Midline extraperitoneal approach for bilateral widespread retroperitoneal abscess originating from anorectal infection

IntroductionAnorectal abscess is one of the most common anorectal conditions encountered in practice. However, such abscesses may rarely extend upward and cause life-threatening medical conditions.Presentation of caseA 53-year-old woman presented with symptoms of anorectal abscess and evidence of severe inflammatory response and acute kidney injury. Computed tomography revealed a widespread abscess extending to the bilateral retroperitoneal spaces. Surgical drainage was performed via a totally extraperitoneal approach through a lower midline abdominal incision, and the patient had a rapid and uncomplicated recovery.DiscussionAlthough retroperitoneal abscesses originating from the anorectal region are rare, they are life-threating events that require immediate treatment. Percutaneous abscess drainage has been recently evolved; however, surgical drainage is required sometimes that may be challenging, particularly in the case of widespread abscesses, as in our case.ConclusionThe midline extraperitoneal approach reported here might be an effective surgical option for patients with bilateral widespread retroperitoneal abscesses.     

后腹腔镜肾癌根治术手术入路与肾周解剖特点研究（附82例报告）

目的：研究肾周腹膜后腔的解剖特点,探讨经后腹腔镜进行肾癌根治性切除术的手术入路。方法：采用后腹腔镜技术对82名肾癌患者行肾癌根治性切除术,通过术中观察、手术录像及总结既往经验,分析肾周解剖结构的特点、相互关系,以寻找更加安全、可靠、快捷的手术路径。结果：82例手术顺利,手术平均时间120．32min,平均出血量70．32ml,术中及术后未出现严重并发症,48例获7～77个月随访,1例术后34个月局部复发,术后4年死于转移性。肾癌。结论：利用肾周腹膜后腔的解剖特点,合理选择手术入路,可以减少出血,缩短手术时间,并且减少术后并发症的发生,提高疗效。     

头侧入路的内镜下全腹膜外疝修补术治疗原发性腹壁疝的临床研究

目的探讨治疗原发性腹壁疝的微创新方法——头侧入路的内镜下全腹膜外疝修补术（TEA）的临床效果。 方法回顾性分析2019年11月至2020年1月,南方医科大学附属何贤纪念医院患者2例,河南中医药大学第一附属医院患者1例,河南省商丘市睢县中医院患者2例,郑州市第七人民医院患者1例,共6例接受头侧入路的TEA手术的原发性脐疝患者的临床资料。阐述手术操作流程及技术细节,分析其可行性和有效性。 结果6例患者术中均成功分离中上腹腹膜外空间并置入大张网片加强修复脐疝缺损,手术均获得成功,无中转开放手术。平均手术时间164 min（120～240 min）。术后伤口疼痛较轻,且术后第1天平均疼痛视觉模拟评分2.2分（2～3分）。术后平均住院时间2.2 d（2～3 d）。术后1例出现脐部少量血清肿,观察后自愈,未影响手术效果。术后随访时间6～15周,未发现复发患者。 结论头侧入路的TEA术式是安全可行的,可作为治疗中线原发性腹壁疝的一个选择,同时也是对TEA术式的一个补充。此术式扩大了TEA技术的适应证,避免了腹腔内置片修补术的弊端,值得向经验丰富的腔镜疝外科医师有限度推广。     

Justification of extraperitoneal laparoscopic access for surgery of the upper urinary tract

Laparoscopic surgery was originally developed by gynecologists and general surgeons. Based on their experience, the first successful laparoscopic procedures in urology were performed transperitoneally. However, this novel technique transformed traditionally retroperitoneal procedures into transperitoneal procedures, giving free rein to distinct intraperitoneal complications. Retroperitoneal laparoscopy was a later development in urology. This approach has gained increasing popularity throughout the years and has challenged the transperitoneal laparoscopic route in many aspects. This review focuses on the advantages of retroperitoneal laparoscopic surgery of the upper urinary tract.     

“超级面纱法”腹膜外单孔机器人前列腺癌根治术的手术技巧体会与临床应用分析

目的:描述超级面纱法腹膜外单孔机器人前列腺癌根治术(super-veil extraperitoneal single-port robotic assisted radical prostatectomy, sesRARP)的手术步骤,总结短期随访结果,探讨其最佳应用场景。方法:回顾性分析2018年12月—2021年6月行sesRARP的41例器官局限性前列腺癌患者的临床资料。年龄52～79岁,平均(63.9±4.3)岁;前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)中位数8.70(6.35,11.84) ng/mL,中位前列腺体积32.90(28.98,33.85) mL,术前排尿功能正常,规律行性生活。术中取耻骨上5 cm横切口。性神经保留采用超级面纱法,将双侧血管神经束及腹侧的背深静脉丛、逼尿肌裙与耻骨膀胱韧带紧贴前列腺包膜完整分离。记录围术期并发症、出院前疼痛评分、住院天数、PSA随访指标、尿控恢复时间、性功能恢复时间等。结果:平均手术时间(93.3±28.29) min。术中出血量72.7(50～150) mL,未输血。切缘阳性率为14.6%(6/41)。术后住院天数为3(1.0,3....     

改良腰椎后正中手术入路的影像解剖学研究及临床初步应用

目的:对保留棘上韧带附丽的改良腰椎后正中入路进行相关影像解剖学研究,并观察其临床初步应用效果。方法:选取50例腰椎MRI图像资料,男27例,女23例,年龄37.1±8.2岁。在PACS系统上选择L3/4、L4/5、L5/S1各一幅T2W1轴位图像进行测量,包括棘上韧带宽度及厚度,胸腰筋膜、骶棘肌总腱膜于棘上韧带附丽部及多裂肌间隙部的厚度。在2具防腐成人尸体标本上模拟保留棘上韧带附丽的改良腰椎后正中手术入路。临床应用改良腰椎后正中手术入路22例,其中男12例,女10例,平均年龄51.5±8.0岁。单节段14例,双节段7例,三节段1例。术后随访3个月。观察切口长度、切口显露时间、出血量及术后腰痛程度。结果:胸腰筋膜、骶棘肌总腱膜附丽于棘上韧带。于L3/4、L4/5、L5/S1层面,多裂肌间隙与后正中线间距分别为16.32±6.56mm,27.43±6.36mm,33.65±4.77mm;腰筋膜附丽部厚度分别为0.81±0.17mm,0.88±0.15mm,0.87±0.14mm,与其肌间隙部厚度差异不显著(仅L4/5层面存在显著性差异);骶棘肌总腱膜附丽部厚度分别为1.76±0.51mm,1.71±0.40mm,1.78±0.50mm,同层面肌间隙部厚度分别为0.95±0.18mm,0.99±0.22mm,0.98±0.20mm,具有统计学显著性差异(P0.05)。尸体模拟手术示骶棘肌总腱膜深面与多裂肌之间存在潜在间隙,可无损伤分离至棘突旁,组织牵开张力小。所有22例均按手术方案完成减压、椎间融合器置入及椎弓根螺钉内固定术,显露良好,视野清晰,单节段、双节段切口长度分别平均4cm、6cm。结论:棘上韧带之骶棘肌总腱膜、胸腰筋膜附丽部均强大。保留棘上韧带附丽的改良腰椎后正中入路合理可行,可缩短切口长度,减轻肌肉损伤。     

经脐单孔腹腔镜完全腹膜外腹股沟疝修补术95例

目的总结经脐单孔腹腔镜下完全腹膜外腹股沟疝修补术手术技巧。 方法回顾分析2018年10月至2019年6月,宁波大学医学院附属医院开展的95例经脐单孔腹腔镜全腹膜外腹股沟疝修补术（SILS-TEP）的临床资料,总结手术技巧。 结果95例SILS-TEP手术,2例中转为常规三孔TAPP手术。单侧手术时间（66.74±10.95）min。术后发生血清肿3例,脐部切口感染2例,无阴囊血肿、慢性疼痛、补片感染和脐部切口疝,随访期间无复发。主要技巧包括：对常规单孔Port进行改良/造和带吸引电钩有助操作;脐下缘弧形切口有利于隐匿瘢痕;左右手交叉操作;疝囊用电钩分离或分离钳接电后分离。 结论熟练掌握单孔条件下的手术技巧及规范操作的TEP是安全可行的。     

腹膜外途径腹腔镜下根治性前列腺切除术切缘阳性的影响因素

目的探讨经腹膜外途径腹腔镜下根治性前列腺切除术后切缘阳性的影响因素。方法回顾性分析我院2010年1月至2018年12月99例行腹膜外途径腹腔镜下根治性前列腺切除术患者的临床资料。年龄51~79岁,平均(65.37±6.07)岁;前列腺特异抗原(PSA)2.80~79.50ng/mL,平均(16.84±12.28)ng/mL。分析术后病理切缘阳性的特征。按年龄、体质指数、术前PSA水平、穿刺针数阳性百分率、穿刺至手术时间、穿刺病理Gleason评分、临床T分期、前列腺癌危险分度、术后病理Gleason评分、术后T分期、腹盆腔手术史等进行分组,分析各组切缘阳性率的差异。采用χ^2检验进行单因素分析,有统计学差异的变量进入多因素Logistic回归分析,评价临床及病理相关资料与切缘阳性的关系。结果本组99例患者均在腹腔镜下顺利完成,无1例中转开放,手术时间平均(199.66±66.01)min,术中出血量平均(152.02±140.28)mL。术后病理证实均为前列腺癌,术后病理切缘阳性26例(26.3%)。将各危险因素分组后进行单因素分析,结果显示不同穿刺针数阳性百分率(P=0.047)、穿刺病理Gleason评分(P=0.023)、术后病理Gleason评分(P=0.007)、术后T分期(P=0.004)与切缘阳性存在相关性(P<0.05),而年龄(P=0.134)、体质指数(P=0.838)、术前PSA水平(P=0.299)、穿刺至手术时间(P=1.000)、临床T分期(P=0.821)、前列腺癌危险分度(P=0.903)、腹盆腔手术史(P=0.607)与切缘阳性均无相关性(P>0.05)。将单因素分析差异有统计学意义的指标及术前PSA、临床分期进行多因素分析,结果显示仅术后T分期(P=0.011)是切缘阳性的独立危险因素。结论穿刺针数阳性百分率、穿刺病理Gleason评分、术后病理Gleason评分、术后T分期与切缘阳性存在相关性,其中穿刺针数阳性百分率、穿刺病理Gleason评分及术后T分期越高,切缘阳性率越高。术后T分期是经腹膜外途径腹腔镜下根治性前列腺切除术后切缘阳性的独立危险因素。     

Totally extraperitoneal laparoscopic hernioplasty versus open extraperitoneal approach for inguinal hernia repair: A meta-analysis of outcomes of our current knowledge

BackgroundThe aim of this article is to explore the clinical effects between open extraperitoneal approaches and totally extraperitoneal laparoscopic hernioplasty (TEP) in the repair of inguinal hernias.MethodsThe electronic databases Pubmed, Medline, Embase, Web of science and the Cochrane Library were used to search for articles from January 1992 to March 2013. The present meta-analysis pooled the effects of outcomes of a total of 1157 patients with 1377 hernias enrolled into 10 randomized controlled trials and 2 comparative studies. The data was analyzed using the statistic software Stata12.0 and IBM SPSS Statistics 19.ResultsSignificant advantages of totally extraperitoneal laparoscopic hernioplasty (TEP) compared to the open extraperitoneal approach include a lower incidence of total postoperative complications (Odds Ratio, 0.544; 95% confidence interval, 0.369–0.803), a reduction in urinary problems (0.206[0.064,0.665]), an earlier return to normal activities or work (SMD = ?1.798[?3.322,?0.275]), and a shorter length of hospital stay (?1.995 [?2.358,?1.632]). No difference was found in operative time, the incidence of hernia recurrence, chronic pain, intraoperative complications, seromas or hematomas, wound infection and testicular problems between the two techniques. One significant advantage for the open extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair was a lower incidence of peritoneal tears (46.504 [15.399,140.437]).ConclusionsTotally extraperitoneal laparoscopic hernioplasty (TEP) and open extraperitoneal mesh repair are equivalent in most of the analyzed outcomes. TEP is associated with shorter hospital stay, quicker return to normal activities or work, lower incidence of total postoperative complications and urinary problems, while the open extraperitoneal method has less incidence of peritoneal tears.     

Urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract: surgical approach and prognostic factors

OBJECTIVES: Open radical nephroureterectomy (O-RNU) has been the gold standard for the treatment of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UUT-UC) for decades. With the advances in laparoscopic techniques and endourologic procedures, this concept has been increasingly challenged. Oncologic outcome prediction is mainly based on stage and grade. With progress in medical treatment, adjuvant therapies may gain importance in the future. This review assesses the values of the variety of available treatments as well as prognostic factors that may become relevant regarding patient selection for future adjuvant treatment trials. METHODS: We performed a systematic literature research using MEDLINE with emphasis on open surgical, laparoscopic, and endourologic (ureteroscopic or percutaneous) techniques and prognostic contents. RESULTS: Overall, no evidence level 1 information from prospective randomised trials is available for treatment of UUT-UC. Laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy (L-RNU) is increasingly challenging open surgery. Currently, L-RNU should be reserved for low-stage, low-grade tumours. Ureteroscopy and percutaneous nephron-sparing techniques show favourable survival data but high local recurrence rates. Regarding prognosis, estimation of outcome still relies mainly on stage and grade because no additional parameters have been introduced in a routine clinical setting. CONCLUSIONS: O-RNU still represents the gold standard for the treatment of UUT-UC. The laparoscopic approach is not yet standard of care and should be reserved for low-stage, low-grade tumours. Endourologic nephron-sparing treatments are still experimental in elective indications due to high local recurrence rates. For prognosis, no parameters in addition to stage and grade have been standardised.     

Cutting the cost: Laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair by totally extraperitoneal approach without disposable instruments

Background: One of the disadvantages of laparoscopic inguinal hernioplasty by the totally extraperitoneal approach is the cost associated with disposable instrumentation that is used to establish and maintain the preperitoneal space. A prospective audit and cost‐analysis of laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair with and without disposable instruments was conducted at the Royal Hobart Hospital, Australia. Methods: The data from 94 patients undergoing laparoscopic inguinal hernioplasty (47 with and 47 without disposable instruments) were reviewed. In the group without disposable instruments, digital dissection supplemented by movements of a 30° laparoscope, and followed by dissection with laparoscopic forceps, was used instead of disposable balloon expanders to establish and maintain the preperitoneal space during hernioplasty. Detailed pre‐, intra‐, and postoperative findings were audited for each laparoscopic inguinal hernioplasty technique. In‐hospital cost analysis was conducted for theatre time, and costs of laparoscopic and disposable instruments were compared. Result: The overall cost saving of not using disposable instrumentation at the initial stage was almost $A20 000 for 47 patients (approximately $A425 per case). The difference in theatre time used was not statistically significant. In the group of hernioplasty without disposable instruments, disposable balloon expanders were still required in three patients (8.2%) due to gas leakage, and one (2.6%) required conversion to open procedure due to profuse bleeding. There were two patients in this group with postoperative complications: one with seroma and one with urinary retention. Conclusion: The preperitoneal space was established and maintained in most patients without using the specially designed balloon expanders. Therefore, this modification of the totally extraperitoneal approach could be considered safe and effective, and should be attempted initially. However, in difficult cases, the disposable balloon expanders may still be required.     

Feasibility of a novel extraperitoneal two‐port laparoendoscopic approach for radical prostatectomy: An initial study

The aim of this study was to describe the surgical technique and to report the early outcomes of an original extraperitoneal two‐port laparoendoscopic approach for radical prostatectomy. A total of 22 consecutive patients diagnosed with early‐stage prostate cancer (cT1c, cT2N0) were operated on and included in this analysis. A multichannel port with three 5‐mm trocars, providing easier instrument handling, was inserted extraperitoneally through a 2.5‐cm lower umbilical “U” incision. An additional 12‐mm port was inserted into the left fossa to allow an adequate working angle to facilitate the most critical steps of the surgical procedures. The operation was successfully completed in all patients; one patient required an additional 5‐mm port to control bleeding. The median operation time was 259 min (range 207–453 min), and the fluid loss, including urine and blood, was 946 mL (range 257–1821 mL). The median Foley catheter indwelling period was 6 days (range 3–11 days) after surgery. No intraoperative complications occurred. Judging from this initial trial, this procedure can be safely carried out if the surgeon is familiar with conventional five‐port laparoscopic radical prostatectomy.     

Single-incision robotic-assisted living donor nephrectomy: case report and description of surgical technique

The introduction of laparoscopic surgery, and more recently of robotics, has increased the number of living donor kidney transplants. This approach has already improved living donor acceptance rates. Even newer developments in the field have now been introduced with the purpose of further reducing postoperative pain and length of hospital stay, while offering better cosmetic results. In particular, single-incision surgery has gained popularity by improving the well-known benefits of minimally invasive surgery. In this case report, we present the first single-incision robotic-assisted living donor nephrectomy.     

The combined petrosal approach. Anatomical principles, surgical technique and indications

Management of large petroclival tumors requires the use of extensive surgical approaches that usually jeopardize the intrapetrous neuro-otologic structures. To confirm the interest of the combined petrosal approach in this indication, we describe the relevant anatomy and the surgical steps of this procedure. After making a periauricular skin incision and muscle elevation, an occipitotemporal bone flap is shaped. Then a retrolabyrinthine exposure is undertaken, with optimal skeletonization of the semicircular canals. Around the internal auditory canal, the retromeatal area and the petrous apex are resected. The retrosigmoid dura is opened followed by the incision of the subtemporal and posterior fossa dura along the superior petrosal sinus. The sinus is coagulated and divided. The tentorium is sectioned transversally toward its free edge behind the porus of the trochlear nerve. The combined petrosal approach is able to provide a wide multidirectional corridor toward the ventral surface of the pons, the basilary trunk and the ipislateral cranial nerves from the oculomotor to the lower cranial nerves. This study confirms that despite a significant extra time needed for proper achievement, the combined petrosal approach is a valuable conservative approach when the petroclival area, ventral brain stem and basilary trunk are targeted. This approach should be included in the panel of the transpetrous routes available by expert skull base teams.     

Mini dorsal incision to the triangular fibrocartilage complex: a new surgical approach

The purpose of this paper is to describe a mini dorsal approach to the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC). We describe a mini incision approach which aims to preserve the structure and proprioception of the primary and secondary stabilisers of the wrist joint. This approach requires less dissection and provides adequate exposure to the distal aspect of the TFCC and allows visualisation of the distal radial ulna joint (DRUJ) with complete TFCC lesions.     

Advantages of using the midline incision right retroperitoneal approach for abdominal aortic aneurysm repair

This study was conducted to compare the midline incision right retroperitoneal approach for repairing abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) with the transperitoneal approach. The intra- and postoperative course of 15 patients who underwent AAA repair using the transperitoneal approach between 1987 and 1991 and another 15 patients who underwent AAA repair using the retroperitoneal approach between 1991 and 1994 were evaluated. The incidence of postoperative wound complications was also assessed. There was no operative or hospital death in either group. Although a significantly longer interval was required from the incision to the aortic clamp using the extraperitoneal method, there were no statistical differences in the aortic clamping time, total operation time, or blood loss between the two groups. On the other hand, there was a statistically significant improvement in bowel function and a significant reduction in the length of postoperative hospitalization following the extraperitoneal procedure. Furthermore, no wound complications such as those associated with the left flank incision developed after the extraperitoneal procedure. Thus, we recommend the midline incision right retroperitoneal approach for AAA as it does not involve muscle division and is associated with fewer complications.     

Minimally invasive anterior approach to upper cervical spine: surgical technique

OBJECTIVE: The transoral approach of Spetzler is the classic anterior access to the upper cervical spine that provides direct exposure for anterior decompression of the spinal cord. The risks of infection, the limits in extension, and the postoperative recovery difficulties of transmucosal access suggest the use of an alternative anterior extraoral approach in upper cervical surgery. However, this approach results in complications from nerve palsy because of excessive retraction of the hypoglossal and the superior laryngeal nerves. The goal of this work was to provide anatomic data for an anterior retropharyngeal upper cervical approach through a minimally invasive window below the hypoglossal and the superior laryngeal nerves. METHODS: In two adult cadaveric cervical spines, the anterior approach using the Metrx tubular retractor system through a window between the hypoglossal nerve and the superior laryngeal nerve, as well as below these two nerves, is compared in the exposure of C1 and C2 anteriorly with the aid of an operating microscope. RESULTS: A maximum diameter of the internervous window for the tubular retractor is reached beyond which the superior laryngeal nerve will be excessively stretched. Conversely, the tubular retractor can retract the superior laryngeal nerve superiorly without undue tension. Better proximal exposure is also made possible by angling an end-beveled tubular retractor on the mandible without undue compression on the hypoglossal and superior laryngeal nerves, the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve, and the submandibular gland. CONCLUSION: This minimally invasive approach can replace transoral surgery, allowing direct anterior access to C1 and C2 while allowing extension to the lower cervical spine.