Pediatric resident staff follow-up, 1958 to 1972: their present place of practice and activities.

Of 174 medical graduates who had undertaken residency training in pediatrics at the Health Centre for Children, Vancouver between 1958 and 1972, 156 replied to a questionnaire designed to determine their present activity. Excluding those still in training 58.4% are currently practising pediatrics, 28% are in family practice and 12.8% are in other areas of professional activity; 49% obtained a specialty degree in pediatrics and 5.4% obtained certification of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada in another specialty. Of the total, 69% have remaind in Canada; of the Canadian graduates 83% have remained in this country, compared with 63.8% of graduates from other countries. Estimation of pediatric manpower requirements should take into account the anticipated increase in population, the pediatrician attrition rate, the contribution one province may provide for the rest of the country, and the fact that only approximately 60% of pediatric trainees will ultimately practise this specialty.     

Women in pediatrics: the experience in Quebec.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the practice patterns of female pediatricians in Quebec with those of their male counterparts and to identify specific factors influencing these practice patterns. DESIGN: Matched cohort questionnaire survey. SETTING: Primary, secondary and tertiary care pediatric practices in Quebec. PARTICIPANTS: All 146 female pediatricians and 133 of the 298 male pediatricians, matched for age as well as type and site of practice; 119 (82%) of the female and 115 (86%) of the male pediatricians responded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Demographic and family data as well as detailed information about the practice profile. RESULTS: The two groups were comparable regarding demographic data, professional work and patient care. Compared with the male respondents, the female pediatricians were younger and saw more outpatients. The mean number of hours worked per week, excluding on-call duty, was 40.5 (standard deviation [SD] 12.4) for the women and 48.9 (SD 12.0) for the men (p < 0.001). The female pediatricians were more likely than their male counterparts to have spouses who were also physicians (40%) or in another profession (45%). The female pediatricians without children worked significantly fewer hours than the male pediatricians with or without children (p < 0.001). Children (p = 0.006), but not the number of children (p = 0.452), had a significant effect on the number of hours worked by the female pediatricians. CONCLUSION: The duality of the role of female physicians as mothers and professional caregivers must be considered during workload evaluations. If the same style of practice and the increase in the proportion of female pediatricians continue, about 20% more pediatricians will be needed in 10 years to accomplish the same workload.     

Patterns of practice in internal medicine in Ontario.

To determine the feasibility of wholly referral practice in internal medicine within a prepaid health service, the practice profiles of 694 internists in metropolitan, nonmetropolitan urban, and rural areas of Ontario were delineated by analysis of data from questionnaires and health-insurance billing. The questionnaire showed that two thirds of internists, chiefly younger practitioners, confined themselves to a referral consultant practice; the other one third included primary care. Subspecialists practised predominantly in metropolitan areas; most general internists in such areas provided primary care, whereas most general internists elsewhere had an entirely referral practice. This pattern of practice is greatly different from that in the United States but probably similar to that in other provinces in Canada. Extension of wholly referral practice to all internists in Ontario appears feasible, provided the numbers entering residency training are controlled. The present Ontario curricula for internal medicine and its subspecialties appear suitable for such a pattern of practice.     

Canadian departments of pediatrics and family medicine: in need of family therapy?

Whether and how much the departments of pediatrics in Canadian medical schools collaborate with the family medicine departments in training for child care were the focus of a survey conducted in 1983-84. Responses to a questionnaire sent to department heads indicated that in general the most supportive relationships existed in the western provinces, with progressively more problems uncovered from west to east. The responses concerning the roles of pediatricians and family physicians paralleled this trend, with the western view being that pediatricians are consultants and not competitors for primary care. Many respondents supported the expansion of family medicine, particularly into ambulatory and behavioural areas. The data provide some cause for concern about the future health care of children, as the forecasted oversupply of physicians is likely to encourage competition rather than consultation between the two groups. Also, many Canadian pediatricians accept the US model of pediatrics, which includes primary care, although in Canada the ratio of family physicians to pediatricians is six times that in the United States, and Canadian specialists are concentrated in urban centres. This means that family physicians will continue to provide most of the child care in Canada and need adequate training. They also need to develop cooperative, supportive relationships with specialists in child health care to enhance appropriate referral patterns.     

泰安市儿科医生抗生素使用认知状况调查分析

目的：调查儿科医生对抗生素使用知识的认知情况,发现影响儿科医生抗生素合理使用的影响因素,为临床合理使用抗生素提供依据。方法使用自编的《儿科常用抗生素知识问卷》分别对泰安市四家医院的70名儿科医生进行了问卷调查,计算问卷及格率来判断医生对抗生素应用知识的掌握情况。结果泰安市各级医院的儿科医生对应用抗生素的知识掌握情况较差,及格率为50%。不同职称、不同儿科工作时间的医生,及格率差异有统计学意义（P﹤0.05）。医生的年龄、学历、医院级别、有无进修、有无继续教育无统计学差异（P﹥0.05）。结论临床儿科医生对抗生素的使用知识的掌握情况普遍较差,提示管理部门应在临床普及抗生素使用知识,加强培训,提高抗生素正确使用率。此外,经验丰富的儿科临床医生应发挥传帮带的作用,使临床抗生素的使用更加规范、合理。     

基于美国社区儿科医生培养体系探索中国引入社区儿科的必要性、可行性及发展建议

中国儿童医疗保健需求激增,儿童疾病预防需求增长,保障有特殊医疗健康需求儿童的困难性突出,而美国社区全科儿科的发展有效解决了儿童基本医疗保健难点。因此,本研究旨在从国家政策导向、需方对社区儿科的实际需求、供方对社区儿科的期望论证社区儿科在中国发展的可行性;并借鉴美国社区儿科医生培养体系的发展经验,从培养模式、目标、内容、形式等多角度为中国社区儿科发展提供思路和理论依据。     

基层儿科医师专业能力层级式提升培训模式的探索与实践

目前,基层儿科医师常规的专科培训（以公共科目理论学习为主）并不能很好地满足基层儿科医生的需求。为带动基层儿童医疗事业发展,促进区域儿科医务人员素养、医疗、临床科研能力的提高,重庆医科大学附属儿童医院从培训目标、培训内容、培训方法、培训方案的构建及评价、质量控制等方面自行设计和构建“儿科医师专业能力层级式提升培训模式”;并在咸阳市儿童医院分别开展了为期8个月的“儿科专业基础专项培训”和为期9个月的“儿科专业能力提高培训”。在“基础专项培训”中,88名学员经培训后进行综合考评,其中53名学员均达到合格及以上水平;在“能力提高培训”中,实际参评的29名学员中有26名学员均达到合格及以上水平。学员反馈其有效完善了自身的知识结构,拓展了临床诊疗思维和临床研究思路,为临床工作带来了一定的指导。     

Correlates of certification in family medicine in the billing patterns of Ontario general practitioners.

There is conflicting evidence as to whether physicians who are certified in family medicine practise differently from their noncertified colleagues and what those differences are. We examined the extent to which certification in family medicine is associated with differences in the practice patterns of primary care physicians as reflected in their billing patterns. Billing data for 1986 were obtained from the Ontario Health Insurance Plan for 269 certified physicians and 375 noncertified physicians who had graduated from Ontario medical schools between 1972 and 1983 and who practised as general practitioners or family physicians in Ontario. As a group, certificants provided fewer services per patient and billed less per patient seen per month. They were more likely than noncertificants to include counselling, psychotherapy, prenatal and obstetric care, nonemergency hospital visits, surgical services and visits to chronic care facilities in their service mix and to bill in more service categories. Certificants billed more for prenatal and obstetric care, intermediate assessments, chronic care and nonemergency hospital visits and less for psychotherapy and after-hours services than noncertificants. Many of the differences detected suggest a practice style consistent with the objectives for training and certification in family medicine. However, whether the differences observed in our study and in previous studies are related more to self-selection of physicians for certification or to the types of educational experiences cannot be directly assessed.     

Factors influencing the emigration of physicians from Canada to the United States.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether location of postgraduate medical training and other factors are associated with the emigration of physicians from Canada to the United States. DESIGN: Case-control study, physicians were surveyed with the use of a questionnaire mailed in May 1994 (with a reminder sent in September 1994), responses to which were accepted until Dec. 31, 1994. PARTICIPANTS: Physicians randomly selected from the CMA database, 4000 with addresses in Canada and 4000 with current addresses in the United States and previous addresses in Canada. OUTCOME MEASURES: Sex, age, location of undergraduate and postgraduate medical training, qualifications, practice location, opinions concerning residence decisions, current satisfaction and plans. RESULTS: The overall response rate was 49.6% (50.0% among physicians in the United States and 49.2% among those in Canada). Age and sex distributions were similar among the 8000 questionnaire recipients and the nearly 4000 respondents. Physicians living in the United States were more likely to be older (mean 53.2 v. 49.6 years of age), male (87% v. 75%) and specialists (79% v. 52%) than those practising in Canada. Postgraduate training in the United States was associated with subsequent emigration (odds ratio 9.2, 95% confidence interval 7.8 to 10.7). However, in rating the importance of nine factors in the decision to emigrate or remain in Canada, there was no significant difference between the two groups in the rating assigned to location of postgraduate training. Professional factors rated most important by most physicians in both groups were professional/clinical autonomy, availability of medical facilities and job availability. Remuneration was considered an equally important factor by those in Canada and in the United States. Six of seven personal/family factors were rated as more important to their choice of practice location by respondents in Canada than by those in the United States. Current satisfaction was significantly higher among respondents in the United States. Most physicians in each group planned to continue practising at their current location. Of Canadian respondents, 22% indicated that they were more likely to move to the United States than they were a year beforehand, whereas 4% of US respondents indicated that they were more likely to return to Canada. CONCLUSIONS: Factors affecting the decision to move to the United States or remain in Canada can be categorized as "push" factors (e.g., government involvement) and "pull" factors (e.g., better geographic climate in the US). Factors can also be categorized by whether they are amenable to change (e.g., availability of medical facilities) or cannot be managed (e.g., proximity of relatives). An understanding of the reasons why physicians immigrate to the United States or remain in Canada is essential to planning physician resources nationally.     

An Exploration on the Post Training Mode of the Pediatric Specialists in Tertiary Comprehensive Hospitals (Summary of the Meeting of the Clinical Ability Teaching Training Mode of the Pediatrist in 2018)

In order to improve the post competence of the pediatricians in the medical treatment alliance of the pediatric department in the central regions of Shanghai, and improve the collaboration ability of the main unit Ruijin Hospital of the medical treatment alliance of the pediatric department in the central regions of Shanghai and the pediatric departments of the community hospitals, the medical treatment alliance of the pediatric department in the central regions of Shanghai convoked the Seminar of Enhancement Mode of Pediatrician Post competence in the Shanghai Science Hall on September 15, 2018. The experts from the United States, Europe and China were invited to participate in discussions and exchanges, a seminar was had on the pediatrics sickness, the role definition of the medical personnel in the pediatric department and the training mode, and whether the trustworthy medical practice activity behaviors of the American pediatric department conform to the daily practice of the pediatric department in China was deliberated, all of which laid the foundation for establishing the training system of the post competence of the pediatricians in the medical treatment alliance and declaring the Chinese national pediatric digestive endoscope base.     

从香港儿科专科医师培训过程探索内地儿科住院医师规范化培训

香港儿科专科医师培训已经具有二十多年的成功经验,在香港医管局和香港儿科医学院的管理下,制定严格完善的多家医院培训轮转、休假等一系列制度,各轮转阶段要求明确。无论是基础培训、高级培训还是海外培训机构均需要获得认证,保证学员获得良好的培训。经过6年左右严格培训,学员成为基础扎实并拥有亚专科经验的普通儿科医师,循证实践、临床技能和学习能力强,具有良好的职业操守和团队合作精神,值得在内地住院医师规范化培训中借鉴。     

21世纪儿科医学人才培养方向研究与对策

1998年儿科专业从本科目录取消后，应当采取什么方式或途径培养儿科专业医学人才是儿科医学界十分关注的问题。为此，采用问卷调查形式，对上海地区和全国18所儿童医院的儿科医师队伍、医疗任务进行了调研。调查结果显示，现有儿科医师结构不合理，儿科医疗市场需求量大，而医师队伍从数量或质量上都必须提高。因此，必须进一步深化教育改革、调整临床医学专业儿科课程、拓宽知识面，为今后培养儿科专科医师打下良好基础；必须加强儿科住院医师规范化培训后考核力度，为进入专门化培训、选拔优秀人才提供依据；尽快建立儿科医师继续医学教育基地，为儿科医学事业的发展培养高素质人才。     

Career changes among Saskatchewan physicians.

OBJECTIVE: To determine how often Saskatchewan physicians changed career paths during medical training and practice. DESIGN: Population survey (mailed questionnaire). SETTING: Saskatchewan. PARTICIPANTS: All 1077 active members of the Saskatchewan Medical Association were sent a questionnaire; 493 (45.8%) responded. OUTCOME MEASURES: Long-term career goal or plan in next-to-last year of undergraduate medical school, probable choice of career if forced to choose at that time, and number of physicians who changed their field of training or practice at any time since graduation. RESULTS: In all, 57.8% (237/410) of the respondents were currently practising in a field different from that planned in their next-to-last year of medical school, 63.5% (275/436) were not practising in the field they would have chosen if forced to at that time, and 42.9% (211/492) had changed their field of training or practice at some time since graduation. Older physicians, those who graduated outside of Canada and specialists were the most likely to have changed career paths, family physicians, and those who graduated in Saskatchewan were the least likely to have changed. CONCLUSION: The current system of postgraduate training in Canada does not permit career changes of the sort made by most of the practising Saskatchewan physicians in the survey sample. The implications of this new system are as yet unknown but require careful monitoring.     

Management of common musculoskeletal problems: a survey of Ontario primary care physicians.

BACKGROUND: In Canada, primary care physicians manage most musculoskeletal problems. However, their training in this area is limited, and some aspects of management may be suboptimal. This study was conducted to examine primary care physicians' management of 3 common musculoskeletal problems, ascertain the determinants of management and compare management with that recommended by a current practice panel. METHODS: A stratified computer-generated random sample of 798 Ontario members of the College of Family Physicians of Canada received a self-administered questionnaire by mail. Respondents selected various items in the management of 3 hypothetical patients: a 77-year-old woman with a shoulder problem, a 64-year-old man with osteoarthritis of the knee and a 30-year-old man with an acutely hot, swollen knee. Scores reflecting the proportion of recommended investigations, interventions and referrals selected for each scenario were calculated and examined for their association with physician and practice characteristics and physician attitudes. RESULTS: The response rate was 68.3% (529/775 eligible physicians). For the shoulder problem, all of the recommended items were chosen by the majority of respondents. However, of the items not recommended, ordering blood tests was selected by almost half (242 [45.7%]) as was prescribing an NSAID (236 [44.7%]). For the knee osteoarthritis the majority of respondents chose the recommended items except exercise (selected by only 175 [33.1%]). Of the items not recommended, tests were chosen by about half of the respondents and inappropriate referrals (chiefly for orthopedic surgery) were chosen by a quarter. For the acutely hot knee, the majority of physicians chose all of the recommended items except use of ice or heat (selected by only 188 [35.6%]). Although most (415 [78.5%]) of the respondents selected the recommended joint aspiration for this scenario, 84 (15.9%) omitted this investigation or referral to a specialist. The selection of recommended items was strongly associated with training in musculoskeletal specialties during medical school and residency. INTERPRETATION: Primary care physicians' management of 3 common musculoskeletal problems was for the most part in accord with panel recommendations. However, the unnecessary use of diagnostic tests, inappropriate prescribing of NSAIDs, low use of patient-centred options such as exercise, and lack of diagnostic suspicion of infectious arthritis are cause for concern. The results point to the need for increased exposure to musculoskeletal problems during undergraduate and residency training and in continuing medical education.     

Neonatal resuscitation in Canadian hospitals.

A survey of Canadian hospitals providing obstetric care was undertaken to assess preparation, protocols, training and staff availability for neonatal resuscitation. Of the 721 hospitals contacted 577 (80%) responded. The reported availability of written guidelines for resuscitation varied greatly, depending on hospital size and proximity to a tertiary care centre. Many hospitals, especially those with 300 births or fewer annually, reported that they depend on family physicians or nurses to start and to continue neonatal resuscitation. Approximately one third of the hospitals had written guidelines for summoning personnel for additional help, and one third used a list of maternal or fetal indications for the presence of a physician specifically for the care of the infant at birth. Of 200 hospitals 138 (69%) had to summon additional medical help from outside the institution, 60% at all times. A neonatal resuscitation team in which members' roles were defined was established in 22% of the hospitals. Few hospitals held rehearsals for resuscitation. Nurses were permitted to perform intubation in 21 hospitals (4%), 7 of them in Alberta. National professional bodies should develop guidelines for training and skill maintenance, and hospitals should develop protocols for maintaining equipment and for neonatal resuscitation team activities, including regular practice. Training should be improved in family practice and obstetrics programs, and consideration should be given to training senior obstetric nurses and respiratory therapists in intubation of neonates.     

Canadian pediatricians: demographic characteristics, perceptions of training, and continuing medical education.

A nationwide survey of Canadian pediatricians was undertaken to answer questions about demographic and practice characteristics, perceptions of the quantity and quality of residency training in relation to the realities of practice, and the patterns of use and the value of continuing medical education. The findings included a lower average age of pediatricians from that determined 10 years earlier, a higher proportion of women practising pediatrics, and higher proportions of pediatricians entering practice in smaller communities, doing geographic full-time university work and doing mainly consulting work. Pediatrics is still perceived as an attractive discipline, but there is dissatisfaction with the quantity and quality of training in adolescent medicine, ophthalmology, dermatology, psychosocial pediatrics and orthopedics. The changing patterns of continuing medical education among the most recent certificants suggest a need for journals and professional societies to assess how they can better meet the needs of Canadian pediatricians in this area.     

A survey of Canadian rheumatology training programs, 1968 to 1978.

The committee on manpower of the Canadian Rheumatism Association retrospectively surveyed Canadian rheumatology training programs for the period 1968 to 1978. There were 133 trainees during that period, who accounted for a total of 201 trainee-years. Most trainee-years were taken up by first-year trainees, especially in the first half of the decade under study. Although three training centres accounted for two thirds of all the trainee-years, there was a progressive increase in the proportion of trainees attending other centres. The majority of trainees were Canadian medical graduates. More than one third of the alumni of these programs held full-time academic positions, and more than three quarters had some academic affiliation. One third were spending at least half of their professional time in teaching and research, but only 71 were spending half or more of their practice time in rheumatology in Canada. The remainder had established residence abroad or were spending at least half of their practice time in areas other than rheumatology. The rapid expansion of Canadian training programs has not been paralleled by a proportionate increase in rheumatologic manpower in Canada.     

综合性医院儿科门诊就诊者心理行为问题调查

目的了解综合性医院儿科门诊就诊患者中有关心理行为问题,以及家长们对待儿童心理问题的态度及诊治需求。方法对2006年12月至2007年1月在本院儿科门诊就诊的4~15岁儿童的家长或监护人进行问卷调查,采用自行设计问卷及儿科症状检查表(PSC),对结果进行统计学分析。结果39.2%的家长认为患躯体疾病会使儿童产生心理行为方面的影响,如睡眠不好、易激惹发脾气等。16.6%的家长认为孩子平时有心理行为方面的问题,然而其中只有39.4%的家长与医师讨论过这些问题,与此相比78.8%的家长能与自己的亲友讨论这些问题。如果发现孩子有心理行为问题,55.8%的家长选择在心理门诊就诊,32.2%的家长选择在儿保门诊就诊,8.5%的家长选择在普通儿科门诊就诊,3.5%的家长选择在精神科门诊就诊。结论患躯体疾病会对孩子产生一些心理行为方面的影响,儿科门诊医师在诊治儿童的躯体疾病时不应忽略这些影响,应予早期的处理,问题严重时转诊到精神专科。虽然家长已经发现孩子平时存在心理行为方面的问题,真正与医师讨论过的家长还不到一半,这影响了儿童心理行为方面的问题的解决。与在精神专科就诊相比,家长们更愿意在心理门诊及儿保门诊就诊,但选择在普通儿科门诊就诊的家长不多,应该充分利用普通儿科门诊这个解决儿童心理行为问题的最便利的资源,改善我国儿童的精神健康服务。     

九省市县级医疗机构儿科医师继续医学教育需求调查

目的:了解我国县级医疗机构儿科医师在继续医学教育（continuing medical education,CME）授课内容方面的需求,以及参加CME的影响因素,为提升县级医疗机构儿科医师诊疗能力提供参考。方法:对参加"全国儿科医师培训项目"的九省市县级医疗机构儿科医师进行问卷调查。调查内容包括：一般资料、CME授课内...     

Factors associated with the decision of family physicians to provide intrapartum care.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate which characteristics and beliefs of family physicians determine their decision to provide intrapartum care. DESIGN: Confidential survey questionnaire mailed in spring 1993. SETTING: Alberta and Ontario. SUBJECTS: Random selection of 207 physicians who had graduated from medical school between 1953 and 1990 and were thought to be in family or general practice. Of 178 eligible physicians, usable replies were received from 104 (58.4%). OUTCOME MEASURES: Beliefs (measured on a 7-point Likert scale) about the relevance of 16 primary factors to the type of obstetric care provided; demographic, training and practice characteristics. RESULTS: The respondents who provided intrapartum care differed from those who did not in their beliefs about the availability of a local hospital suitable for intrapartum care (p < 0.001), their practice partners' views on the role of family physicians in providing obstetric care (p < 0.002), their own concept of the role of family physicians in providing obstetric care (p < 0.001) and women's views on the type of obstetric care they want (p < 0.002). They also differed, although less significantly, in their beliefs about the adequacy of their obstetric training before entering family practice (p < 0.04), the expected effects of providing obstetric care on their free time (p < 0.006), their fear of malpractice litigation (p < 0.028) and their perceived competence in performing practical obstetric procedures (p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that certain secondary factors were particularly relevant to the respondents' provision of intrapartum care at present. These included the physician's perceived competence at managing postpartum maternal hemorrhage (odds ratio [OR] 48.90, 90% confidence interval [CI] 4.70 to 509), the belief that medical insurance premiums should not be affected by the type of obstetric care provided (OR 3.55, 90% CI 1.67 to 7.57]) and the number of practice partners who provided intrapartum care (OR 10.08, 90% CI 2.31 to 44.10). CONCLUSION: Several factors appear to influence family physicians in their decision to provide intrapartum care. This information will help to focus efforts to provide appropriate obstetric training for family practice residents and to retain involvement of family physicians in intrapartum care.