不同海拔高度对压力蒸汽灭菌效果的分析

目的为了适应高原部队应急医疗救治对灭菌工作的需求,促进高原部队灭菌工作不断发展,为官兵提供符合国家标准的灭菌物品. 方法采用同一厂家生产的同一型号灭菌器两台,对灭菌效果进行对比试验;并进行化学(指示卡、指示胶带)、生物(指示剂)、物理(留点温度)监测;设定不同海拔高度、不同灭菌温度、时间观察效果. 结果双台灭菌器进行的标准试验反应海拔高度不同,灭菌温度时间不同,灭菌的结果也有所不同;化学指示剂显示海拔高度≤5 380m、仪表灭菌温度示值≥136℃、时间16min时化学变色反应均达到标准黑色,生物指示剂监测全部阴性结果. 结论高原地区压力蒸汽灭菌时,其温度示值、时间应根据高原地域特点进行调整是提高灭菌质量的关键.     

压力蒸汽灭菌化学指示卡有效性的监测

目的 监测压力蒸汽灭菌化学指示卡的有效性。方法 对脉动真空灭菌器的灭菌效果在设定不同灭菌温度、不同灭菌时间的情况下进行压力蒸汽灭菌指标卡监测及生物监测，并对监测结果进行比较分析。结果 压力蒸汽灭菌化学指标卡监测结果与生物监测结果存在较大的差异性。结论 压力蒸汽灭菌指示卡的变化并不能代表压力蒸汽灭菌效果，不能有效地反映物品的灭菌状况，要求消毒人员严格遵守操作规程，生物监测应每周1次，在更换指示卡批号时，应对其有效性与生物监测相比较，确认产品合格方可使用。     

下排气式压力锅监测剂放置位置探讨

通过反复实验发现 ,高压蒸汽灭菌锅的监测剂的放置影响监测效果 ,现报告如下。1　材料与方法2 0 cm× 30 cm× 2 0 cm布类包 7个 ,12 1℃压力蒸汽灭菌化学指示卡 ,化学指示胶带 ,嗜热脂肪杆菌芽胞菌片。将每个包同时包入生物指示剂、化学指示卡、外贴上 3M化学指示胶带。将 7个试验包放入消毒锅内按从里到外的顺序 ,按从上到下的顺序、从左到右的顺序 ,按照正规操作规程进行灭菌。2　 结果与讨论紧贴锅的里外、左右及下壁放置的包内指示卡均有部分不能达到标准黑包。随着压力增高 ,下部指示卡颜色变深。化学指示卡既反映了达到的温度又反应…     

化学指示卡在压力灭菌器测试中失败原因与对策

目的：探讨化学指示卡、胶带在灭菌过程测试中存在的问题，并找出解决问题的措施，以提高压力蒸汽灭菌器效果监测的质量。方法：采用脉动式压力蒸汽灭菌器，3M1250压力蒸汽灭菌包内化学指示卡，对100炉次中的各类手术包和敷料、储槽等采用相同的压力、时阃、温度进行灭菌，并在灭菌完毕后对所有的试验包现场检查，并记录实际情况。结果：采取措施前有10个试验包内化学指示卡和包外化学指示胶带变色不标准。采取措施后未发现试验包内化学指示卡、胶带出现变色不标准的现象。结论：3M1250压力蒸汽灭菌包内化学指示卡变色不标准因素，受蒸汽灭菌过程中蒸汽冷凝水的影响。要使化学指示卡、胶带变为标准黑色，必须正确使用化学指示卡、胶带和规范物品包装及灭菌器。     

野战条件下高原部队压力蒸汽灭菌方法的改进

目的为了战时更好地救治伤后官兵,满足官兵伤后对无菌医疗用品的需求,保证一线救治医疗活动的无菌医疗器具供应. 方法采取实验调查的方法,掌握高原影响灭菌工作的因素,根据灭菌原理,结合地域特点,提出选用136℃作为高原地区灭菌温度的方法进行实验. 结果选用仪表温度示值136℃20 min灭菌方法后,灭菌效果监测达到灭菌效果评价标准,可以满足海拔高度≤5 380 m灭菌条件需求. 结论仪表温度示值136℃ 20 min灭菌,提高了高原地区部队的灭菌工作质量,有利于战时灭菌物品供应,促进了战时卫勤保障能力的提高.     

加强消毒灭菌管理 确保医疗安全

医院消毒与灭菌工作的加强与落实,是确保医疗安全的重要因素。几年来,我院采取定期检查全院消毒隔离与无菌操作情况,监测医疗环境、医疗器械的细菌污染,对高压蒸汽灭菌效能及药械消毒效果等实施消毒灭菌质量控制,确保了医疗工作的正常运转。１压力蒸汽灭菌消毒效能监测灭菌质量监测是预防医院感染的主要手段。按《消毒技术规范》,采取工艺、化学、生物监测相结合的方法进行高压蒸汽灭菌的消毒效果监测。为进一步确保手术器械达到规定的灭菌标准,于１９９９年实行手术包中心部位化学综合指示卡监测,观察包内外指示卡显色达规定标准方…     

化学指示卡灭菌效果监测分析

目的探讨压力蒸汽灭菌包内化学指示卡和移动式化学指示卡在灭菌效果监测工作中的差别.方法通过灭菌试验结合生物指示剂比较包内化学指示卡和移动式化学指示卡的有效性及适应性.结果两类化学指示卡灭菌效果监测性能都可靠,但包内指示卡用于金属和玻璃类器材包的监测中出现一定程度的误差,而移动式指示卡则对各类物品灭菌效果监测都适宜.结论正确使用包内指示卡和移动式指示卡是确保灭菌效果的关键.     

低温等离子体灭菌方式在手术室的应用与管理

目的探讨过氧化氢等离子低温灭菌系统灭菌过程中的管理及对灭菌效果的监测,确保灭菌质量。方法规范步骤,严格按灭菌操作程序进行操作;采用化学指示卡和生物指示剂对灭菌过程监测。结果所有灭菌包应用化学指示卡和生物指示剂监测,结果显示无菌生长。结论物品灭菌前清洗干净,选择适合的物品和消毒模式严格管理,灭菌及检测方法正确才能确保灭菌效果,提供安全的手术无菌物品。     

腹腔镜手术器械采用低温等离子体灭菌机灭菌的效果观察

目的 观察低温等离子体灭菌机对腹腔镜手术器械灭菌的可行性及效果.方法 对手术室使用的腹腔镜手术器械灭菌过程和火菌结果 进行监测.结果 658份腹腔镜手术器械采用低温等离子体灭菌机灭菌,所有的化学指示卡、指示胶带均变色合格,合格率100%;生物监测、手术器械灭菌效果监测均为阴性;所有腹腔镜接台手术器械均在44～66 min恢复使用.结论 采用低温等离子体灭菌机对腹腔镜手术器械进行灭菌,能够保证灭菌的安全性;对精密器械损伤小、灭菌时间短,可加快器械周转,提高腹腔镜手术器械的使用频率,提高效益.     

疾控机构压力蒸汽灭菌设备监测结果与分析

目的:为查找压力蒸汽灭菌法在消毒灭菌时存在的问题和不足。方法:自2009年-2010年两年来对社旗县疾病预防控制中心两种共5台压力蒸汽灭菌器连续进行生物和化学监测。结果:生物监测240次,合格率为95.83%,化学监测722次,合格率为75.76%。结论:生物监测结果远未达到《消毒技术规范》要求的灭菌保证水平10-6,说明在应用压力蒸汽灭菌法进行消毒灭菌时仍需加强管理,注重监测,提高合格率;化学监测结果与生物监测结果存在不一致,且化学指示卡法受不明因素影响大,在实际应用中效果仍不理想。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.