Changes in mRNA for CAPON and Dexras1 in adult rat following sciatic nerve transection

Peripheral nerve transection has been implicated to cause a production of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), which may influence a range of post-axotomy processes necessary for neuronal survival and nerve regeneration. Carboxy-terminal post synaptic density protein/Drosophila disc large tumor suppressor/zonula occuldens-1 protein (PDZ) ligand of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (CAPON), as an adaptor, interacts with nNOS via the PDZ domain helping regulate nNOS activity at postsynaptic sites in neurons. And Dexras1, a small G protein mediating multiple signal transductions, has been reported to form a complex with CAPON and nNOS. A role for the physiologic linkage by CAPON of nNOS to Dexras1 has suggested that NO-mediated activation of Dexras1 is markedly enhanced by CAPON. We investigated the changes in mRNA for CAPON, Dexras1 and nNOS in the sciatic nerve, dorsal root ganglia and lumbar spinal cord of adult rat following sciatic axotomy by TaqMan quantitative real-time PCR and in situ hybridization combined with immunofluorescence. Signals of mRNA for CAPON and Dexras1 were initially expressed in these neural tissues mentioned, transiently increased at certain time periods after sciatic axotomy and finally recovered to the basal level. It was also found that nNOS mRNA underwent a similar change pattern during this process. These results suggest that CAPON as well as Dexras1 may be involved in the different pathological conditions including nerve regeneration, neuron loss or survival and even pain process, possibly via regulating the nNOS activity or through the downstream targets of Dexras1.     

神经型一氧化氮合酶羧基末端PDZ配体在大鼠周围神经损伤后的表达变化

目的:探讨周围神经损伤后神经型一氧化氮合酶羧基末端PDZ配体(carboxy temlinal PDZ ligand of neuronal nitric oxide synthase,CAPON)的表达变化与定位。方法:利用实时荧光定量PCR(real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR,FQPCR)、原位杂交与间接免疫荧光相结合的方法,研究大鼠坐骨神经损伤后CAPON mRNA表达变化及其定位。结果:CAPON mRNA主要分布在正常和损伤坐骨神经的雪旺细胞(Schwann cells,SCs)中,损伤后表达增多,分别在神经夹伤后2周以及切断后1周的近、远侧断端中出现表达高峰。原代培养的SCs中也检测到CAPON的表达,其mRNA分布在核周胞质区域。结论:周围神经损伤后引起CAPON mRNA表达上调,增殖的SCs中表达CA- PON可能对神经损伤后冉生修复发挥一定作用。     

Changes in mRNA for VAMPs following facial nerve transection

Vesicle-associated membrane proteins (VAMPs) are involved in synaptic vesicle recycling and exocytosis in neurons. Here we report the changes in mRNA expression for VAMPs (VAMP1, -2 and -3) in the facial motor nucleus of adult rats following axotomy by in situ hybridization. Signals for VAMP2 and -3 mRNAs in the facial nucleus were increased from 3 to 28 days after axotomy. On the contrary, VAMP1 mRNA, which was abundantly expressed in the control facial nucleus, was transiently decreased from 3 to 21 days after axotomy. Differential regulation of VAMPs may reflect distinct roles in nerve regeneration.     

地高辛标记的大鼠nNOS mRNA探针的制备和应用

目的　制备大鼠神经元型一氧化氮合酶 (neuronalnitricoxidesynthase,nNOS)地高辛 (digoxigenin)标记的RNA探针 ,探讨nNOS在脊髓中的表达定位。方法　采用RT PCR方法 ,从大鼠脑组织中扩增nNOS基因mRNA部分片段 ,并经序列测定。以dig nNOSmRNA为探针 ,采用原位杂交观察成年大鼠脊髓组织中nNOSmRNA表达。结果　RT PCR法扩增出一特异产物与预期长度 2 4 0bp相符 ,T载体克隆测序与nNOS基因 10 0 %同源。原位杂交结果显示阳性信号出现在成年大鼠脊髓组织中。结论　采用RT PCR和T载体技术获得了大鼠脑组织nNOS基因克隆 ,dig nNOSmRNA探针原位杂交显示正常SD大鼠腰段脊髓组织中表达nNOSmRNA。     

糖尿病大鼠脊髓nNOS免疫阳性神经元的变化

目的：观察糖尿病大鼠脊髓神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)免疫阳性神经元数量的变化，探讨NO在糖尿病发生和发展中的作用机制。方法：用链脲佐菌素诱导建立糖尿病大鼠模型，ABC免疫细胞化学法显示nNOS免疫阳性神经元。结果：大鼠脊髓内nNOS阳性神经元主要分布于中央管周围灰质和中间带等区域。中间带外侧核可见nNOS免疫阳性神经元较集中，细胞突起呈束状伸向中央管周围灰质方向；定量分析显示，糖尿病大鼠脊髓中央管周围灰质和中间外侧核在7w、12w时nNOS免疫阳性神经元数量明显增多。结论：糖尿病时伤害性刺激的传人增多，增多的nNC)S免疫阳性神经元可能与痛觉过敏等糖尿病周围神经病变有关。     

Reduction of oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein expression following facial nerve transection

Oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein (OMgp) has been thought to be expressed in the oligodendrocytes and inhibit the regeneration of the nerves by binding to the Nogo receptor expressed in neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). However, OMgp is expressed in the CNS in the neurons as well as oligodendrocytes. In order to help understanding the physiological role of neuronal OMgp, we examined the change of OMgp expression in the facial nucleus after the facial nerve transection. Real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analysis showed a down-regulation of OMgp expression in the facial nucleus 5-7 (mRNA) or 5-14 (protein) days after transection. Thereafter, expression of OMgp returned to the control level at 28 days after axotomy. Subsequent analysis using in situ hybridization histochemistry and immunohistochemistry established that the decrease of OMgp expression was attributable to the expression in facial motoneurons, but not in oligodendrocytes. These findings suggest a possibility that the change of neuronal OMgp expression might be involved in reconnection of neural circuit between axotomized facial neuron and upper motor neuron after transection.     

高血压大鼠中脑导水管周围灰质内nNOS样阳性神经元的变化

目的：观察高血压大鼠中脑导水管周围灰质(PAG)内神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)样阳性神经元数量的变化。方法：用双肾双夹法建立高血压大鼠模型,ABC法显示PAG内nNOS样阳性神经元并进行定量分析。结果：nNOS样阳性神经元分布于PAG的背外侧区。PAG内nNOS样阳性神经元的数量、光密度在对照组各时期无明显变化;在高血压大鼠7d时的数量略减少,光密度略下降;而在30d、70d则数量、光密度逐渐减少,与对照组比较差异显著。结论：中脑PAG内nNOS样阳性神经元及阳性产物的减少可能与其对心血管功能活动、感觉信息传导的影响以及高血压的形成和发展有关。     

糖尿病大鼠下丘脑视上核nNOS免疫阳性神经元的变化

目的：观察糖尿病大鼠下丘脑视上核神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)免疫阳性神经元数量的变化。方法：用链脲佐菌素诱导建立糖尿病大鼠模型;免疫细胞化学染色显示nNOS免疫阳性神经元,并进行定量分析。结果：糖尿病视上核nNOS免疫阳性神经元着色深浅不一,着色较深的阳性神经元散在分布,神经元的形态多样,突起较少。对照组大鼠视上核nNOS免疫阳性神经元较稀疏,各时期无明显改变。糖尿病2w,nNOS免疫阳性神经元数量与对照组无显著差异;7w,nNOS阳性神经元较密集,明显多于对照组;12w,nNOS免疫阳性神经元数量略低于7w,但仍多于对照组。结论：糖尿病大鼠下丘脑视上核nNOS免疫阳性神经元数量明显增多。     

Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase increases synaptophysin mRNA expression in the hippocampal formation of rats

Synaptophysin is a protein involved in the biogenesis of synaptic vesicles and budding. It has been used as an important tool to investigate plastic effects on synaptic transmission. Nitric oxide (NO) can influence plastic changes in specific brain regions related to cognition and emotion. Experimental evidence suggests that NO and synaptophysin are co-localized in several brain regions and that NO may change synaptophysin expression. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to investigate if inhibition of NO formation would change synaptophysin mRNA expression in the hippocampal formation. Male Wistar rats received single or repeated (once a day for 4 days) i.p. injections of saline or l-nitro-arginine (l-NOARG, 40 mg/kg), a non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Twenty-four hours after the last injection the animals were sacrificed and their brains removed for ‘in situ’ hybridization study using ³⁵S-labeled oligonucleotide probe complementary to synaptophysin mRNA. The results were analyzed by computerized densitometry. Acute administration of l-NOARG induced a significant (p < 0.05, ANOVA) increase in synaptophysin mRNA expression in the dentate gyrus, CA1 and CA3. The effect disappeared after repeated drug administration. No change was found in the striatum, cingulated cortex, substantia nigra or nucleus accumbens. These results reinforce the proposal that nitric oxide is involved in plastic events in the hippocampus.     

Localization of the cGMP-dependent protein kinases in relation to nitric oxide synthase in the brain

The distributions of the type I and type II isoforms of cGMP-dependent protein kinase were determined in the rat brain using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, and compared with the localization of NO synthase determined with NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry. The type I cGMP-dependent protein kinase was highly expressed in the Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex, where it was closely associated with the NO synthase containing granule and basket cells. This kinase was also found in neurons in the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, where it may be regulated by NO or atriopeptides. The type I kinase was not detected in other central neurons. In contrast, the type II kinase was widely distributed in the brain. In particular, it was highly expressed in the olfactory bulb, cortex, septum, thalamus, tectum and various brainstem nuclei. Many regions expressing this kinase also contained, or received innervation from NO synthase positive neurons. These results indicate that type I cGMP-dependent protein kinase may act as a downstream effector for NO only in the cerebellar cortex and the dorsomedial hypothalamus. The type II cGMP-dependent protein kinase appears to be a major mediator of NO actions in the brain.     

大鼠脑干神经元型一氧化氮合酶免疫阳性神经元的分布

目的　观察大鼠脑干神经元型一氧化氮合酶 (nNOS)免疫阳性神经元的分布 ,为探讨nNOS的作用提供形态学资料。方法　用ABC免疫细胞化学方法显示脑干nNOS免疫阳性神经元。结果　大鼠脑干nNOS免疫阳性神经元以中脑和脑桥分布丰富 ,延髓较稀少 ;在中脑 ,nNOS免疫阳性神经元主要分布于中脑水管周围灰质的背侧部、被盖背外侧核、中缝背核、上下丘灰质等部位 ;在脑桥 ,主要分布于被盖背外侧核、脑桥中缝核、被盖脚桥核、蓝斑、臂旁核、斜方体核 ,以及脑桥网状结构 ;与中脑和脑桥相比 ,延髓nNOS免疫阳性神经元较少 ,主要分布于延髓网状结构、三叉神经脊束核和孤束核等核团。结论　分布于脑干内丰富的nNOS免疫阳性神经元可能通过其生成的NO调节其他神经递质的分泌 ,共同参与内脏活动、感觉和运动的传导 ,以及睡眠和觉醒等脑的高级整合功能的调节。     

大鼠坐骨神经损伤后诱导型一氧化氮合酶表达的变化

为了探讨大鼠坐骨神经损伤后再生过程中诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)表达的变化及意义,本研究采用大鼠坐骨神经切断缝合模型,分别于术后1、3、7、14、21及28d取吻合口远端的神经,采用免疫组织化学和实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法检测损伤神经远端iNOSmRNA及其蛋白的表达水平。结果显示:假手术对照组坐骨神经中未见明显的iNOS阳性产物,iNOSmRNA表达极低。实验组神经损伤后iNOSmRNA及其蛋白的表达水平均明显增高(P<0.01),iNOS阳性产物的吸光度(A)值在术后7d达高峰。iNOSmRNA表达在术后1、3、7d维持较高水平,此后则明显下降。上述结果说明大鼠坐骨神经损伤后神经纤维中iNOS的表达增加,iNOS可能在周围神经损伤后的再生过程中起着一定的作用。     

Differential effects of protein kinase C on neuronal nitric oxide synthase activity in rat cerebellar slices and in vitro

The effects of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) of protein kinase C (PKC) activation in rat cerebellar slices and of in vitro phosphorylation by PKC were compared. Incubation of slices with 1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-trans-dicarboxylic acid (trans-ACPD) or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) in the presence of okadaic acid (OA) shifted the calcium sensitivity of neuronal NOS in the homogenate or in the cytosolic fraction. trans-ACPD promoted translocation of PKC activity to the particulate fraction in the slices. PMA in the presence of OA enhanced phosphorylation of GAP43 protein in the slices. These results ensured that both treatments activated PKC in the slice. However, when neuronal NOS in the slice treated with PMA and OA, in which GAP43 phosphorylation was detected, was immunoprecipitated by a specific antibody, no indication of neuronal NOS phosphorylation was obtained. Nevertheless, PKC phosphorylated partially purified neuronal NOS in vitro. Phosphorylated neuronal NOS showed greater activity than unphosphorylated NOS, but their calcium sensitivity was identical. These data indicated that neuronal NOS is not susceptible to PKC-dependent phosphorylation in cerebellar slices and that the calcium-sensitivity shift of neuronal NOS takes place without direct phosphorylation of neuronal NOS, suggesting the involvement of unknown proteins whose phosphorylation would regulate the calcium sensitivity of neuronal NOS in the cerebellum.     

慢性疲劳应激对大鼠伏隔核一氧化氮合酶表达的影响

目的:探讨长时间游泳引起的疲劳应激对大鼠伏隔核(NAc)中神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)表达的影响.方法:采用成年雄性大鼠连续4周每天强迫游泳至力竭,用免疫组织化学方法结合图像处理测定伏隔核中nNOS的表达.结果:长时间强迫游泳应激可使大鼠伏隔核巾nNOS免疫细胞化学反应阳性神经元的数量(106.7%)、面积(150.2%)和灰度值(11.3%)显著增加.结论:nNOS参与疲劳应激的形成,一氧化氮在伏隔核对应激调节中起重要作用.     

内皮型、诱导型一氧化氮合酶在乳腺癌中的表达

目的 :研究内皮型一氧化氮合酶 (eNOS)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶 (iNOS)在乳癌中表达及与淋巴结转移的关系。方法 :采用免疫组化S P法检测 60例乳癌中eNOS和iNOS的表达。结果 :eNOS和iNOS阳性在乳癌中表达率分别为 75 0 %和71 7%。在淋巴结转移组和无淋巴结转移组中eNOS阳性表达率分别为 66 7%和 83 3 % ,两组间差异无统计学意义 (χ2 =2 2 2 ,P >0 0 5) ,而iNOS在淋巴结转移和无转移组中阳性表达率分别为 53 3 %和 90 0 % ,两组间差异有统计学意义 (χ2 =9 93 ,P <0 0 1 )。结论 :内皮型、诱导型一氧化氮合酶在乳腺癌中高表达 ;iNOS的表达与乳腺癌的淋巴转移相关     

Distribution of neuronal nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in adult male Sprague-Dawley rat brain

Neuronal NOS (nNOS) accounts for most of the NO production in the nervous system that modulates synaptic transmission and neuroplasticity. Although previous studies have selectively described the localisation of nNOS in specific brain regions, a comprehensive distribution profile of nNOS in the brain is lacking. Here we provided a detailed morphological characterization on the rostro-caudal distribution of neurons and fibres exhibiting positive nNOS-immunoreactivity in adult Sprague-Dawley rat brain. Our results demonstrated that neurons and fibres in the brain regions that exhibited high nNOS immunoreactivity include the olfactory-related areas, intermediate endopiriform nucleus, Islands of Calleja, subfornical organ, ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, parafascicular thalamic nucleus, superior colliculus, lateral terminal nucleus, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, periaqueductal gray, dorsal raphe nucleus, supragenual nucleus, nucleus of the trapezoid body, and the cerebellum. Moderate nNOS immunoreactivity was detected in the cerebral cortex, caudate putamen, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and the spinal cord. Finally, low NOS immunoreactivity were found in the corpus callosum, fornix, globus pallidus, anterior commissure, and the dorsal hippocampal commissure. In conclusion, this study provides a comprehensive view of the morphology and localisation of nNOS immunoreactivity in the brain that would contribute to a better understanding of the role played by nNOS in the brain.     

Effects of long‐term inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase on blood pressure and renin release

Nitric oxide (NO) produced by neuronal NO‐synthase (nNOS) in macula densa cells may be involved in the control of renin release. 7‐Nitro indazole (7‐NI) inhibits nNOS, and we investigated the effect of short‐ (4 days) and long‐term (4 weeks) 7‐NI treatment on blood pressure (BP), plasma renin concentration (PRC) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in rats on different salt diets. Rats were divided into three groups and given low‐salt (LS), normal (C) and high‐salt (HS) diets. Each diet group was subdivided into two groups treated either with 7‐NI or vehicle. Long‐term 7‐NI‐treated rats (LS and C) showed increased BP compared with controls (LS: 149 ± 4 vs. 133 ± 3; C: 146 ± 4 vs. 127 ± 4 mmHg). Blood pressure in HS rats did not differ from that in controls. Plasma renin concentration was stimulated in LS‐rats (251 ± 64 mGU mL^–1) compared with C and HS rats (42 ± 8 and 39 ± 5 mGU mL^–1, respectively) but was not significantly affected by chronic 7‐NI treatment (350 ± 103, 49 ± 10 and 50 ± 15 mGU mL^–1 in LS, C and HS, respectively). In rats treated with 7‐NI for 4 days, no effect on BP was seen, but PRC was increased in 7‐NI treated LS rats compared with vehicle treated LS rats (107 ± 15 vs. 56 ± 1 mGU mL^–1). Stimulation of PRC in LS rats was further enhanced by 7‐NI after 4 days of treatment, but not affected in rats treated for 4 weeks. This suggests that inhibition of nNOS stimulates renin release but that this stimulatory effect in the long run might be depressed by the increase in blood pressure.     

脊髓损伤后神经型一氧化氮合酶基因表达的变化

目的 :研究大鼠脊髓损伤后神经型一氧化氮合酶 (nNOS)mRNA表达的变化规律。方法 :参考Nystrom方法建立大鼠脊髓压迫伤模型 ,用逆转录聚合酶链反应 (RT PCR)法测定伤段脊髓组织nNOSmRNA的表达情况。结果 :正常脊髓组织内存在nNOSmRNA的表达 ,脊髓压迫伤后nNOSmRNA表达迅速逐渐增强 ,在伤后 6h达到高峰。结论 :nNOS存在于正常的脊髓组织内 ,脊髓损伤后nNOSmRNA表达迅速增强 ,提示nNOS参与了继发性脊髓损伤过程 ,并可能是一种损伤因素。