深圳市育龄人群孕前G6PD酶活性与体重指数相关性的研究

目的:探讨育龄人群孕前葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PD)活性与体重指数(BMI)的关系。方法:以2013年—2015年参加深圳市孕前优生健康检查的86 341例男性和87 366例女性作为研究对象,通过问卷调查、体格检查、临床检验收集相关信息,比较G6PD酶活性组间基线特征,采用多因素logistic回归模型分析G6PD酶活性低下对BMI异常(体重过低、超重或肥胖)的影响。结果:G6PD酶活性低下男性检出率为3.8%,女性为1.9%。男性体重过低、超重或肥胖发生率分别为4.9%、37.9%,女性分别为21.4%、10.9%。多因素分析显示,与G6PD酶活性正常组相比,男性G6PD酶活性低下者发生体重过低的风险更高(OR=1.32,95%CI 1.11~1.57),发生超重或肥胖的风险更低(OR=0.84,95%CI 0.76~0.93);女性G6PD酶活性低下者发生体重过低的风险同样更高(OR=1.30,95%CI1.11~1.53),发生超重或肥胖的风险无统计学差异。结论:G6PD酶活性低下会增加育龄人群孕前体重过低的风险,需对孕前G6PD酶活性低下合并体重过低的育龄人群加强体重管理,以降低不孕不育及不良妊娠结局的发生风险。     

中国8个长寿地区65岁及以上老年人体质指数水平及其影响因素分析

目的研究我国长寿地区老年人BMI水平及其影响因素,为控制老年人群BMI水平提供科学依据。方法数据来源于"中国老年健康影响因素跟踪调查"子队列-"老年健康生物标志物队列研究",于2017年选取我国8个长寿地区对2825名老年人进行了问卷调查、身体测量等,其中≥65岁老年人2217名。计算其BMI水平并采用有序分类logistic回归模型分析老年人BMI影响因素。结果我国8个长寿地区老年人BMI水平为(22.36±3.87)kg/m2,其中男性为(22.76±3.58)kg/m2,女性为(21.75±3.98)kg/m2;BMI处于正常范围老年人1165名(52.5%),超重532名(24.0%),体重过低351名(15.8%),肥胖人数最少,为169名(7.7%)。多因素分析结果显示,影响百岁以下老年人BMI水平的主要因素依次为年龄(65~岁:OR=2.78,95%CI:1.87~4.15;80~岁:OR=1.47,95%CI:1.00~2.17)、吸烟(OR=0.46,95%CI:0.32~0.66)、家庭年收入(<3万元:OR=1.26,95%CI:1.07~1.47;3~7万元:OR=1.52,95%CI:1.12~1.86)以及茶摄入频率(OR=1.36,95%CI:1.01~1.71);百岁及以上老年人BMI水平的主要影响因素为性别(OR=3.68,95%CI:1.32~10.36)。结论我国长寿地区老年人体重过低、超重及肥胖水平均较高,同时吸烟、较高家庭年收入、男性以及经常饮茶老年人群超重、肥胖水平降低趋势也应该引起人们重视。     

育龄女性孕前促甲状腺激素与空腹血糖水平的关联性研究

目的分析深圳市育龄女性孕前促甲状腺激素(TSH)与空腹血糖(FPG)水平的关联,为开展生育风险评估提供依据。方法选取2013—2018年在深圳市10个区县22家妇幼保健/计生服务机构参加国家孕前优生健康检查的20～49岁育龄女性为研究对象。采用《国家免费孕前优生健康检查项目技术服务家庭档案》对研究对象进行面对面调查,收集基本人口学特征、疾病史、用药史、烟草暴露和酒精摄入等情况,测量身高、体重和血压,实验室检测TSH和FPG。采用无序多分类Logistic回归模型分析育龄女性孕前TSH与FPG的关联。结果共纳入育龄女性257 977人,空腹血糖正常248 046人,占96.15%;空腹血糖受损7 047例,占2.73%;糖尿病2 884例,占1.12%。TSH正常244 233人,占94.67%;TSH升高8 530例,占3.31%;TSH降低5 214例,占2.02%。无序多分类Logistic回归分析结果显示,与孕前TSH正常的育龄女性相比,孕前TSH升高的育龄女性发生空腹血糖受损(OR=0.639,95%CI:0.528～0.772)和糖尿病(OR=0.415,95%CI:0.289～0.596)的风险均降低;孕前TSH降低的育龄女性发生空腹血糖受损(OR=2.084,95%CI:1.808～2.402)和糖尿病(OR=2.230,95%CI:1.802～2.759)的风险均增加。结论育龄女性孕前TSH与FPG水平呈负相关。     

河南省农村地区育龄女性孕前低体重、超重和肥胖的危险因素分析

目的：探讨河南省农村地区育龄女性孕前低体重、超重和肥胖的相关危险因素。方法：以2013-2018年河南省农村地区参加“国家免费孕前优生健康检查项目”的3 686 404名育龄女性为研究对象,采用多因素logistics回归模型分析河南省育龄女性低体重、超重和肥胖的危险因素。结果：受教育程度高(大专/大本及以上,OR=1.34,95%CI 1.28～1.40)、素食(OR=1.06,95%CI 1.01～1.10)和被动吸烟(OR=1.22,95%CI 1.20～1.24)是低体重的危险因素;有孕产史、少数民族(OR=1.06,95%CI 1.03～1.10)、素食(OR=1.16,95%CI 1.13～1.20)、吸烟(OR=1.28,95%CI 1.17～1.41)、被动吸烟(OR=1.04,95%CI 1.03～1.06)是超重的危险因素;有孕产史、素食(OR=1.15,95%CI 1.09～1.22)、吸烟(OR=1.69,95%CI 1.47～1.93)是肥胖的危险因素。其中,年龄每增加1岁,超重的发生风险增加3%,肥胖的发生风险增加2%;根据地理位置,河南省西部地区是育龄女性...     

孕早期超重肥胖和谷丙转氨酶水平与孕期血糖水平的相关性

目的探讨孕早期谷丙转氨酶(ALT)水平和体质指数(BMI)对孕期血糖的影响。方法利用天津市妇幼卫生信息系统收集天津市内六区和滨海新区2009-2010年26 965名孕早期接受首次产检孕妇的基本信息、孕早期ALT水平、孕早期BMI和50 g葡萄糖负荷试验(GCT)检测结果,通过Logistic回归分析孕早期超重肥胖单独/联合ALT水平对于孕期血糖水平的影响。结果多因素Logistics回归显示,同孕早期ALT<40 U/L者相比,ALT≥40 U/L的孕妇GCT阳性(≥7.8 mmol/L)的比例明显升高(OR=1.368,95%CI=1.204~1.553)。同孕早期BMI 18.5~23.9 kg/m^2者相比,消瘦(BMI<18.5 kg/m^2)的孕妇GCT阳性的可能性减低(OR=0.730,95%CI∶0.648~0.823),而超重(BMI:24.0~27.9 kg/m2),肥胖(BMI≥28.0 kg/m^2)均是GCT阳性发生的危险因素(OR=1.607,95%CI:1.489~1.735;OR=1.868,95%CI:1.657~2.107)。以ALT<40 U/L且BMI<24 kg/m^2为参照组,多因素分析中,孕早期超重肥胖使ALT≥40U/L增加GCT阳性发生风险的OR值从1.219(95%CI:1.015~1.464)增加至2.655(95%CI:2.226~3.167),且相加交互作用的3个指标RERI、AP和S均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结果孕早期ALT水平升高是孕期血糖异常的独立危险因素,而且孕早期孕妇超重肥胖会加重升高的ALT水平引发孕期高血糖风险的效应,即存在相加交互作用。     

贵州成人腰围体质指数与高血压的关系研究

目的:采用腰围、体质指数综合评价成人高血压患病风险。方法:按多阶段整群随机抽样的方法,抽取贵州省12个县(市/区)18岁及以上9280名常驻居民进行调查。结果:高血压患病率有随BMI增高而增高的趋势,正常体重组、超重组和肥胖组的高血压患病率分别为22.37%、36.59%和51.73%,青年人中肥胖人群患高血压风险最大男性OR=4.171(95%CI=2.872~6.058),女性OR=5.071(95%CI=3.402~7.560),而在超重人群中则以老年组患高血压风险最大,男性OR=1.983(95%CI=1.339~2.937),女性OR=2.503(95%CI=1.801~3.479)。结论:与正常体重相比,超重肥胖人群患高血压危险逐步增加,控制青年人肥胖和老年人群超重对于降低人群的高血压患病水平有重要意义。     

糖尿病家族史和超重/肥胖的交互作用对育龄女性高血糖的影响

目的 探讨糖尿病家族史和超重/肥胖对育龄女性高血糖的交互作用。方法 将2013-2018年参加深圳市孕前优生健康检查的199037例育龄女性作为研究对象,收集基本人口学特征、糖尿病家族史、身高、体重、空腹血糖、血压等信息,采用非条件logistic回归分析糖尿病家族史、超重/肥胖对育龄女性高血糖的影响,使用相加模型评价二者对高血糖的交互作用。结果 育龄女性中高血糖者占4.20%,糖尿病家族史者占6.78%,超重/肥胖者占14.88%。logistic回归分析结果显示,糖尿病家族史、超重/肥胖为育龄女性高血糖的危险因素,OR分别为1.208（95% CI:1.115~1.307）和1.915（95% CI:1.809~2.026）。相加模型分析结果显示,糖尿病家族史与超重/肥胖对育龄女性高血糖存在协同作用（RERI=0.519,95% CI:0.133~0.904;AP=0.207,95% CI:0.080~0.334;SI=1.525,95% CI:1.154~2.015）。结论 糖尿病家族史和超重/肥胖对育龄女性高血糖存在协同作用。     

基于IOM指南的孕期增重与母儿并发症发生关系的研究

目的探讨美国医学研究院(IOM)2009年推荐的单胎孕妇孕期增重(GWG)范围对母儿并发症的影响,寻找妊娠期体重管理的目标人群特征。方法回顾性分析2012年1-12月在南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院和无锡妇幼保健院分娩的9 746例孕妇的临床资料,根据世界卫生组织BMI分类指南,将孕前BMI分为:低体重(18.5kg/m~2)组、正常体重(18.5~24.9kg/m~2)组、超重(25~29.9kg/m~2)组和肥胖(≥30.0kg/m~2)组,预期GWG根据2009IOM标准计算。比较GWG过多组和过少组与正常组的孕妇特征以及母儿并发症有无差异。结果 35岁以上的孕妇中,52%孕前超重或肥胖。GWG过多组孕妇身长显著增加、初产妇更多(P0.001)。所有孕妇中25.3%增重不足,37.2%增重过多。孕前超重和肥胖孕妇中,不足20%增重在推荐范围内,47.9%孕前超重孕妇GWG过多(P0.001)。孕前BMI正常组,GWG过多时,妊娠期高血压疾病(OR2.05,95%CI 1.43~2.93)、早产(OR1.53,95%CI 1.10~2.12)、剖宫产(OR1.23,95%CI 1.07~1.41)、巨大儿(OR1.82,95%CI 1.39~2.37)以及LGA(OR1.74,95%CI 1.38~2.19)发生风险均显著增加。结论孕前超重肥胖、35岁以上的高龄以及体重正常身长高的初产妇是妊娠期体重管理的重点人群。     

天津市宝坻区老年人体质指数、腰围以及腰围身高比与高血压患病率的关联

  目的   探讨天津市宝坻区60岁及以上老年居民的体质指数(body mass index, BMI)、腰围(waist circumference, WC)以及腰围身高比(waist-to-height ratio, WHtR)与高血压患病率的关联。   方法   本研究对2018年4-5月参加天津市宝坻区口东卫生院体检的老年人(≥60岁)进行问卷调查和体格检查。采用分层分析和logistic回归分析BMI与WC(或WHtR)对高血压的联合作用和交互作用。   结果   共邀请1 692人, 1 417人(83.75%)参与本研究。老年人群的高血压患病率为46.36%、BMI超重和肥胖者占66.50%、WC中心型肥胖者占74.66%、WHtR超重和肥胖者占75.38%。与BMI或WC正常相比, BMI超重(OR=1.65, 95% CI:1.19~2.30)和肥胖(OR=3.41, 95% CI:2.23~5.20)及WC中心型肥胖(OR=1.49, 95% CI:1.00~2.23)均增加高血压的患病风险。BMI联合WC超重/肥胖(OR=2.49, 95% CI:1.78~3.46), 或BMI联合WHtR超重/肥胖(WHtR超重: OR=2.05, 95% CI:1.41~2.99;WHtR肥胖: OR=2.37, 95% CI:1.50~3.76)的患病风险高于后者单独作用的风险(WC超重/肥胖: OR=1.39, 95% CI:0.90~2.15;WHtR超重: OR=1.02, 95% CI:0.62~1.66;WHtR肥胖: OR=1.44, 95% CI:0.55~3.81)。   结论   三项指标中, BMI与高血压患病的关联性最强, 且BMI超重/肥胖增强WC(或WHtR)与高血压的关联, 提示控制BMI相关体重指标在正常范围内有助于预防和控制高血压。     

老年人群体质指数与心血管疾病危险因素相关性分析

目的探究老年人群体质指数(BMI)与心血管疾病危险因素发病风险之间的关系,为老年人体重管理和肥胖干预提供参考依据。方法选取2015年1-7月在温州医科大学附属第一医院进行体检的1 140名老年人为研究对象,男性511名,女性629名,年龄60岁,进行1年的跟踪随访。对调查对象进行问卷调查(人口学特征、生活方式及既往病史等)、体格检查,并测定空腹血糖、血脂。患有糖尿病、高血压及血脂异常3种疾病中的1种及以上定义为有心血管疾病危险因素。按照世界卫生组织推荐的亚洲人群BMI分类标准,将调查对象分为低体重(BMI18.5 kg/m_2),体重正常(18.5kg/m_2≤BMI≤22.9 kg/m_2),超重(23.0 kg/m_2≤BMI≤24.9 kg/m_2),肥胖I级(25.0 kg/m_2≤BMI≤29.9 kg/m_2)和肥胖II级(BMI≥30.0 kg/m_2)。用SPSS 19.0软件进行t检验,χ2检验。BMI与心血管疾病危险因素之间关系采用多因素logistic回归分析。结果在老年人群中,男性、女性至少有1种心血管疾病危险因素的检出率分别为62.8%和73.9%。logistic回归分析结果显示,在调整年龄、肌力、吸烟、饮酒、运动锻炼、肝脏疾病和肾脏疾病后,与正常体重者相比,低体重者心血管疾病危险因素发病风险OR值为1.57(95%CI:1.09~2.26),超重、肥胖I级和肥胖II级老年人心血管疾病危险因素发病风险OR值分别为1.49(95%CI:0.94~2.02)、3.21(95%CI:2.28~4.52)和4.12(95%CI:2.23~7.60)。结论老年人群BMI与心血管疾病危险因素的发病风险之间存在"U"形关系。低体重的老年人患心血管疾病的危险性增加。随着肥胖程度的增加,老年人患心血管疾病的危险性上升。     

孕前体质指数与4种不良妊娠结局关系

目的探讨孕前体质指数(BMI)与4种不良妊娠结局(小于胎龄儿、大于胎龄儿、低出生体重儿、巨大儿)的关系。方法以2008年10月—2010年10月在安徽省8个地市的妇幼保健机构孕早期建卡并随访到分娩记录的12 355名孕妇为对象,采用χ2检验和非条件Logistic回归分析模型,分析孕前BMI与4种不良妊娠结局的关系。结果孕妇孕前BMI均数为(20.19±2.348)kg/m2,过低2 834人(22.9%),正常8 745人(70.8%),超重及肥胖776人(6.3%);调整年龄、户籍地、孕次等混杂因素后,对孕前BMI与胎龄儿组和体重儿组分别进行关联性分析,结果显示,孕前BMI过低是发生小于胎龄儿的危险因素(OR=1.320,95%CI=1.068～1.631);孕前超重及肥胖是发生大于胎龄儿和巨大儿的危险因素(OR=1.758,95%CI=1.503～2.056;OR=1.870,95%CI=1.540～2.271)。结论孕前BMI过低或者过高均会影响妊娠结局。     

Discrimination of health risk by combined body mass index and waist circumference

OBJECTIVE: NIH Clinical Guidelines (1998) recommend the measurement of waist circumference (WC, centimeters) within body mass index (BMI, kilograms per square meter) categories as a screening tool for increased health risk. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: The Canada Heart Health Surveys (1986 through 1992) were used to describe the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Canada and to test the use of the NIH guidelines for predicting metabolic risk factors. The sample included 7981 participants ages 20 to 74 years who had complete data for WC, BMI, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglycerides, diabetic status, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures. National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III risk categories were used to identify the metabolic syndrome and associated risk factors. Logistic regression was used to test the hypothesis that WC improves the prediction of the metabolic syndrome, within overweight (25 to 29.9 kg/m(2)) and obese I (30 to 34.9 kg/m(2)) BMI categories. RESULTS: The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was 17.0% in men and 13.2% in women. The odds ratios (OR) for the prediction of the metabolic syndrome were elevated in overweight [OR, 1.85; 95% confidence interval (95%CI), 1.02 to 3.35] and obese (OR, 2.35; 95%CI, 1.25 to 4.42) women with a high WC compared with overweight and obese women with a low WC, respectively. On the other hand, WC was not predictive of the metabolic syndrome or component risk factors in men, within BMI categories. DISCUSSION: In women already at increased health risk because of an elevated BMI, the additional measurement of WC may help identify cardiovascular risk.     

Risk of ovarian cancer associated with BMI varies by menopausal status

Obesity has been linked to increased risk of several malignancies, but the role of obesity in the etiology of ovarian cancer remains unclear. Therefore, a hospital-based case-control study was conducted to investigate the association between body size and risk of ovarian cancer. Participants included 427 women with primary, incident ovarian cancer and 854 cancer-free controls. All participants received medical services at Roswell Park Cancer Institute in Buffalo, NY between 1982 and 1998 and completed a comprehensive epidemiological questionnaire. The instrument included questions regarding height and usual wt prior to survey. Participants were classified as underweight/normal (BMI < or = 24.9 kg/m2), overweight (BMI 25.0-29.9 kg/m2), or obese (BMI > or = 30.0 kg/m2). Compared with underweight/normal participants, being overweight (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.02; 95% CI 0.77-1.36) or obese (adjusted OR = 1.17; 95% CI 0.84-1.65) was not significantly associated with an elevated risk of ovarian cancer. After stratification by menopausal status, BMI showed no significant association to ovarian cancer risk among postmenopausal women (> or = 50 y old). However, among premenopausal women (<50 y old), those classified as obese had a significantly increased risk (adjusted OR = 2.19; 95% CI 1.19-4.04) compared with women classified as normal/underweight. These findings suggest a potential influence of menopausal status on the total endogenous hormonal environment, including estrogens, androgens, and insulin-like growth factors, when considering the association between body size and ovarian cancer risk. In light of the fact that obesity is a modifiable risk factor, further investigation on this topic is warranted.     

母亲孕前BMI和孕期增重与学龄前儿童超重肥胖的相关性研究

目的探讨母亲孕前体质量指数(BMI)和孕期增重与学龄前儿童超重肥胖的相关性。方法选取2019年1月至2020年1月于余姚市妇幼保健院儿童保健科进行儿童保健咨询的3~5岁儿童共300例为研究对象,回顾性收集母亲孕前BMI和孕期增重情况,采用多因素Logistic回归模型进行相关性分析。结果儿童超重肥胖的发生率为35例(11.67%),在校正性别、年龄等混杂因素后,母亲孕前低体重的儿童出现超重肥胖的风险降低,母亲孕前超重肥胖的儿童出现超重肥胖的风险增加,其OR值及95%CI分别为0.602(0.413~0.755)、1.822(1.370~2.424),均P<0.05;母亲孕期增重过度的儿童出现超重肥胖的风险增加,其OR值及95%CI为1.298(1.009~1.669),P<0.05,但是母亲孕期增重不足并不会降低儿童出现超重肥胖的风险(P>0.05);母亲孕前超重肥胖且孕期增重过度的儿童出现超重肥胖的风险显著增加,母亲孕前低体重且孕期增重不足或孕期增重正常的儿童出现超重肥胖的风险显著降低,其OR值及95%CI分别为1.575(1.031~2.411)、0.556(0.343~0.872)、0.411(0.233~0.719),均P<0.05。结论母亲孕前BMI超重和孕期增重过度均是学龄前儿童发生超重肥胖的影响因素,并且母亲孕前BMI的影响更加严重。     

妇女孕前体质量指数、孕期增重对子痫前期-子痫影响研究

目的 分析孕妇孕前体质量指数(BMI)、孕期各阶段增重、孕期总增重与子痫前期-子痫（PE-E)发生的相关性。方法 采用概率比例规模抽样法(PPS抽样),招募西南三省5 396例单胎妊娠孕妇为研究对象,收集其一般人口学资料,测量获得其身高、孕前体质量、每次产前检查的体质量等指标,并计算孕期各阶段增重和孕期总增重。根据美国医学研究院(IOM)标准定义其孕期增重是否适宜。采用logistic回归分析孕前BMI、孕期增重指标与PE-E的关系。结果 与孕前BMI处于正常范围内的孕妇相比,孕前BMI较低者PE-E发生的可能性较低(OR=0.19,95%CI:0.03～0.62),孕前超重、肥胖的孕妇发病风险增加(超重OR=3.69,95%CI:2.21～6.01;肥胖OR=6.12,95%CI:1.68～17.30)。孕中期增重速率过大(OR=2.24,95%CI:1.25～4.35)、妊娠期总增重过高者(OR=1.70,95%CI:1.02～2.85)发生PE-E的风险增加。结论 孕前BMI、孕期增重和PE-E的发生密切相关,育龄妇女孕前应尽量达到正常体质量标准,孕期保持适宜的体质量增加,以减少PE-E发生的可能性。     

中国青少年营养状况与心理亚健康的相关性

目的 探究中国青少年营养状况与心理亚健康之间的相关性,为中国青少年身心健康发展提供参考.方法 在中国华东、华北、中南、西北、西南和东北地区,分别采用分层随机整体抽样法抽取16545名13～22岁青少年,采用青少年亚健康多维评定问卷(Multidimensional Sub-health Questionnaire of...     

无明显肺病的成年人群体重不足与肺功能的相关性

目的探讨呼吸科就诊的无明显肺病的成年人群体重不足与肺功能的关系。方法选取2019年1~6月于重庆三峡中心医院医院呼吸科门诊就诊的2350例无明显肺病的成年人群为研究对象,按照BMI指数分为体重不足组(BMI≤18.5 kg/m2),正常体重组(BMI在18.525 kg/m2)和为超重组(BMI≥25 kg/m2)。结果与体重不足和正常体重组相比,超重组人群的生化指标更差。低体重组的剧烈运动频率显著低于其他两组(P<0.001)。低体重组肺功能指标均明显低于其他两组(P均<0.001),低体重组FEV1/FVC明显高于其他两组(P均<0.001),FEV1%预计值<80%和FVC%预计值<80%的比率也明显高于其他用两组(P均<0.001)。低体重组的肺功能降低的风险显著的升高,且与超重组相比,此风险分别在FEV1%预计值<80%和FVC%预计值<80%的优势比为2.1倍(95%CI:1.98~2.21)和4.90倍(95%CI:4.62~5.18)。结论在无明显肺病的成年人群中,体重不足与肺功能减弱显著相关。     

Socioeconomic, psychosocial, behavioural, and psychological determinants of BMI among young women: differing patterns for underweight and overweight/obesity

OBJECTIVES: Underweight, overweight, and obese women aged 18-34 years were compared with normal weight women of the corresponding age according to socioeconomic, psychosocial, health behaviour, self reported global and psychological health, and locus of control characteristics. METHODS: The 2000 public health survey in Scania is a cross-sectional study. A total 13,715 persons aged 18-80 years, of which 1967 were females of 18-34 years of age, were included in this study. They answered a postal questionnaire, which represents 59% of the random sample. A logistic regression model adjusted for age was used to investigate the association between socioeconomic, psychosocial, health behaviour, self reported global and psychological health, locus of control, and the BMI categories. RESULTS: A 17.5% proportion of the women, aged 18-34 years, were underweight (BMI < 20.0), 18.4% were overweight, and 7.0% obese. The prevalence of underweight according to the BMI < 18.5 definition was 5.8% among women aged 18-34 years. Women who were underweight had significantly higher odds ratios for overtime work, being students, low emotional support, and poor self reported global as well as poor psychological health than normal weight women. Women who were overweight/obese were unemployed, had low education, low social participation, low emotional and instrumental support, were daily smokers, had a sedentary lifestyle, had poor self reported global health, and had lack of internal locus of control compared with normal weight women. CONCLUSIONS: Underweight women are more likely to have poorer psychological health than normal weight women. In contrast, overweight and obese women are more likely to have poor health related behaviours and lack of internal locus of control compared with normal weight women. These differing patterns suggest both different etiology and different preventive strategies to deal with the health risks of people who are underweight as opposed to those who are overweight/obese.     

Interactions between smoking and weight in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia and small-for-gestational-age birth

Cigarette smoking protects against preeclampsia but increases the risk of small-for-gestational-age birth (SGA). Regarding body weight, the converse is true: obesity elevates rates of preeclampsia but reduces rates of SGA. The authors assessed the combined effects of smoking and weight among US women developing preeclampsia or SGA, studying 7,757 healthy, primigravid women with singleton pregnancies in 1959-1965. Smoking (never, light, heavy), stratified by prepregnancy body mass index (BMI (weight (kg)/height (m)(2)); underweight, overweight, obese), was examined in relation to preeclampsia and SGA. Among underweight (BMI <18.5) and normal-weight (BMI 18.5-24.9) women, smoking decreased the risk of preeclampsia (for heavy smoking, light smoking, nonsmoking, test for trend p = 0.002 for underweight and p = 0.009 for normal weight) after adjustment for age, race, and socioeconomic status. However, among overweight/obese women (BMI >or=25), this trend was not apparent (p = 0.4). Among both underweight and overweight women, smoking significantly increased SGA risk (trend p < 0.001 for underweight and p = 0.02 for overweight/obese). Obesity eliminated the inverse association between smoking and preeclampsia but did not substantially alter the positive association between smoking and SGA. A possible unifying biologic explanation is discussed in this paper.