脑出血并脑微出血的临床与影像特征

目的 探讨脑出血并脑微出血的临床与影像特点.方法 分析16例自发性脑出血并脑微出血患者的临床资料与MRI-SWI影像表现.结果 患者平均年龄67.9岁.14例患者合并高血压病,9例为首次发病的脑出血患者,7例为再发脑出血患者.再发脑出血患者SWI检查全部发现脑微出血,其中6例(85.7％)微出血同时累及双侧半球多个脑叶及深部脑组织.首发脑出血组合再发脑出血组患者脑微出血的病灶数量均数分别为5.22±2.82和9.71±3.50,2组间微出血病灶数量存在统计学差异(P=0.013).结论 脑微出血与自发性脑出血关系密切,较多的脑微出血病灶可能预示着再发脑出血的风险增高.     

脑微出血与卒中相关性研究进展

脑微出血是脑小血管病的重要影像学表现之一，目前检出率随着影像学技术的进步而显 著提升。研究显示脑微出血可能与缺血性卒中和脑出血风险增加相关，对未来卒中发生、发展具有 一定预测价值，有助于指导卒中高危人群筛查及防治。脑微出血是否增加抗栓治疗后出血转化风险， 以及相应风险是否与抗栓治疗获益相抵，目前仍有争议，是亟待解决的临床难题。临床工作中应综 合评估抗栓治疗的预防获益及出血风险，以制订合理的治疗策略。     

脑小血管病对自发性脑出血发病及预后影响的研究进展

脑小血管病主要影响脑内小动脉、微动脉、毛细血管及小静脉等，与脑出血的发病与预后密切相关，具体包括脑出血的发生、出血部位、出血体积、出血后再发卒中、出血后功能结局、总体生存期等。现对脑小血管病对自发性脑出血的发病及预后的影响的研究进展进行综述，为临床实践提供参考。     

脑微出血与脑卒中

目的探讨脑微出血与脑卒中发生、发展的联系。方法卒中患者83例，分为脑缺血组（43例）和脑出血组（40例），以同期住院的50岁以上非脑卒中患者设立对照组（32例）。采用T2加权梯度回波MRI观察各病例脑微出血、卒中病灶、腔隙性梗塞以及白质疏松情况，同时记录卒中患者的高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症、卒中病史以及阿司匹林使用史。结果微出血在缺血组和出血组的发生率分别为34．9％、75．0％，对照组9．4％。各组微出血均最常见于基底节区。微出血与高血压、卒中病史相关（P〈0．01），与高脂血症、糖尿病病史及使用阿司匹林无关（P〉0．05）。微出血的严重程度与腔隙性梗塞、白质疏松的严重程度相关（P〈0．01）．．微出血在卒中病灶区域同侧或对侧分布无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。出血组微出血在卒中病灶区域的分布率明显高于缺血组。结论微出血与脑卒中．特别是与出血性脑卒中有密切关系，对卒中患者出血性转化具有预测意义。     

脑微出血对自发性脑出血影响的研究进展

脑微出血是脑小血管病的重要影像学特征之一。其数目和空间分布特征与自发性脑出血的发生和复发密切相关,脑微出血灶≥5个和单纯脑叶微出血是自发性脑出血的重要危险因素。此外,脑微出血对颅内动脉瘤和烟雾病相关性自发性脑出血的发生也有预测价值。脑微出血检测有助于临床对脑出血进行风险分层,同时可以作为神经外科医师进行手术决策的重要参考指标。     

脑微出血患者抗栓治疗相关研究进展

脑微出血是脑小血管周围的含铁血黄素沉积(通常包含巨噬细胞)。目前至少存在2种病理机制导致微出血,脑淀粉样血管病和高血压微血管病变。在需要抗栓治疗的患者中,至少四分之一的患者存在微出血。目前多数研究支持抗栓治疗会增加患者脑微出血数量。另外,在亚洲人群中,脑微出血与再发性脑出血关系密切,而且脑微出血数量对抗血小板相关脑出血具有预测作用。基础脑微出血≥5个的患者脑出血风险可能大于二级预防带来的微小收益。     

脑微出血对缺血性卒中临床疗效影响研究进展

随着MRI技术的发展及其分辨率的提高,脑微出血的阳性检出率逐渐增加,其对缺血性卒中临床疗效的影响日益受到关注。本文基于脑微出血与缺血性卒中相关的病理生理学机制,探讨其对缺血性卒中临床诊疗和预后的影响,以为脑微出血作为缺血性卒中治疗效果和预后的影像学标志物奠定基础。     

脑内微出血的常规MRI与SWI图像表现及其危险因素分析

目的 探讨脑内微出血的常规MRI与SWI图像表现及其危险因素。方法 选取2016年1月-2017年1月的脑血管病患者100例,对100例患者的常规MRI图像和SWI图像进行分析,并探讨脑出血和脑内微出血(CMB)的相关因素。结果 100例患者中发生过脑出血的患者10例(10.0%),发生过脑梗死的患者64例(64.0%),包括脑叶梗死和腔隙性脑梗死患者。出现脑内微出血的数目为0～68个,脑微出血数目>10个的患者19例(19.0%),脑微出血数目为6～10个的患者12个(12.0%),脑微出血数目为0～5的患者69例(69.0%); 多元回归分析显示高脂血症与脑出血的发生有关(P<0.05),年龄、性别、糖尿病、高血压病、微出血、脑梗死等与脑出血的发生无明显关系(P>0.05); 线性回归分析显示脑出血与脑内微出血数量有关(P<0.05),年龄、性别、糖尿病、高脂血症、高血压病、脑梗死与脑内微出血数量无明显关系(P>0.05)。结论 脑内微出血数量可能与脑出血有一定关系。     

缺血性卒中伴高血压患者的24h动态血压与脑微出血的关系

目的探讨缺血性卒中伴高血压患者的24 h动态血压与脑微出血的相关性。方法对连续缺血性卒中伴高血压患者进行脑核磁磁敏感加权成像检查,明确是否存在脑微出血,在入院24 h内测量患者动态血压,并收集患者一般情况、缺血性脑血管病危险因素、实验室指标。用Logistic回归分析CMBs与动态血压指标的关系。结果 186例缺血性卒中伴高血压患者纳入研究,单因素回归分析显示年龄、糖尿病、24 h平均收缩压、日间平均收缩压、夜间平均收缩压与脑微出血相关。多因素回归分析显示24 h平均收缩压与脑微出血相关。结论在缺血性卒中伴高血压患者人群中,24 h平均收缩压是脑微出血的重要影响因素。     

高血压脑卒中患者急性脑微出血的临床诊治及院内感染预防

目的 探讨高血压脑卒中患者脑微出血的不同临床诊断方法,为准确诊断提供可靠依据.方法 应用磁敏感加权成像检查32例脑梗死,32例脑出血和32例健康人的脑微出血病灶.对不同组别间脑微出血的程度、磁敏感加权成像和T2* GRE序列、常规MRI序列(T1 WI、T2 WI、FLAIR)对微出血灶检出敏感性进行统计学分析;联合运用抗高血压药物可有效防止高血压脑卒中的脑微出血.定期进行细菌学培养检查,适当使用抗生素预防感染的发生率.结果 脑出血组脑微出血发生率更为严重,主要以中重度为主,脑梗死组以轻中度为主,正常人群脑微出血的情况最轻,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);磁敏感加权成像与T2* GRE序列相比,前者对病灶的检出率明显;抗高血压药物对治疗脑微出血的患者联合应用更为有效,能够有效降低脑微出血的发生率.结论 脑卒中患者的脑微出血发生率较高,磁敏感加权成像对于脑微出血的诊断与其他常规序列相比具有更为明显的优势;抗高血压药物治疗脑微出血患者更为有效,联合应用效果更好;临床开展感染预防对急性脑微出血有一定的临床价值.     

不同脑血管病患者脑微出血的患病率及其危险因素分析

目的 研究不同脑血管病患者脑微出血的患病率及危险因素,并探究其临床意义.方法 连续入组急性脑血管病患者393例及对照组146名,常规行核磁共振T2梯度回波加权扫描,并登记所有患者的基线资料,分析不同类型脑血管病患者脑微出血的患病率,采用Logistic 回归分析探索脑微出血的危险因素.结果 脑出血、脑梗死、TIA及脑白...     

Asymptomatic microbleeds as a risk factor for aspirin-associated intracerebral hemorrhages

The authors measured the presence and extent of asymptomatic microbleeds on gradient-recalled-echo MRI in 21 aspirin users who developed intracerebral hemorrhage and 21 aspirin users without history of intracerebral hemorrhage. Microbleeds were more frequent (19 vs 7, p < 0.001) and more extensive (mean number of microbleeds 13.3 vs 0.4, p < 0.001) in the intracerebral hemorrhage group than in the control group. Asymptomatic microbleeds may be a risk factor for aspirin-associated intracerebral hemorrhage.     

Small vessel pathology and cerebral hemorrhage

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage may be due to two main arteriolopathies: HTA and age-related small vessel disease and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Historical study of the CHARCOT-BOUCHARD microaneurysm controversy leads to conclude that altered arterioles may be ruptured with or, probably more often, without microaneurysms. Recent neuroradiological studies with gradient-echo T2*W MR imaging have confirmed a classical neuropathological fact: there is a strong correlation between subcortical ischemic lesions (lacune, leukoaraiosis) and subcortical hemorrhage (hematomas, microbleeds). Sporadic Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy is the first cause of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage after 70 years. Hemorrhages are lobar, typically recurrent and/or associated with cortical microbleeds at T2*W imaging.     

脑内微出血对预测高血压脑出血血肿扩大的意义

目的研究脑内微出血(cerebral microbleeds,CMBs)在高血压脑出血血肿扩大中的意义。方法选择140例发病6h内的高血压脑出血患者,入院后立即行颅脑CT和梯度回波T2加权像(gradient echo pulse sequence-T2WI,GRE-T2WI)检查,测量血肿大小,发病后24h和72h复查颅脑CT,依据CT及MRI检查结果将血肿有无扩大患者分为微出血组和无微出血组。对比2组出现血肿扩大的比率及血肿扩大的值。结果入院时GRE-T2WI检查提示72例存在数量不一的CMBs。24h复查CT发现脑内血肿体积扩大比率为12.9%(18/140),72h查CT示血肿体积扩大比率15%(21/140)。微出血组患者存在的CMBs比率明显高于无微出血组[71.4%(15/21)与47.9%(57/119),χ2=4.215,P0.01]。72h后微出血组血肿体积扩大比率显著高于无微出血组[18.1%(13/72)与11.4%(8/70),χ2=3.065,P0.05]。结论 CMBs在高血压脑出血血肿扩大中扮演重要作用。     

脑微出血急性卒中患者溶栓治疗的研究进展

脑微出血患者发生急性卒中事件时,在时间窗内给予溶栓治疗是十分具有挑战的临床决 策。如果给予溶栓治疗,出血的风险较高;不给予溶栓治疗,可能使时间窗内的卒中患者错过最佳治 疗的时机。研究发现,并不是所有的脑微出血急性卒中患者在接受溶栓治疗后都会发生出血,如果 可以明确导致出血的危险因素,就能识别出适合溶栓的脑微出血患者,从而采取有针对性的治疗措 施使患者受益。     

Cortico-subcortical distribution of microbleeds is different between hypertension and cerebral amyloid angiopathy

BACKGROUND: The cerebral distribution of microbleeds in cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is quite different from that in hypertension, i.e., microbleeds in central gray matters are frequently found in patients with advanced hypertension (aHT), but not in patients with CAA. Distributions within the cortico-subcortical (CSC) area have not been compared between the diseases, and remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVES: We hypothesized that distributions of microbleeds differ in aHT and CAA even in the CSC area. METHODS: Out of a consecutive series of patients with intracerebral hemorrhage who underwent brain MRI (n=181), we selected typical aHT and CAA patients by inclusion criteria. Microbleeds in the CSC area were localized according to anatomical divisions and vascular territories. Numbers of microbleeds in these areas were counted and statistically compared. RESULTS: A total of 52 hemispheres (aHT, n=32; CAA, n=20) were analyzed. The number of CSC microbleeds was higher in the CAA group (47.6+/-56.8) than in the aHT group (17.4+/-27.4; p=0.01). The microbleeds showed a significant predilection for the temporo-occipital lobes in the aHT group, but for the parietal lobe in the CAA group. The most involved vascular territory was middle cerebral artery territory in both groups, but the lesion number in anterior cerebral artery territory was relatively high in the CAA group. CONCLUSIONS: In this study sample, aHT and CAA show different topographical microbleeds distributions, even in the CSC area. Our results suggest that the CSC microbleeds may reflect different pathophysiological mechanisms between aHT and CAA.     

Silent microbleeds are associated with volume of primary intracerebral hemorrhage

The authors performed a correlative radiologic study on the micro-bleeds and volume of intracerebral hemorrhage in the supratentorial ICH patients. In the patients with lobar or putaminal hemorrhage, the hemorrhage volumes increased more than twofold or threefold in the patients with micro-bleeds. Moreover, the presence of microbleeds was an independent risk factor for large-sized hemorrhage. These data show that microbleeds may be associated with a larger ICH volume.     

Clinical and radiologic differences between primary intracerebral hemorrhage with and without microbleeds on gradient-echo magnetic resonance images

BACKGROUND: Microbleeds on gradient-echo magnetic resonance (MR) imaging reflect bleeding-prone microangiopathy. The microbleeds are frequently detected in patients with primary intracerebral hemorrhage (PICH). However, some patients do not have microbleeds. OBJECTIVE: To clarify the risk factors associated with microbleeds in PICH, thus providing insight into the pathogenesis of PICH. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Neurology department of a tertiary referral center.Patients A consecutive series of 107 patients with PICH. INTERVENTIONS: Gradient-echo MR imaging to determine distribution patterns and numbers of microbleeds. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical variables and the associated MR imaging abnormalities in patients with PICH with and without microbleeds. RESULTS: Patients with PICH who had microbleeds were significantly older (65.9 +/- 10.9 years) than those without microbleeds (53.9 +/- 13.0 years; P<.001), and previous stroke, medication with antithrombotics or anticoagulants, lacunes, and leukoaraiosis were more common in patients with microbleeds. However, potential triggering events tending to raise the blood pressure were more common in cases of PICH without microbleeds (18 [56.3%] vs 10 [15.4%]). In logistic regression analysis, age (odds ratio and 95% confidence interval: 1.07, 1.01-1.14), advanced leukoaraiosis (7.79, 1.05-57.74), number of lacunes (1.66, 1.21-2.28), and potential triggering events (0.18, 0.04-0.90) were independent risk factors associated with the presence of microbleeds in patients with PICH. CONCLUSIONS: Primary intracerebral hemorrhage without microbleeds was more common in younger patients with precipitating events, whereas PICH with microbleeds was more common in elderly patients with prominent ischemic change and frequent use of antithrombotics or anticoagulants. Our findings might help to determine the pathogenetic type for secondary prevention.     

Microbleeds in hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis-Dutch type

In a hereditary variant of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis-Dutch type, supratentorial microbleeds were found to occur independently of the presence of hypertension, whereas hypertension probably contributed to the development of cerebellar microbleeds. This predictable hereditary variant of CAA may be a useful model to study microbleeds in relation to CAA.