肝内胆管癌的诊治进展

肝内胆管癌是胆管上皮细胞癌的一种,其发病与肝内胆管结石、病毒性肝炎、原发性硬化性胆管炎、Caroli病、寄生虫感染等有关,近年来,其发病率逐渐升高.超声、CT、MRI检查都可以用于该病的诊断.目前肝内胆管癌主要的治疗方式是以肝切除为主的综合治疗.肝移植治疗肝内胆管癌仍有一定的争议.辅助疗法对无法接受手术的肝内胆管癌患者将越来越重要.     

射频消融术对肝海绵状血管瘤的诊疗进展

射频消融术是近年来开展的微创、有效的肿瘤治疗新技术,在肝癌的治疗方面已积累了较多的经验.对于肝右前叶、左内叶或左外叶及肝脏表面的肝海绵状血管瘤,运用射频消融术治疗也取得了良好的效果.射频消融术治疗肝血管瘤通常分为经皮肝穿刺介入治疗、腔镜下和开腹射频消融术治疗,具有微创、简单、安全和可重复等优点,并且弥补了外科手术治疗肝皿管瘤切除较多正常肝组织的缺点.在掌握好适应证和操作技巧的前提下,可作为治疗HCH的一种理想方法.     

经肝动脉栓塞治疗肝血管瘤18例临床分析

目的:观察经肝动脉注射超液化碘油加平阳霉素栓塞治疗肝血管瘤疗效.方法:经股动脉穿刺,肝动脉超选择性插管至血管瘤供血动脉,注入超液化碘油加平阳霉素乳化剂栓塞治疗.结果:18例患者术后一周行CT检查,18例患者肿瘤内碘油沉积良好.随访6-12月,15例肿瘤缩小到原来的80％- 90％,一例完全消失.入院症状缓解100％.结论:经肝动脉栓塞治疗肝血管瘤疗效确切、安全、是肝血管瘤治疗的好方法.     

局限性肝紫癜病三例并文献复习

目的 探讨肝紫癜病的病因、发病机制、诊断、鉴别诊断及治疗.方法 结合3例肝紫癜病病人的临床资料进行文献复习.结果 肝紫癜病影像学上需肝血管瘤、肝脓肿、肝转移瘤等进行鉴别,临床诊断有一定困难,亦无特殊治疗.结论 肝紫癜病是一种罕见的肝脏疾病,可累及其他器官,对有破裂出血危险的病人要手术切除,弥漫性病变要进行肝移植手术.     

反复暂时性肝动脉阻断治疗肝恶性肿瘤[文献综述]

1986年在回顾肝动脉结扎术(HAL)治疗肝恶性肿瘤二十年发展史时,Bengmark指出,目前正进入一个从生物学水平上认识肝动脉阻断治疗肝恶性肿瘤机理的新时代,并预言反复暂时性肝动脉阻断(Repeated Temporary Blockade of the Hepatie Artey RTBHA)——HAL第五代衍生技术——将成为治疗不可切除性肝恶性肿瘤的一种合理和理想的方法.两年后,RTBHA已在临床运用中取得令人鼓舞的结果.本文将介绍RTBHA的方法、生物学基础、临床及实验结果和有待探讨的问题.材料及方法1.肝动脉阻断器RTBHA使用一种可在体外控制的肝动脉阻断器,反复短期地阻断肝动脉血流.     

肝干细胞及在肝病中的应用

肝干细胞具有自我更新、增生及分化为肝细胞和胆管细胞的能力.肝干细胞的研究是当今肝病研究领域的热点之一.随着肝干细胞研究的深入,必将为肝病的治疗提供新的策略.本文就肝干细胞的分类、来源及在肝病中的应用做一综述.     

先天性肝囊肿的治疗进展

先天性肝囊肿是肝脏的一种良性疾病,根据其部位、大小、形态、囊液性状不同而治疗方法各异,本文将就先天性肝囊肿的治疗进展进行综述.     

肝脏切除技术

肝切除是一项需由有经验的外科医生完成的高风险手术.肝切除术在治疗肝恶性疾病中的地位在过去100年里随着并发症、病死率不断地减少及生存率的提高而发生了改变.对肝解剖新的认识,不断提高的围手术期治疗,麻醉技术和技术上的进步已使患者的治疗效果得到改善.随着技术的进步,从前被认为肿块不可切除的患者有了接受根治性手术的机会.该篇综述描述了针对肝切除的不同方法及技巧.文中对肝切除相关解剖、手术命名,解剖肝切除与非解剖肝切除的地位进行了讨论.分析了不同血管控制方法及对不同的肝实质横断策略进行了对比,同时涉及到了微创手术技术.最后,介绍了作者对肝切除的有关技术经验.     

人工肝干预肝衰竭凝血项变化的研究

急性肝衰竭是一种复杂的多系统疾病,短期内可迅速出现凝血功能障碍和肝性脑病等并发症,凝血功能障碍严重者可导致大量出血,是肝功能衰竭患者死亡的主要原因.目前急性肝衰竭的治疗主要包括内科综合治疗、人工肝支持系统、肝移植三种方法.本文就人工肝支持系统治疗对肝功能衰竭患者凝血项变化的影响做一综述.     

老年病人肝内胆管结石外科治疗的临床分析

目的 探讨老年人肝内胆管结石治疗的有效方法.方法 收集我院诊治的75例肝内胆管结石患者的临床资料.结果 肝切除术组和胆总管切开加胆道镜取石术组患者治疗的优良率明显高于总管切开取石加内引流术组;肝切除术组患者的残石率明显低于胆总管切开取石加内引流术组.结论 肝切除术治疗肝内胆管结石,效果好,残石率低,是一种有效的手术方式...     

Outcome and Hepatic Hemodynamics in Liver Transplant Patients with Portal Vein Arterialization

Few cases of successful portal vein arterialization in orthotopic and auxiliary liver transplantation have been reported. AIM: To evaluate the effect of portal vein arterialization on hepatic hemodynamics and long-term clinical outcome in three patients undergoing liver transplantation. METHODS: Two patients with extensive splanchnic venous thrombosis received an orthotopic liver transplant and one with fulminant hepatic failure received an auxiliary heterotopic graft. Portal vein arterialization was performed in all cases. RESULTS: One patient died 4 months after transplant and two are still alive. Auxiliary liver graft was removed 3 months post-transplant when complete native liver regeneration was achieved. Immediate post-transplant liver function was excellent in all cases. Only one patient developed encephalopathy and variceal bleeding owing to prehepatic portal hypertension secondary to arterioportal fistula 14 months after transplant. He was successfully treated by embolization of the hepatic artery. Hepatic hemodynamic measurements demonstrated a normal pressure gradient between wedged and free hepatic venous pressures in all cases. Liver biopsy showed acceptable graft architecture in two cases and microsteatosis in one. CONCLUSIONS: Liver transplantation with portal vein arterialization is an acceptable salvage alternative when insufficient portal venous flow to the graft is present. The double arterial supply does not imply changes in hepatic hemodynamics, at least in the early months post-transplant.     

Beneficial effects of arterialization of the portal vein on extended hepatectomy

BACKGROUND: Extended hepatectomy may result in postoperative liver failure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of arterialization of the portal vein on oxygen supply, hepatic energy metabolism and liver regeneration after extended hepatectomy. METHODS: Portal haemodynamics were evaluated 0 or 10 days after arterialization of the portal vein in three experimental groups: 85 per cent partial hepatectomy, 85 per cent partial hepatectomy 10 days after arterialization of the portal vein and 85 per cent partial hepatectomy 10 days after ligation of the hepatic artery. Survival rates, weight of the regenerating liver, levels of adenine nucleotides and hepatic energy charge were assessed. RESULTS: Arterialization of the portal vein caused a significant increase in partial pressure of oxygen and oxygen saturation. Portal blood flow 10 days after arterialization was significantly increased. Survival rate and weight of the regenerating liver in the group with arterialization of the portal vein were significantly higher than those in the other two groups. The group with arterialization of the portal vein showed the highest levels of adenosine 5'-triphosphate. CONCLUSION: The increase in portal blood flow and oxygen supply produced by arterialization of the portal vein has beneficial effects on hepatic energy metabolism and liver regeneration, and leads to improved survival after experimental extended hepatectomy.     

门静脉动脉化在肝胆外科中的应用现状与展望

自首次将门静脉动脉化(PVA)用于门静脉高压症患者治疗以来,PVA的概念一直受到关注.在某种特殊形式下,PVA技术在肝胆外科中仍有一定的应用价值.然而,PVA毕竟改变了正常的人体生理解剖关系,对于它在肝胆外科中应用也存在较多争议.文中综述门静脉动脉化在肝动脉切除和(或)损伤、急性肝功能衰竭以及肝移植中的应用现状,并对以后的研究进行初步的展望.     

限制流量的门静脉动脉化对大鼠肝脏功能和结构的远期影响

目的 探讨限制流量的门静脉动脉化术后门静脉血液动力学改变，以及对肝脏功能和结构的远期影响。方法 建立大鼠门静脉完全动脉化（portal vein arterialization，PVA）以及限制流量的大鼠门静脉动脉化模型，观察术后1及6个月门静脉血流量、横截面积以及术后6个月门静脉压力及肝脏结构和功能的变化。结果 末采取限制流量措施的门静脉动脉化术后门静脉横截面积和血流量随时间延长呈增加的趋势，术后6个月血清ALT水平显著升高（F=7，72，P〈0，01）。肝内门静脉及其分支显著增宽、壁增厚、内膜胶原纤维增多。而限制流量的门静脉动脉化术后门静脉横截面积与血流量增加趋势不显著，血清GPT水平接近正常水平，术后6个月，3组大鼠动脉化门静脉压力、血浆内毒素、动脉血酮体比值以及血清白蛋白、总胆红素和碱性磷酸酶水平差异无统计学意义。结论 门静脉完全动脉化后，限制流量是必要的，保持一定流量的动脉化门静脉血，对于维持肝脏正常生理功能，防止过高血流量对肝脏功能和结构的损害，有重要意义。     

门静脉动脉化对大鼠肝脏再生的影响

目的探讨门静脉动脉化重建肝血流后对肝脏再生的影响。方法建立门静脉动脉化重建肝脏血流加半肝切除(43%)的大鼠实验模型,分别在术后3 d和10 d取出肝脏烘干称重、光镜下计数进入有丝分裂期的肝细胞和分离肝细胞进行流式细胞仪分析,以观察肝脏再生的情况。结果实验组术后3 d和10 d测定的肝脏干重分别为(67.56±3.70)%(、78.76±5.68)%,与对照组(71.66±3.24)%(、82.38±4.86)%相比无显著性差异(P>0.05);进入有丝分裂期的肝细胞计数(708.4±68.21、239.6±24.50)与对照组(724.8±69.99、216.2±23.81)相比无显著性差异(P>0.05);流式细胞仪测得的进入G2和M期的肝细胞的DNA含量[(25.72±4.78)%、(15.60±2.52)%]与对照组[(28.78±3.37)%、(13.34±2.88)%]相比无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论行门静脉动脉化重建肝血流不影响肝脏的再生。     

门静脉动脉化在肝胆外科中的应用现状与展望

自首次将门静脉动脉化(PVA)用于门静脉高压症患者治疗以来,PVA的概念一直受到关注.在某种特殊形式下,PVA技术在肝胆外科中仍有一定的应用价值.然而,PVA毕竟改变了正常的人体生理解剖关系,对于它在肝胆外科中应用也存在较多争议.文中综述门静脉动脉化在肝动脉切除和(或)损伤、急性肝功能衰竭以及肝移植中的应用现状,并对以后的研究进行初步的展望.

Abstract：

Since portal vein arterialization(PVA) was firstly introduced as a treatment in patients with portal hypertension due to liver cirrhosis, the concept of PVA has drawn much attention. In special situations, in hepatobiliary surgery, this procedure remains useful. However, PVA is unphysiological and there is much controversy on its use.This article reviews the current status of PVA in hepatic artery resection or injury, in acute liver failure and in liver transplantation, and suggests future directions in research in PVA.     

Arterialization of the portal vein in pediatric liver transplantation

Portal vein arterialization (PVA) is an acquired concept in shunt surgery for portal hypertension. This technique, recently described as both a temporary and permanent procedure in adult liver transplantation, is reported by the authors in two cases of pediatric transplantation. The indication was low portal blood flow after reperfusion with poor graft function due to persistence of spontaneous retroperitoneal venous shunts. In both cases described, PVA allowed for satisfactory macroscopic liver reperfusion. The increase in portal blood flow from 150 to 500 ml/min in the second patient enabled the liver to be reperfused correctly and led to successful transplantation. The graft function in both cases improved in the 1st postoperative week, but thrombosis of the PVA occurred in the 1st patient 2 months after transplantation. Signs of hepatic hyperarterialization occurred in the second patient and this necessitated a dearterialization of the portal vein 2 weeks later. Although the benefit of this procedure appears to be beyond doubt in the immediate postoperative period, we have no data on long-term arterialization. We do think that PVA can be performed in pediatric liver transplantation, but it may need to be done only in special, individual situations when no valid alternative can be proposed, such as in the absence of a mesenteric vein and/or the presence of spontaneous retroperitoneal venous shunts. Received: 24 June 1997 Received after revision: 27 November 1997 Accepted: 28 November 1997     

Auxiliary liver transplantation with arterialization of the portal vein for acute hepatic failure

Six adult patients suffering from acute hepatic failure and with a high urgent status underwent heterotopic auxiliary liver transplantation. In four of these patients, the portal vein of the liver graft was arterialized in order to leave the native liver and the liver hilum untouched and to be able to place the liver graft wherever space was available in the abdomen. The arterial blood flow via the portal vein was tapered by the width of the anastomosis. Two patients died, one of sepsis on postoperative day 17 (POD), the other after 3 months due to a severe CMV pneumonia. There were no technically related deaths. The native liver showed early regeneration in all cases. In one patient, the auxiliary graft was removed 6 weeks after transplantation. Four weeks later, he had to undergo orthotopic retransplantation due to a recurrent fulminant failure of the recovered native liver. This patient is alive more than 1 year after the operation. We conclude that heterotopic auxiliary liver transplantation with portal vein arterialization is a suitable approach to bridging the recovery of the acute failing native liver. Received: 15 September 1997 Received after revision: 4 February 1998 Accepted: 2 March 1998     

Arterialization of the portal vein in liver transplantation: a new microsurgical model in the rat

BACKGROUND: A preexisting thrombosis of the portal vein and the deep splanchnic bed can make it extremely difficult to reestablish the portal blood flow in orthotopic liver transplantation in man. Complete arterialization of the liver transplant, including the donor portal vein, might be a viable therapeutic option. A new rat transplantation model is described, in which the liver is completely arterialized. METHODS: The outflow of the portal blood in the recipient was secured via a portocaval shunt. Hepatectomy was then performed and the liver transplant placed in orthotopic position. An interposed aortic segment was used for direct arterialization of the donor portal vein. RESULTS: The laboratory parameters determined in the serum at the end of the observation period of 28 days revealed normal functioning of the transplant. The histological examinations showed largely normal cellular architecture, with no signs of necrosis, but incipient fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS: Using this new surgical technique in the rat liver transplantation model, long-term morphological and functional changes in a completely arterialized liver graft, and the regenerative capability of liver tissue perfused in this way, can be investigated.     

Flow- and pressure-adapted portal arterialization in dogs

The effects of portal arterialization after portacaval shunt were studied in dogs. Flow- and pressure-adapted portal arterialization was performed by mounting a Teflon cuff on an autogenous vein bypass graft between the hepatic stump of the portal vein and the right renal artery. Immediately following operation, the total hepatic blood flow and intrahepatic portal venous pressure were within normal range. Eight weeks after operation, the intrahepatic portal venous pressure remained within the preoperative range, while total hepatic blood flow had increased double or triple. However, structual change due to increased flow was absent in the liver, even sixteen months after operation. Body weight, liver enzyme chemistry, ICG clearance rate, and amino acid metabolism were well maintained for the entire period of investigation. These findings suggest that sequelae such as hepatic encephalopathy and impaired hepatic metabolism after portacaval shunt can be avoided by portal arterialization, in the presence of an appropriate flow and pressure.