不同入路CT导引下腹腔神经丛毁损术治疗上腹部癌性疼痛的疗效观察

目的探讨不同入路CT导引下腹腔神经丛毁损术治疗上腹部癌性疼痛的临床疗效。方法选取2013年4月至2015年7月间宝鸡市中医医院收治的90例上腹部癌性疼痛患者,采用随机数表法分为前入路组和后入路组,每组45例。所有患者均行CT导引下腹腔神经丛毁损术,前入路组患者采用前入路法,后入路组患者采用后入路法,观察两组患者术后临床表现、手术成功率、治疗效果及并发症状况。结果前入路法与后入路法手术成功率均为100.0%,两组患者术后均有并发症表现,经适当治疗后痊愈,无严重并发症发生。前入路组患者临床短期(<1个月)显效率为70.1%,总有效率为96.3%,后入路组患者短期显效率为63.4%,总有效率为92.5%;前入路组长期(>3个月)显效率为50.3%,总有效率为90.1%,后入路组长期显效率为44.7%,总有效率为81.6%,前入路组患者临床短期与长期显效率和总有效率均较高,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论经前入路法CT导引下穿刺腹腔神经丛毁损术治疗癌性疼痛临床疗效较理想,值得推广。     

Pain management in patients with advanced prostate cancer

Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among American men. The majority of patients with advanced disease have metastatic bone lesions, which are frequently very painful. These lesions tend to respond well to treatment with both nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and opioids, although careful dose titration and individualized treatment plans may be needed to achieve maximal analgesia. Opioid side effects are often transient or well controlled with additional medication. Patients with intolerable side effects may experience fewer adverse reactions with a different opioid. Palliative radiation provides pain relief in up to 80% of prostate cancer patients with single or at most a few sites of localized bone pain. Bisphosphonates, powerful inhibitors of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, are promising new agents for the treatment of painful bone lesions in prostate cancer patients. Radioisotopes, which deliver high-dose radiation to bone lesions without significantly affecting normal bone, are highly effective in providing some degree of pain relief in up to 80% of patients with diffuse, painful bone metastases. Also, chemotherapy shows promise in alleviating pain and possibly extending survival in patients with advanced prostate cancer.     

未能切除胰腺癌患者术中NCPB的临床意义

目的 研究术中腹腔神经丛阻滞对无法切除胰腺癌患者的镇痛疗效及并发症。方法 41例患者经腹行直视下的腹腔神经丛阻滞，每人次注射无水酒精20－50ml，同时行胆肠转流或／和胃肠转流，部分患者行区域动脉化疗。结果 腹腔神经丛阻滞后6个月内或已死亡者中有32例患者疼痛完全缓解，4例明显减轻，5例无明显效果。38例术中出现血压下降，15例术后腹泻，结论 术中直视下经腹行无水酒精腹腔神经丛阻滞对缓解未能切除胰腺癌患者的疼痛具有明显的镇痛效果。     

Pain outcomes in patients with advanced breast cancer and bone metastases

BACKGROUND:

In this study, the authors evaluated the effect of denosumab versus zoledronic acid (ZA) on pain in patients with advanced breast cancer and bone metastases.

METHODS:

The prevention of pain, reduction in pain interference with daily life activities, and the proportion of patients requiring strong opioid analgesics were assessed in a randomized, double‐blind, double‐dummy phase 3 study comparing denosumab with ZA for preventing skeletal‐related events in 2046 patients who had breast cancer and bone metastases. Patients completed the Brief Pain Inventory‐Short Form at baseline and monthly thereafter.

RESULTS:

Fewer patients who received denosumab reported a clinically meaningful worsening of pain severity (≥2‐point increase) from baseline compared with patients who received ZA, and a trend was observed toward delayed time to pain worsening with denosumab versus ZA (denosumab, 8.5 months; ZA, 7.4 months; P = .08). In patients who had no/mild pain at baseline, a 4‐month delay in progression to moderate/severe pain was observed with denosumab compared with ZA (9.7 months vs 5.8 months; P = .002). Denosumab delayed the time to increased pain interference by approximately 1 month compared with ZA (denosumab, 16.0 months; ZA, 14.9 months; P = .09). The time to pain improvement (P = .72) and the time to decreased pain interference (P = .92) were similar between the groups. Fewer denosumab‐treated patients reported increased analgesic use from no/low use at baseline to strong opioid use.

CONCLUSIONS:

Denosumab demonstrated improved pain prevention and comparable pain palliation compared with ZA. In addition, fewer denosumab‐treated patients shifted to strong opioid analgesic use. Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.     

CT引导下腹腔神经丛射频热凝术治疗晚期胰腺癌顽固性疼痛的临床分析

目的:探讨CT引导下腹腔神经丛射频热凝术治疗晚期胰腺癌顽固性疼痛的临床镇痛效果。方法:选取2016年6月至2018年6月70例晚期胰腺癌顽固性疼痛患者为研究对象,按随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组各35例。对照组:采用芬太尼透皮贴剂4.125 mg/贴×2/72 h 外用+加巴喷丁胶囊 200 mg po 3/d;观察组:采用CT引导下腹腔神经丛射频热凝术,射频治疗参数设置为:3 min,70 ℃。评价两组晚期胰腺癌顽固性疼痛患者镇痛效果。结果:治疗后3 d、6 d、21 d、60 d两组患者VAS评分均呈下降趋势（P<0.05),且观察组治疗后各时间点VAS评分均低于对照组,疼痛缓解率均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。两组患者治疗前躯体功能评分、情绪功能评分、社会功能评分、总健康状况评分差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。治疗后3 d、6 d、21 d、60 d观察组较对照组躯体功能评分、情绪功能评分、社会功能评分呈下降趋势,总健康状况评分呈上升改变,两组差异有统计学意义（P<0.05)。治疗前1 d两组患者血清炎性因子TNF-α、IL-6、CRP含量比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。治疗后1 d、3 d,观察组血清TNF-α、IL-6、CRP含量均明显低于对照组,两组差异有统计学意义（P<0.05)。结论:CT引导下腹腔神经丛射频热凝术治疗晚期胰腺癌顽固性疼痛镇痛效果确切,具有操作简单、创伤小、见效快、安全有效等优势。     

阿帕替尼对比替吉奥治疗进展期胃癌疗效和安全性的Meta分析

目的 系统评价阿帕替尼对比替吉奥二线及二线以上治疗进展期胃癌的疗效和安全性,为临床用药提供参考。方法 计算机检索Cochrane图书馆、Pubmed、中国知网（CNKI）和万方医学网自建库至2017年12月的全部文献,收集阿帕替尼与替吉奥二线及二线以上治疗进展期胃癌的随机对照试验,按照修改后的Jadad评分量表评价纳入研究文献质量,提取纳入文献的相关资料,采用Rev Man 5.3版统计软件进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入8项随机对照研究,合计456例患者。Meta分析结果 显示,与替吉奥比较,阿帕替尼能显著提高客观缓解率,差异有统计学意义（RD=0.12,95％CI：0.03～0.20,P=0.008）;阿帕替尼和替吉奥在疾病控制率（RD=0.05,95％CI：-0.03～0.13,P =0.23）和生活质量改善方面（RD=0.11,95％CI：-0.00～0.22,P =0.22）的差异无统计学意义。安全性方面,阿帕替尼组高血压的发生率显著高于替吉奥组（OR=15.27,95％CI：2.79～83.76,P =0.002）,恶心呕吐的发生率显著低于替吉奥组（OR=0.38,95％CI：0.18～0.82,P =0.01）,两组中性粒细胞减少、蛋白尿、手足综合征等其他不良反应发生率的差异均无统计学意义。结论 阿帕替尼二线及二线以上治疗进展期胃癌较替吉奥能更好地提高客观缓解率,且两药不良反应相当。     

Pain treatment and outcomes for patients with advanced cancer who receive follow-up care at home

BACKGROUND: A small sample size, a high rate of exclusions, inadequate follow-up in different settings, and a lack of comparison with previous levels of analgesia have recently been reported to be the principal limitations of the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines regarding cancer pain. METHODS: A total of 3678 consecutive patients with advanced cancer referred to a home palliative care program were enrolled in an open prospective study over a 9-year period, from June 1988 to June 1997, to determine the effectiveness, safety, and feasibility of implementing the WHO guidelines. Age, gender, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, pain mechanism at referral, pain and symptom intensity, and doses and days of drug administration during the course of the treatment were recorded at regular intervals. RESULTS: Therapy was required for 70.3% of patients for a mean duration of 64 days. The mean duration periods of the 3 steps were 18, 27, and 19 days, respectively. At referral, most patients received inadequate treatment. In the last week of life, 16%, 49%, and 35% of patients were taking nonopioid drugs, moderate opioids, and strong opioids, respectively. A significant improvement in pain and symptom intensity was achieved after referral. Symptom intensity worsened in the last week of life. A minority of patients (2.65%) underwent invasive procedures. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that a managed home care system enables patients to receive adequate pain treatment, according to WHO guidelines, in the comfort of their own homes.     

Feasibility and outcome of complete secondary tumor resection for patients with advanced ovarian cancer

From November 1981 to July 1985, 124 women with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage III ovarian cancer were treated in prospective studies of surgery and chemotherapy in our institution. Patients with no macroscopic cancer after primary surgery (n = 16) received five cycles of adjuvant cis-platinum; those with residual cancer after primary laparotomy (n = 108) underwent a second surgical debulking after three or five cycles of cis-platinum-based cytoreductive chemotherapy. Total macroscopic tumor clearance was achieved in 26 of these 108 patients. Fourteen patients with total tumor excision at primary laparotomy remain in complete clinical remission a minimum of 36 months after diagnosis, but the median progression-free interval for the other two groups was 9 and 17 months, respectively. The survival for women who have total tumor clearance only at secondary surgery after chemotherapy is inferior to that for women with primary macroscopic tumor excision followed by chemotherapy.     

Pain, opioid use, and survival in hospitalized patients with advanced cancer.

PURPOSE: Pain is a common and feared symptom for patients with incurable cancer. Comprehensive assessment provides the foundation for effective pain management, and data that clarify the relationship between pain and other relevant factors also facilitate this process. The main objective of the study was to develop a clinical data base for advanced cancer patients and to survey data to determine (1) pain severity at admission, (2) opioid use at admission, (3) change in opioid use during the hospital stay, and (4) survival in the hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Information was collected prospectively on 1,103 patients admitted and on 1,017 patients who died within 6 months of the study's end. Demographic and clinical data were recorded 72 hours after admission and soon after death or discharge. RESULTS: Seventy-three percent of patients had pain at admission. Cancer of the cervix was frequently (68%) associated with severe pain, as were prostate (52%) and rectal/sigmoid tumors (49%). Severe pain was more probable in those with bone metastasis, those admitted from home, and in those younger than 55 years of age. The majority (71.7%) of patients had a stable dosing pattern, and only 4.2% of the patients required dose increases of at least 10% per day. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated the wide variability in opioid doses required. No reliable predictor of opioid requirement was identified, and this lack of predictability of cancer pain severity underscores the need for ongoing assessment.     

Expression of apoptosis-related markers and clinical outcome in patients with advanced colorectal cancer

The clinical relevance of bax and bcl-2 protein expression has been investigated in 84 patients with recurrent or metastatic colorectal cancer submitted to a chemotherapy regimen including methotrexate and fluorouracil/leucovorin. Cytoplasmic immunostaining of bax and bcl-2 was present in 65.5% and 38%, respectively, of the tumours. No association was found between bax and bcl-2 or between p53 and bax or bcl-2 protein expression. Moreover, the biomarkers were unrelated to patient and tumour characteristics known to affect the clinical outcome of colorectal cancer patients. In general, the apoptosis-related markers did not appear indicative of short- and long-term clinical response nor of prognosis. Bcl-2-negative lesions were more frequent among patients who reached an objective clinical response, which is in agreement with previously reported data regarding other tumour types. When the interrelationship between p53 and bax expression was examined, a better response rate (40%) was found for patients whose tumours did not express p53 and bax, and a better prognosis (2-year probability of overall survival 75%) for patients with p53-positive and bax-negative tumours. In the present series of patients with advanced colorectal cancer submitted to systemic chemotherapy we did not find a clear association between expression of apoptosis-related markers and clinical outcome, even in the subset of patients in which the apoptotic index as determined by the TUNEL approach was investigated.     

Smoking affects treatment outcome in patients with advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the current study was to determine whether smoking during chemotherapy or chemoradiation therapy for nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) affects treatment outcome. METHODS: The authors reviewed the medical records of patients with NSCLC (AJCC Stage III or IV) who were treated with frontline chemotherapy or chemoradiation therapy at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center between January 1993 and December 2002. Treatment type, response, progression-free survival, and overall survival (OS) were correlated with patient demographic characteristics, clinical features, and smoking habits at the time of diagnosis and during therapy. RESULTS: Of 1370 patients who were eligible for analysis, 497 received chemoradiation therapy and 873 received chemotherapy. In the chemoradiation group, 6% of patients were never-smokers, 45% were former smokers, and 49% were current smokers. Multivariate analysis demonstrated no prognostic effect of smoking status on treatment response or OS rates in the chemoradiation therapy group. In the chemotherapy group, 16% of patients were never-smokers, 42% were former smokers, and 42% were current smokers; 20% of patients continued to smoke during therapy. Never-smokers had higher response rates (19% vs. 8% vs. 12%; P=.004) and lower rates of progressive disease (49% vs. 65% vs. 66%; P=.002) than former and current smokers, respectively. The OS rates were found to be higher among never-smokers (P<0001), women (P=.002), and those with a better Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (P<.0001). The multivariate Cox model indicated that with adjustment for age, gender, stage of disease, and ECOG performance status, the hazard ratio was 1.47 for former smokers (P=.003) and 1.55 for current smokers (P=.0004). Active smoking during therapy did not appear to impact outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Never-smokers were found to have an improved outcome over smokers when treated with chemotherapy.     

Predictors of swallowing outcome in patients treated with surgery and radiotherapy for advanced oral and oropharyngeal cancer

Retaining effective swallowing is a key element when optimising outcomes in the management of head and neck cancer. We report the functional swallowing outcomes for a cohort of 31 individuals with advanced oral and oropharyngeal cancer who underwent free or pedicled flap reconstruction of surgical defects. Swallowing was assessed pre and immediately post surgery and at four months post treatment. Swallowing assessments were related to site, size and volume of defect and composition of flap reconstruction. The effect of radiotherapy on swallowing was assessed among 17 of the 31 individuals who were submitted to radiotherapy after surgery.The proportion of patients on a total oral diet four months post treatment varied significantly by site of defect (Fishers exact test p = 0.006), from 100% (7/7) of patients with a lateral defect to only 22% (2/9) of patients with a central defect.The proportion of patients on a total oral diet at the final assessment did not vary by flap reconstruction or radiotherapy.     

Clinicopathological features and outcome in advanced colorectal cancer patients with synchronous vs metachronous metastases

Background:

Synchronous metastases of colorectal cancer (CRC) are considered to be of worse prognostic value compared with metachronous metastases, but only few and conflicting data have been reported on this issue.

Methods:

We retrospectively investigated patient demographics, primary tumour characteristics and overall survival (OS) in 550 advanced CRC patients with metachronous vs synchronous metastases, who participated in the phase III CAIRO study. For this purpose only patients with a prior resection of the primary tumour were considered.

Results:

The clinical and pathological characteristics associated with poor prognosis that we observed more often in patients with synchronous metastases (n=280) concerned an abnormal serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentration (P=0.01), a worse WHO performance status (P=0.02), primary tumour localisation in the colon (P=0.002) and a higher T stage (P=0.0006). No significant difference in median OS was observed between patients with synchronous metastases and metachronous metastases (17.6 vs 18.5 months, respectively, P=0.24).

Conclusion:

Despite unfavourable clinicopathological features in patients with synchronous metastases with a resected primary tumour compared to patients with metachronous metastases, no difference in the median OS was observed. Possible explanations include a (partial) chemoresistance in patients with metachronous disease because of previous adjuvant treatment, whereas differences between the two groups in screening procedures resulting in a lead time bias to diagnosis or in prognostic molecular markers remain speculative.     

吉非替尼治疗晚期难治性小细胞肺癌合并急性上腔静脉综合征

目的：探索吉非替尼治疗晚期难治性小细胞肺癌(SCLC)的有效性和安全性。方法：口服吉非替尼250～500mg／d,按照WHO标准严密观察患的临床症状、体征、生活质量的客观疗效。结果：1例反复多药、多疗程化疗失败的SCLC患,合并急性上腔静脉综合征(SVCS),经脱水、利尿、大剂量环磷酰胺冲击化疗无效,2次应用吉非替尼均取得病情缓解,临床症状、体征消失,生活质量明显提高,而胸部瘤灶稳定,未见明显毒副反应。结论：吉非替尼治疗晚期难治性SCLC可能有效,值得临床进一步研究和观察。     

Prognostic impact of celiac lymph node involvement in patients after frontline treatment for advanced ovarian cancer

IntroductionCompleteness of cytoreduction is the most important prognostic factor in patients with advanced ovarian cancer (OC). Extensive upper abdominal surgery has allowed to increase the rate complete cytoreduction and the feasibility of resection of celiac lymph nodes (CLN) and porta hepatis disease in these patients has been demonstrated. The aim of our study was to assess the prognostic impact of CLN involvement in patients with primary advanced OC undergoing a complete cytoreductive surgery (CRS).Material and methodsWe designed a retrospective unicentric study. We reviewed data from patients who underwent CLN resection with or without porta hepatis disease resection, within upfront or interval complete CRS in the frontline treatment of advanced epithelial OC between January 2008 and December 2015. Patients were classified in two groups according to CLN status. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted. Survival rates were estimated using Kaplan-Meier method.ResultsForty-three patients were included and positive CLN were found in 39.5% of them. The median disease-free survival in the group of patients with positive and negative CLN were 11.3 months and 25.8 months, respectively. In multivariable analysis, both CLN involvement and high peritoneal cancer index were independently associated with decreased disease-free survival. Computed tomography re-reading by an expert radiologist has good sensitivity for detection of positive CLN.ConclusionCLN involvement and high preoperative tumor burden are independently associated with decreased survival after complete cytoreduction for OC. CLN involvement is a marker of diffuse disease and an independent risk factor for early recurrent disease.