Ipsilateral free semitendinosus tendon graft transfer for reconstruction of chronic tears of the Achilles tendon

Background  

Many techniques have been developed for the reconstruction of the Achilles tendon in chronic tears. In presence of a large gap (greater than 6 centimetres), tendon augmentation is required.     

ACL reconstruction using an abnormally thick autogenous patellar tendon graft.

This prospective study measured the patellar tendon thickness of 543 patients who underwent anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with an autogenous bone-patellar tendon-bone graft to document the normal range of patellar tendon thickness and to determine if using thicker than normal patellar tendons as an ACL graft source affected postoperative outcome. The postoperative results of 55 patients who underwent ACL reconstruction with a patellar tendon > or =7 mm thick (thick tendon group) were compared with those of 488 patients who underwent ACL reconstruction with a patellar tendon < or =6 mm thick (normal tendon group). 5 mm (4.5 mm in women and 5.3 mm in men) with a range of 3-11 mm (3-7 mm in women and 3-11 mm in men). There was no statistically significant difference in the postoperative KT-1000 arthrometer mean manual maximum difference (2.0 mm for grafts < or =6 mm thick and 1.9 mm for grafts > or =7 mm thick), postoperative quadriceps muscle strength scores, modified Noyes questionnaire subjective scores (mean of 91 points for grafts < or =6 mm thick and 92 points for grafts > or =7 mm thick), or postoperative stability and pain scores. These results indicate that an abnormally thick patellar tendon should not preclude the use of this involved tendon as a graft source for ACL reconstruction.     

Ipsilateral free semitendinosus tendon graft with interference screw fixation for minimally invasive reconstruction of chronic tears of the Achilles tendon

Objective

Minimally invasive ipsilateral semitendinosus reconstruction of large chronic tears aims to be advantageous for the patient in terms of plantar flexion recovery, anthropometric measures, fast return to daily and sport activity, is safe, with low donor site co-morbidities, low risks of wound complications and neurovascular injuries.

Indications

Tendon gaps greater than 6 cm and in cases of revision surgery (rerupture).

Contraindications

Diabetes, vascular diseases, previous anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using ipsilateral semitendinosus tendon graft.

Surgical technique

The semitendinosus tendon is harvested through an incision in the medial aspect of the popliteal fossa, and the proximal stump is exposed and mobilized through an incision performed 2 cm proximal and medial to the palpable tendon gap. We repeat the same steps distally, approaching the distal stump of the tendon through a 2.5 cm longitudinal incision made 2 cm distal and just anterior to the lateral margin of the distal stump. Through the distal incision, we expose the Kager’s space and the postero-superior corner of the osteotomized calcaneum. We drill a bone tunnel into the calcaneum from dorsal to plantar using a cannulated headed reamer. The semitendinosus tendon graft is passed into the proximal stump through a medial-to-lateral small incision, its two ends are moved distally, and finally it is pulled down and shuttled through the bone tunnel. The construct is fixed to the calcaneum using an interference screw.

Postoperative management

Immobilization in a below the knee plaster cast with the foot in plantar flexion for 2 weeks, weight bearing on the metatarsal heads as tolerated, use elbow crutches, and keep the knee flexed. At 2 weeks, plaster removed, and rehabilitative exercises started, walker cast allowed.

Results

Between 2008 and 2010, the procedure was performed on 28 consecutive patients (21 men and 7 women, median age 46 years). At the 2-year follow-up, average ATRS scores significantly improved (p?相似文献   

Combined anterior cruciate-ligament reconstruction using semitendinosus tendon and iliotibial tract

We are reporting the results of a reconstructive procedure designed to decrease anterior tibial subluxation due to disruption of the anterior cruciate ligament. The operation combines both intra-articular and extra-articular methods. The semitendinosus tendon and the iliotibial tract are both routed from opposite directions over the top of the lateral femoral condyle and through the same oblique drill-hole in the proximal part of the tibia: the semitendinosus tendon is passed up through the tibial drill-hole, across the knee joint, over the top of the lateral femoral condyle, and deep to the fibular collateral ligament, and the iliotibial tract is passed deep to the fibular collateral ligament, over the top of the lateral femoral condyle, across the knee joint, and down through the drill-hole. Both grafts are simultaneously pulled tight while the semitendinosus tendon is sutured to the iliotibial tract laterally and the iliotibial tract is sutured to the semitendinosus tendon medially below the drill-hole. The posteromedial and lateral parts of the capsule are advanced to tighten the secondary restraints. One hundred of the first 106 consecutive patients with chronic instability who had this procedure were evaluated using subjective and objective criteria at three to seven and one-half years after surgery. The positive anterior-drawer sign tested at 25 degrees of flexion was eliminated or reduced to 1+ in eighty knees, and the positive pivot shift was reduced to zero or 1+ in ninety-one knees. The objective assessment of isokinetic muscle performance and passive tibial rotation showed significant improvements in strength and normalization of tibial rotation.     

Arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using autogenous hamstring tendon graft without detachment of the tibial insertion

This article describes a modified arthroscopic technique of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using quadrupled hamstring tendon graft. The autogenous semitendinosus and gracilis grafts are harvested without detachment of the tibial insertion. To obtain longer grafts, the accessory tibial insertions of the hamstring tendons are dissected. The EndoButton (Acufex Microsurgical, Andover, MA) is used for femoral fixation and two spiked staples are used for tibial fixation in a belt buckle fashion. Then the residual anterior laxity is restored by additional absorbable interference screw fixations. In this technique, more viable graft is obtained and more firm distal fixation is achieved by preservation of the tibial insertion of hamstring tendons.     

Two-bundle reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament using semitendinosus tendon with endobuttons: operative technique and preliminary results.

We carried out two-bundle reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) using multi-strand semitendinosus tendon for the purpose of getting better stability under aggressive rehabilitation by putting the graft in the normal anatomy with minimized notch-plasty. The drill guide position was determined using two-directional radiography in hyperextension. The two-bundle procedure was performed using the inside-out technique for grafting and two Endobuttons (Acufex Microsurgical, Mansfield, MA) for femoral graft fixation. The clinical outcomes 2 years postoperatively of 54 of 62 consecutive patients were reported. The preliminary results suggested that the two-bundle procedure showed a better trend with respect to anterior stability compared with those of our previous experience using the single-bundle technique under the same aggressive rehabilitation. The two-bundle procedures have several theoretical advantages over single-bundle with multi-strand tendon graft. The present two-bundle reconstruction is recommended to result in better anterior stability with minimized notch-plasty and with no serious complications.     

Late reconstruction of chronic distal biceps tendon ruptures with a semitendinosus autograft technique

We compared 2 groups of patients with chronic distal biceps tendon ruptures, 7 patients treated nonoperatively and 7 undergoing semitendinosus autograft tendon reconstruction. The mean time to surgery after the initial injury was 17 weeks. The mean clinical follow-up in the operative group was 63 months. Functional strength and endurance testing was measured at a mean of 30 months after injury in the nonoperative group and 26 months in the operative group. A 2-incision technique was used. In the allograft reconstruction group, flexion and supination strength was restored to the normal range. The nonoperative group lacked 20% of normal strength. Endurance in both groups was within the normal range. Autograft semitendinosus reconstruction in chronic distal biceps tendon ruptures improves flexion and supination strength when compared with nonoperative treatment. No radial nerve injuries or heterotopic ossification occurred, and all reconstructions remain intact.     

关节镜下自体腘绳肌肌腱移植重建膝前交叉韧带的临床观察

目的探讨关节镜下自体腘绳肌肌腱移植重建膝前交叉韧带的临床疗效。方法自2006年12月-2010年1月,对215例膝关节前交叉韧带损伤患者采用关节镜下自体腘绳肌肌腱移植重建（包括单束和双束）。比较患者术前、术后Lysholm膝关节评分和膝关节稳定性改变。结果本组215例中210例获得随访,1例患者在术后6周出现膝关节内感染,予行关节镜下清理、抗感染等处理后治愈。术前和术后1个月、术后6个月、术后1年Lysholm膝关节评分分别比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。术前215例患者物理检查均表现为膝关节不稳,术后所有患膝不稳定表现消失。结论关节镜下自体腘绳肌肌腱移植重建膝前交叉韧带疗效可靠,依据病人实际情况个性化合理选择单双束重建。     

慢性踝关节外侧不稳定解剖重建与修复疗效的比较观察

[目的]探讨距腓前韧带/跟腓韧带(ATFL/CFL)解剖重建或修复治疗慢性踝关节外侧不稳定的对比效果。[方法]2008年1月~2011年12月,对48例保守治疗无效的慢性踝关节外侧不稳定患者行手术治疗,随机给予改良Brostrom法紧缩缝合(修复组),或行ATFL/CFL解剖重建(重建组)。对距骨前移及倾斜、踝关节活动度、AOFAS足踝评分、VAS评分进行评估。[结果]随访24~60个月,平均40.2个月。AOFAS足踝评分A组由术前(47.50±8.60)分提高至术后2年的(88.71±3.52)分(t=-12.364,P=0.000);B组由术前(47.50±9.60)分提高至(93.50±4.27)分(t=-18.452,P=0.000)。两组在疼痛、步态、支撑与功能、屈伸、后足活动及对线评分项目上差异无统计学意义(P0.05);在地面步行、最大步行距离、稳定性评分上差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。VAS疼痛评分A组术前(6.80±3.80)分,术后(2.00±1.90)分;B组术前(6.80±3.60)分,术后(2.05±1.70)分(P0.05)。患者无神经损伤、感染、皮缘坏死、僵硬等并发症,术后X线片示距骨前移及倾斜矫正,无不稳定复发。B组踝关节稳定性恢复更佳,术后2年AOFAS评分修复与重建组间存在差异(t=-1.939,P=0.034)。[结论]借鉴于尸体解剖数据,双束解剖重建ATFL/CFL在避免后足僵硬的同时可有效恢复踝关节外侧稳定性,适用于稳定性要求高的青壮年患者及修复失败的翻修手术。保残重建及手术切口改良降低了神经损伤概率,功能恢复更加理想,长期随访有待于进一步观察。     

Revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using the regenerated semitendinosus tendon: Analysis of ultrastructure of the regenerated tendon

In this report, we present a case of a college skier who sustained a rerupture of the reconstructed anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) 8 months after surgery in which an autogenous semitendinosus tendon graft was used. At the revision surgery, the harvested semitendinosus tendon appeared to be regrown. Thus the regenerated tendon was reharvested, and in combination with the gracilis tendon, was used as a graft. The electron microscopic examination revealed a difference in fibril diameter between the regenerated tissue and the normal tendon. Although the regenerated semitendinosus tendon could be reharvested, the feasibility of its use for revision surgery is still to be determined.     

Changes in muscle strength properties caused by harvesting of autogenous semitendinosus tendon for reconstruction of contralateral anterior cruciate ligament

A prospective study was conducted of how the muscle strength of the donor knee is affected by harvesting of the autogenous semitendinosus tendon (St) for use as a substitute graft material in cruciate ligament reconstruction. There were 25 patients from whom only the St was harvested from the contralateral (i.e., healthy/donor) knee. Using a Biodex System II (Biodex, New York, NY), the strength of the donor knee was measured during both extension and flexion, both before and 12 months after the tendon harvesting procedure. A comparative study was made of the preharvest and postharvest values for the peak torque and peak torque angle in the isokinetic contraction. There were no statistically significant differences between the preharvest and postharvest peak torque values of the donor knee. However, the peak torque angle decreased significantly after the tendon harvest; the range of the mean decrease was from 11.7 degrees to 15.0 degrees. This indicates that there was a change to a small flexion angle (P < .05). After the tendon harvest, regardless of the applied angular velocity, more than 80% of the cases showed a change of torque curve shape in which there was no peak in the latter half, and the position of the peak was shifted to the left. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that harvesting of the autogenous St does not affect the peak torque, but the peak torque angle during flexion of the donor knee is reduced.Arthroscopy 1998 Sep;14(6):580-4