我院老年住院患者潜在不适当用药情况分析

目的回顾性分析我院老年住院患者潜在的不适当用药情况。方法以STOPP&START用药审核提示表为依据,对我院464份年龄≥65岁的老年住院患者病历进行评价,获得老年患者潜在性不适当用药情况。结果 464份老年住院患者平均年龄(78.7±6.9)岁,平均用药数量11种,85例(18%)存在潜在不适当用药现象共91项,127例(27%)存在处方遗漏现象共212项。结论以STOPP&START用药审核提示表可以筛查出老年住院患者潜在不适当用药情况,应作为临床处方的参考,保证老年人合理用药。     

Comparison of rates of potentially inappropriate medication use according to the Zhan criteria for VA versus private sector medicare HMOs

BACKGROUND: Inappropriate prescribing in the elderly is common, but rates across different health care systems and the impact of formulary restrictions are not well described. OBJECTIVE: To determine if rates of inappropriate medication use in the elderly differ between the Veterans Affairs (VA) health care system and the private sector Medicare health maintenance organization (HMO) patients. METHODS: A cross-sectional study design compared administrative pharmacy claims from 10 distinct geographic regions in the United States in the VA health care system and 10 analogous regions for patients enrolled in Medicare HMOs. The cohorts included 123,633 VA and 157,517 Medicare HMO patients aged 65 years and older. Inappropriate medication use was identified using the Zhan modification of the Beers criteria, which categorizes 33 potentially inappropriate drugs into 3 major classifications: "always avoid," "rarely appropriate," and "some indications." Comparisons between the VA health care system and the private sector Medicare HMO were performed for overall differences and stratified by gender and age. The drug formulary status of the Zhan-criteria drugs was known for the VA health system but not for the Medicare HMO patients. RESULTS: Compared with private sector patients, VA patients were less likely to receive any inappropriate medication (21% vs. 29%, P <0.001), and in each classification: always avoid (2% vs. 5%, P <0.001), rarely appropriate (8% vs. 13%, P<0.001), and some indications (15% vs. 17%, P <0.001). The rate of inappropriate drug use was lower in the VA compared with the private sector for males (21% vs. 24%, P <0.001) and females (28% vs. 32%, P <0.001). Differences were consistent when stratified by age. CONCLUSION: Compared with private sector Medicare HMOs, elderly VA patients were less likely to receive medications defined by the Zhan criteria as potentially inappropriate. A restrictive formulary that excludes 12 of the 33 Zhan criteria drugs may be a factor in the reduction of undesired prescribing patterns in elderly populations.     

Medication regimen complexity and prevalence of potentially inappropriate medicines in older patients after hospitalisation

Background There is a relative paucity of information to characterise potential changes in medication regimen complexity and prevalence of prescribing of potentially inappropriate medications after hospitalisation, both in Australia and elsewhere. Objective To evaluate medication regimen complexity and the prevalence of potentially inappropriate medications before and after admission to hospital. Setting General medical units of a tertiary care hospital in Australia. Methods Retrospective cohort study of patients aged 65 years and above. Medication complexity was measured by using the Medication Regimen Complexity Index (MRCI). Main outcome measure The primary outcome was the change in the Medication Regimen Complexity Index for all prescribed medications after hospitalization. Results A convenience sample of 100 patients was included in the study. There was a significant change in the mean medication complexity score (as measured using the MRCI), increasing from 29 at the time of admission to 32 at the time of discharge (p < 0.05). Factors such as baseline medication regimen complexity (pre-admission MRCI) and length of stay in the hospitals appear to influence the change in medication complexity. However, the proportion of patients prescribed at least one potentially inappropriate medicine (PIM) decreased significantly, from 52% pre-hospitalization to 42% at discharge (p = 0.04). Conclusions Relative to the time of admission, overall medication complexity increased and the proportion of patients who were prescribed PIMs decreased after hospitalisation.

     

Potentially inappropriate drug prescribing among first-visit elderly outpatients in Taiwan

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and risk factors of potentially inappropriate drug prescribing among first-visit elderly outpatients. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: An urban tertiary care and academic medical center in southern Taiwan. PATIENTS: Eight hundred eighty-two patients aged 65 years or older who were prescribed drugs at their first visit to either the medical center's outpatient internal medicine clinic or family medicine clinic between March 1, 2001, and July 31, 2001. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Potentially inappropriate drug prescribing was assessed according to updated Beers criteria. Ninety-seven potentially inappropriate drugs were identified in 93 (10.5%) patients. The most common classes were sedative-hypnotics (18.6%) and muscle relaxants (17.5%). Twenty (20.6%) of these inappropriate drugs had a high severity potential according to the Beers criteria. Patients prescribed potentially inappropriate drugs were more likely to be prescribed several drugs versus those who were not prescribed potentially inappropriate drugs (4.0+/-1.9 vs 2.8+/-1.4, p<0.001). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed an interaction between age and the number of prescribed drugs on the risk of having potentially inappropriate drugs prescribed. In patients who were prescribed four agents or less, the risk was not associated with increasing age; in those who were prescribed five drugs or more, the risk was positively associated with increasing age. CONCLUSION: Potentially inappropriate drug prescribing among first-visit elderly outpatients was relatively low. Increasing patient age combined with increased number of drugs prescribed was associated with increased risk of having potentially inappropriate drugs prescribed.     

天津医科大学总医院半年内老年患者潜在不适当用药及影响因素分析

目的 调查天津医科大学总医院老年住院患者潜在不适当用药情况,并对其影响因素进行分析。方法 以Beers标准（2015年版）为依据,对该院2017年1月~6月收治年龄≥ 65岁的1 800例老年住院患者的潜在不适当用药进行评价,利用χ²检验和多因素Logistic回归分析确定其影响因素。结果 依据Beers标准,614例（34.11%）老年患者存在潜在不适当用药955例次;罹患疾病数和联合用药数可促使潜在不适当用药的发生。结论 Beers标准是评估老年患者潜在用药风险的重要依据,临床治疗中应对造成不适当用药的相关影响因素进行适当控制,以促进合理用药,确保用药安全。     

The influence of the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) on inappropriate prescribing in Australian nursing homes

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of inappropriate prescribing, defined by applying modified Beers’ criteria, and to examine the influence of the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS), Australia’s national scheme for subsidising medicines, on inappropriate prescribing.Methods: Cross-sectional survey of nursing home records, including 7-days data from medication charts.Setting: Fiveteen randomly selected nursing homes (998 residents) in Southeast Queensland and Northern New South Wales, Australia.Main outcome measures: The prevalence of inappropriate prescribing as defined by modified Beers’ criteria and its correlation with PBS restrictions.Results: 18.5% of residents were ordered one or more inappropriate medications, and 1.5% of residents were ordered two or more. The level of PBS restriction and the percentage of residents ordered a medication were highly correlated (ρ = -0.87, P<0.001). Medications in Beers’ criteria that were not listed (subsidised) on the PBS were not ordered for any resident. PBS medicines with subsidies restricted to certain populations or indications were ordered for 0% to 0.1% of residents. Dextropropoxyphene, diazepam, amitriptyline and methyldopa were the only medications in Beers’ criteria prescribed to more than 0.5% of residents. Dextropropoxyphene was only subsidised for war veterans, with a caution warning of its potential to cause drug dependence, while diazepam, amitriptyline and methyldopa were listed on the PBS without any subsidy restrictions.Conclusion: Increases in the level of PBS restriction were associated with decreases in the prevalence of inappropriate prescribing, The targeting of drug subsidies to reduce inappropriate prescribing warrants further investigation.     

Usage of antimicrobial agents in a private primary healthcare setting in South Africa

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the prescribing of antimicrobials in a private primary healthcare setting in South Africa. Setting A group of private primary healthcare clinics in South Africa. Method A retrospective, drug utilisation study was conducted on nine clinics that were randomly selected from 33 clinics situated in different geographical areas of South Africa, and whose data were electronically available. Data were obtained from the central database of the private primary healthcare provider and extracted for the period January 1, to December 31, 2001. Key findings The study population consisted of the total patient population (n = 83 655) who visited the clinics during this one‐year period. The total number of medicine items prescribed was 515 976 at a total cost of R1 716 319 ($17 163). Of these, antimicrobials represented 18.69% (n = 96 421) of all medicine items prescribed at a cost of R1 045 108 ($10 451) (60.89%). Antimicrobials were prescribed during 72.72% of consultations at the nine clinics during the one‐year period. The antimicrobials most frequently prescribed were penicillins (38.17%) followed by sulphonamides (22.49%), antiprotozoals (9.88%) and tetracyclines (9.34%). The most common diagnoses for which antimicrobials were prescribed were viral influenza, upper respiratory tract infections, hypertension, acute bronchitis, and common cold. Conclusions The high percentage of antimicrobial prescribing obtained in this study could indicate excessive use of antimicrobials in the private primary healthcare setting. The prescribing of antimicrobials in respiratory tract infections could indicate overuse and inappropriate use of these agents. This could have an effect on the health of the patients needing care, and the general budget for healthcare services. It is recommended that further investigations on the prescribing protocols of antimicrobial usage be done.     

Beers标准和STOPP/START标准再评价老年住院患者医嘱点评情况

目的：探讨Beers标准、STOPP/START标准两种方法在对我院老年住院患者医嘱点评进行再评价中筛查出的潜在不适当用药情况,为老年患者合理用药提供参考。方法：选取2013年3月~2015年2月医嘱点评的549份老年患者病历,分别以Beers标准、STOPP/START标准为依据,判断老年患者潜在不适当用药情况。结果：549份老年住院患者平均年龄为（77±7）岁,平均用药品种数（15±7）种。依照Beers标准,99例（18%）存在潜在不适当用药现象共104项;依照STOPP/START标准,104例（19%）存在潜在不适当用药现象共111项;155例（29%）存在处方遗漏现象共232项。结论：以Beers标准和STOPP/START标准可以筛查出大量老年住院患者潜在不适当用药情况,且两种标准筛查出的潜在不适当用药情况重复内容很少,可以形成互补对临床处方考量,促进老年人合理用药。