群呈正相关(P0.05)。水处理方式为完全处理、设备经常定期保养和检查、经常使用消毒设施以及消毒方式可有效降低出厂水中贾第鞭毛虫孢囊的检出率(P0.01);未发现厂水处理工艺、管理、运行维护等因素对隐孢子虫卵囊的检出率有影响(P0.05)。结论本次调查的以地表水为饮用水水源的农村集中式供水存在贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫污染情况,优化处理工艺并加强水厂管理有助于控制贾第鞭毛虫的污染。     

典型农村水厂隐孢子虫污染情况调查

目的了解我国北方和南方某地农村水厂水处理工艺情况以及原水、末梢水隐孢子虫的污染现状,为防治原虫介水传染病提供科学依据。方法对水厂的水源及水处理工艺等进行现场卫生学调查,并采集原水及末梢水检测水样中隐孢子虫卵囊及水质相关指标。结果调查的10座水厂中,6座水厂为完全水处理工艺,消毒方式主要以含氯消毒剂为主。以地下水为水源的水厂原水及末梢水中未检出隐孢子虫卵囊;以地面水为水源的水厂原水及末梢水中检出了隐孢子虫卵囊,但符合生活饮用水卫生标准的限值要求。结论地表水中隐孢子虫的污染高于地下水,应加强农村饮用水卫生宣传工作和农村水厂的运行管理,保障供水水质的卫生安全。     

常州市城市饮用水中贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫动态监测分析

目的了解常州市城市水厂水源水与出厂水中贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫污染情况,为公共卫生管理提供依据。方法 2012年6月—2013年5月连续每月采集3家水厂水源水和出厂水各1份,采用国家《生活饮用水卫生标准》检测方法对水样进行隐孢子虫卵囊与贾第鞭毛虫包囊检测。结果常州市3家水厂共监测出厂水36份,水样合格率100%(36/36)。出厂水常规理化指标中p H值、浑浊度、色度、铁、锰和硝酸盐氮与水源水相比,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。经过完全处理后,出厂水微生物指标显著低于水源水。连续12个月监测,城市饮用水源水、出厂水均未检出贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫。结论常州市城市饮用水未受到贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫污染。     

上海某污水厂出水及其排放水体中隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫的分析检测

目的：检测上海某污水厂处理出水及其排放水体黄浦汀上游中隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫存在水平。方法：微孔滤膜过滤、乙酸乙酯福尔马林分离、Giemsa染色、油镜及相差显微镜观察。结果：对污水厂所取八次水样中，贾第氏虫孢囊检出6次，阳性率为75％，检出贾第氏虫孢囊最高含量为56个／10L；隐孢子虫卵囊共检出4次，阳性率为50％，检出隐孢子虫卵囊的最高含量为63个／10L；贾第氏虫孢囊与隐孢子虫卵囊的共同阳性率为12．5％。从其排放水体黄浦江上游所取的8份水样中，贾第氏虫孢囊共检出2次，阳性率为25％，最高含量为45个／10L；隐孢子虫卵囊只检出过1次，阳性率为12．5％，卵囊含量为30个／10L；同时检测出贾第氏虫孢囊和隐孢子虫卵囊的共同阳性率为0％。结论：上海城市污水处理厂应加强对两虫的去除工艺改进，减少上海城市供水生物安全风险。     

某市农村饮用水中贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫污染状况调查

目的调查某地区农村水厂水源水与出厂水中贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫污染情况,为公共卫生管理提供依据。方法 2013年8—9月,调查该地区12家农村水厂基本情况,采集水厂水源水和出厂水各一份,采用《生活饮用水卫生标准检测方法—免疫磁分离荧光抗体法》(GB/T 5750.12-2006)对水样进行隐孢子虫与贾第鞭毛虫的检测。结果某地区农村饮用水水源水中贾第鞭毛虫检出率25.0%(3/12),隐孢子虫未检出,出厂水均未检出贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫。结论此次调查表明某地区农村饮用水水源受贾第鞭毛虫污染。常规水处理工艺能够去除低浓度两虫污染。     

天津和沈阳地区末梢水中贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫调查

目的了解天津市、沈阳市居民生活饮用水贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫的污染情况,为确保饮用水水质卫生、安全供水提供科学依据。方法应用GB/T5750.12—2006《生活饮用水标准检验方法微生物指标》标准检测方法中Filta-Max Xpress快速方法,对灭菌水、蒸馏水、菌落总数超标的桶装饮用水三组加标水样进行加标回收率的测定,并对三组数据进行统计学分析。于2008年7月至8月采集天津市、沈阳市7家水厂、9家公共场所共21件出厂水、末梢水水样,对水样进行抽滤、淘洗、磁分离、染色鉴定的处理,检测贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫虫卵的含量。结果三组水样贾第鞭毛虫的平均加标回收率为(37.2±6.1)%,(41.6±5.1)%,(44.4±4.6)%,隐孢子虫的加标回收率为(11.4±3.4)%,(11.8±2.6)%,(17±6.4)%,三组加标水样两种虫卵的回收率的相对标准差均符合GB/T5750.12—2006中<25%的要求。经多因素方差分析,三组加标水样的加标回收率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。所有被检单位的出厂水或末梢水均未检出两虫虫卵。结论污染水样中的微生物因素并不影响两虫加标回收率检测结果;采用Filta-Max X...     

Detection and characterisation of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Hungarian raw, surface and sewage water samples by IFT, PCR and sequence analysis of the SSUrRNA and GDH genes

We investigated the prevalence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium species and analysed the genotypes in 36 samples collected from different water sources and various geographic areas in Hungary. Samples were collected from drinking water and sewage treatment plants and from the recreation area of Lake Balaton. The (oo)cysts were purified according to the US EPA 1623 method and they were detected by immunofluorescence test (IFT). Genomic DNA was extracted from all samples and then the GDH target gene for Giardia and the SSUrDNA for both Giardia and for Cryptosporidium species were amplified by PCR. 24 out of 36 samples (67%) were Giardia positive and 15 (42%) were Cryptosporidium positive by IFT. PCR confirmed that 13 out of 36 samples (36%) were Giardia positive and 10 (28%) contained Cryptosporidium. Twelve Giardia and two Cryptosporidium PCR products were successfully sequenced. In seven samples G. lamblia Assemblage A and in one sample Assemblage B and in four cases Assemblages A and B have been found. In one sample C. parvum and in the other separate sample C. meleagridis were detected. Sequence analysis revealed a new subtype of G. duodenalis complex, clustered close to the Assemblage A group. This study provides the first report on simultaneous detection and genotyping of G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium species from water supplies in Hungary.     

Investigation of potential zooanthroponotic transmission of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis through agricultural use of reclaimed wastewater

A field study in the Juarez Valley of Mexico was performed to investigate the potential transmission of Cryptosporidium and Giardia to sheep livestock grazing on forage irrigated with reclaimed wastewater, and the potential for disease transmission back to humans. United States Environmental Protection Agency Method 1623 immunofluorescent assay (IFA) revealed high levels of pathogens in reclaimed wastewater, with 183 to >7000 Giardia cysts and 9 - 762 Cryptosporidium oocysts detected per litre. Infectious Cryptosporidium were detected in the reclaimed wastewater using the cell culture focus detection method (FDM). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses revealed reclaimed wastewater contained the C. parvum bovine (zoonotic) genotype, human-specific C. hominis subgenotypes, and G. lamblia (syn. G. duodenalis, G. intestinalis) Assemblage A genotypes (A2 and A3). Despite high levels of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the reclaimed wastewater, these pathogens were rarely found on the forage plants, possibly due to environmental attenuation. Sheep fecal specimens were positive for only livestock-associated G. lamblia Assemblage E genotypes. Therefore, in this field study, there was no evidence of zooanthroponotic transmission of Cryptosporidium or Giardia.     

First investigations into the prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. in Hungarian drinking water

Safe drinking water is a top priority in preventing disease outbreaks and is of general concern to everyone. This study examines the occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Hungarian drinking water supplies for the first time. A total of 76 raw and drinking water samples were examined using the U.S. EPA Method 1623. From these 15 of 34 (48.4%) raw water samples tested positive for Giardia and 7 (26.6%) for Cryptosporidium. Twelve of 45 (26.7%) drinking water samples were positive for Giardia and 6 (13.3%) for Cryptosporidium. Overall, Giardia cysts and/or Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 48% of the raw water samples and 35% of the drinking water samples. The highest levels in drinking water were found to be 3 oocysts/100 litres of Cryptosporidium and 63.6 cysts/100 litres for Giardia, enough to cause giardiasis. The highest levels in raw water were 1,030 cysts/100 litres for Giardia and 50 oocysts/100 litres for Cryptosporidium and higher oocyst densities were associated with source water receiving effluents from sewage treatment plants or originating from a forest environment. In addition to this monitoring, riverbank filtrated water and raw water from the River Danube in Budapest were monitored in order to ascertain protozoan removal efficiency of riverbank filtration (RBF). A total of 157 samples, including 87 samples from the River Danube and 70 samples post RBF, were examined. Cryptosporidium and Giardia were detected regularly in the river water but never in riverbank filtered water suggesting the effectiveness of RBF as a purification method.     

两种机会性寄生原虫——微小隐孢子虫和蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫基因检测方法的建立

目的建立两种机会性寄生原虫——微小隐孢子虫和蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫（贾第虫）基因检测方法。方法从微小隐孢子虫和蓝氏贾第鞭毛虫感染者粪便标本内分离纯化卵囊和包囊，提取基因组DNA。根据微小隐孢子虫18S rRNA基因和贾第虫磷酸丙糖异构酶（tim）基因各设计或合成两对特异性引物，采用PCR技术分别对从卵囊和包囊提取的和6种对照DNA样本（日本血吸虫、刚地弓形虫、溶组织内阿米巴、旋毛虫和阴道毛滴虫以及人体血细胞DNA等），以及此二种虫相互间的DNA样本进行检测，以确定该法的特异性和敏感性。方法建立后，取艾滋病患者粪便标本对之进行检测。结果从微小隐孢子虫和贾第虫的DNA样本中分别扩增出各自相应基因的500bp和683bp长度的片段；最少可检测出20pg隐孢子虫和0．4pg贾第虫DNA；几种对照DNA样本均不发生交叉反应；受检的30例艾滋病患者粪便标本中，7例显示微小隐孢子虫阳性，未检出贾第虫。结论建立的基因检测方法，对微小隐孢子虫和贾第虫的检测具有高度的特异性和敏感性，可用于临床艾滋病合并感染的早期诊断和人群流行病学筛查。     

Monitoring of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the Vantaa river basin, southern Finland

We compared two sampling methods to assess the contamination of the Vantaa river basin by Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts: 10-1 grab samples, the common river mussel Anadonta piscinalis, were analysed for concentration of (oo)cysts from river water. The samples were collected 2-5 times in autumn 2001 from four wastewater treatment plants and four river water sites located downstream of the plants, and six times from raw water of a drinking water plant using the river as water source. The presence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium was analysed by IF microscopy and PCR. Both cysts and oocysts were detected at all sampling sites, but oocysts were more common than cysts in river water samples. In contrast, cysts were more common in A. piscinalis. Most Cryptosporidium-positive samples were of genotype 2 and Giardia were assemblage B. In river water, MPN of Escherichia coli did not correlate to the presence of (oo)cysts. In conclusion, low (oo)cyst counts were regularly identified in the Vantaa river basin which is contaminated by discharges of treated wastewater of human origin. In general, both methods to appropriate to detect (oo)cysts, but grab samples yielded more positive results. Grab sampling is also more practical and less expensive than analysis of A. piscinalis.     

First investigations into the prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp. in Hungarian drinking water

Safe drinking water is a top priority in preventing disease outbreaks and is of general concern to everyone. This study examines the occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Hungarian drinking water supplies for the first time. A total of 76 raw and drinking water samples were examined using the U.S. EPA Method 1623. From these 15 of 34 (48.4%) raw water samples tested positive for Giardia and 7 (26.6%) for Cryptosporidium. Twelve of 45 (26.7%) drinking water samples were positive for Giardia and 6 (13.3%) for Cryptosporidium. Overall, Giardia cysts and/or Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 48% of the raw water samples and 35% of the drinking water samples. The highest levels in drinking water were found to be 3 oocysts/100 litres of Cryptosporidium and 63.6 cysts/100 litres for Giardia, enough to cause giardiasis. The highest levels in raw water were 1,030 cysts/100 litres for Giardia and 50 oocysts/100 litres for Cryptosporidium and higher oocyst densities were associated with source water receiving effluents from sewage treatment plants or originating from a forest environment. In addition to this monitoring, riverbank filtrated water and raw water from the River Danube in Budapest were monitored in order to ascertain protozoan removal efficiency of riverbank filtration (RBF). A total of 157 samples, including 87 samples from the River Danube and 70 samples post RBF, were examined. Cryptosporidium and Giardia were detected regularly in the river water but never in riverbank filtered water suggesting the effectiveness of RBF as a purification method. The occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in the investigated water supplies may require the water utilities and water authorities in Hungary to apply additional monitoring and treatment and/or watershed controls.     

Effect of sewage treatment plants and diffuse pollution on the occurrence of protozoal parasites in the course of a small river

In Germany, protozoal parasites are detected frequently in surface waters. This study aims to assess the parasitological pollution in a river course and two of its tributaries under regular weather conditions. Cryptosporidium was detected in 67% of all samples. The median concentration was 4 oocysts/100l. Giardia lamblia were detected in 90% of the samples. The median concentration of G. lamblia was 22 cysts/100l and increased significantly following the river course. A statistically significant correlation was found between both parasites and the faecal indicators Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli. The intermittent occurrence of Cryptosporidium in the streams investigated was ascribed primarily to diffuse pollution, particularly during rainfall events. The relatively frequent detection of G. lamblia derived mainly from sewage treatment plants. The pathogen concentrations observed present a relevant public health risk as the river is used for recreational activities and agricultural purposes.