肠炎沙门菌可变数目串联重复序列位点用于多位点可变数目串联重复序列分型分析的评价

目的 评价不同肠炎沙门菌可变数目串联重复序列(VNTR)位点用于多位点可变数目串联重复序列(MLVA)分型的可行性.方法 选取已报道使用的肠炎沙门菌11个VNTR位点,对中国不同时间和地区分离的16株菌进行初步评价,选取具有单一扩增条带的位点进行104株肠炎沙门茵的MLVA分型分析.对这些菌株同时进行脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分析,比较MLVA分型方法与PFGE分型方法对菌株分型能力的强弱.结果 初筛得到7个VNTR位点用于扩大菌株的分析,这些位点将104株菌分为16个MLVA型别,D值为0.7222,这些菌株同时被分为22个PFGE型别,D值为0.7974.对两种方法各自所分的最大组包含的菌株进行比较,发现PFGE具有更强的分辨能力;从频数分布看,PFGE方法分型结果比较分散,MLVA分型较为集中.结论 用于国际肠炎沙门菌分型具有扩增多态性的VNTR位点在国内分离株中并不都具有多态性结果,在MLVA方法学建立中应选择更多的VNTR位点进行广泛的筛选才有利于国际实验室间的方法的统一.     

肠炎沙门菌可变数目串联重复序列位点用于多位点可变数目串联重复序列分型分析的评价

目的 评价不同肠炎沙门菌可变数目串联重复序列(VNTR)位点用于多位点可变数目串联重复序列(MLVA)分型的可行性.方法 选取已报道使用的肠炎沙门菌11个VNTR位点,对中国不同时间和地区分离的16株菌进行初步评价,选取具有单一扩增条带的位点进行104株肠炎沙门茵的MLVA分型分析.对这些菌株同时进行脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分析,比较MLVA分型方法与PFGE分型方法对菌株分型能力的强弱.结果 初筛得到7个VNTR位点用于扩大菌株的分析,这些位点将104株菌分为16个MLVA型别,D值为0.7222,这些菌株同时被分为22个PFGE型别,D值为0.7974.对两种方法各自所分的最大组包含的菌株进行比较,发现PFGE具有更强的分辨能力;从频数分布看,PFGE方法分型结果比较分散,MLVA分型较为集中.结论 用于国际肠炎沙门菌分型具有扩增多态性的VNTR位点在国内分离株中并不都具有多态性结果,在MLVA方法学建立中应选择更多的VNTR位点进行广泛的筛选才有利于国际实验室间的方法的统一.     

广东省2008－2009 年沙门菌监测

目的 了解广东省腹泻患者中沙门菌的感染及沙门菌暴发的情况以及沙门菌株的血清型别、耐药性和分子特征.方法 对纳入研究的腹泻病患者进行沙门菌的检测,对日常监测中分离到的菌株和暴发监测收集到的菌株进行血清分型、药物敏感试验和脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分型.结果 2008年共检测1922份粪便标本,分离到7l株沙门菌,阳性率为3.7%;2009年检测2110份粪便标本,分离到85株沙门菌,阳性检出率为4.0%;156株菌共分37种血清型,鼠伤寒和肠炎沙门菌居多;监测到10起由沙门菌污染引起的食物中毒事件,其中有4起由肠炎沙门菌引起,有3起由鼠伤寒沙门菌引起;发现1起疑似肠炎沙门菌暴发,并开展流行病学调查,结果提示4名病例中有2名病例是感染同一来源的肠炎沙门菌;229株沙门菌对头孢类和喹诺酮类抗菌药物敏感率达80%以上,59.3%是多重耐药沙门菌.结论 在广东省引起感染性腹泻和食物中毒的沙门菌主要为肠炎沙门菌和鼠伤寒沙门菌.

Abstract：

Objective To understand the infection of Salmonella (S.) in patients with diarrhea and outbreaks caused by Salmonella to identify the serotypes, resistance to antibiotics and PFGE types of the strains from the surveillance program in Guangdong province. Methods S. strains from patients with diarrhea were detected, and all the positive strains collected in routine and outbreak surveillance programs, were tested by serum agglutination, antibiotic susceptibility and PFGE.Results 71 S. strains were isolated from 1922 stool samples in 2008, with positive rate as 3.7%.85 S. strains were isolated from 2110 stool samples in 2009, with positive rate as 4.0%. All the 156 strains were divided into 37 serotypes, with S. serotype typhimurium and enteritidis as the most common serotypes. 10 incidents of food poisoning were detected, of which 4 were caused by enteritidis and 3 by typhimurium. A suspected outbreak by enteritidis was discovered and under epidemiological investigation. The findings indicated that 2 of the 4 patients from this outbreak were infected with identical enteritidis isolates. 80% of the 229 isolates were found susceptible to cephalosporins and quinoione and 59.3% of them were muitiresistant to the antibiotics. Conclusion S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium were the most common serotypes that caused infectious diarrhoea and food poisoning in Guangdong province.     

2008-2009年北京市沙门菌流行特征和分子分型

目的 分析2008-2009年北京市沙门菌流行特征及脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分子分型. 方法 对2008-2009年通过WHO全球沙门菌监测系统及北京市肠道门诊监测系统分离到的137株沙门菌进行生化鉴定、血清分型和相关流行病学分析;利用PFGE进行分子分型. 结果 北京市2008-2009年沙门菌的流行具有明显季节性,6-9月份高发,共分离菌株84株,占64.1%(84/131);患者年龄多为18～40岁,占46.1%(58/128);男性80例,女性51例,男女比例为1.57:1.137株沙门菌分属于20种血清型,其中肠炎沙门菌和鼠伤寒沙门菌为优势菌型,分别占46.7%(64/137)和17.5%(24/137).共分71种PFGE带型,其中肠炎沙门菌和鼠伤寒沙门菌都有16种PFGE型别.肠炎沙门菌的4种PFGE型别(JEGX01.CN0001、JEGX01.CN0003、JFGX01.CN0002、JEGX01.CN0019)和鼠伤寒沙门菌的JPXX01.CN0001为优势分子型别. 结论 2008-2009年北京市沙门菌的流行具有性别、年龄和季节性分布特征;PFGE分子型别较多,且存在差异明显的多个克隆系.

Abstract：

Objective To study the epidemiological characteristics and molecular phenotypes of Salmonella by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) in Beijing from 2008 to 2009. Methods A total of one hundred thirty-seven isolates recovered from the WHO Global Samonella Surveillance system and entero clinic surveillance system were identified by biochemical tests and serotyping.The related epidemiological informations were also analyzed.The isolates were further typed by PFGE. Results The prevalence of Salmonella from 2008 to 2009 showed obvious seasonal character.High incidence occurred from June to September,and 64.1% (84/131) isolates were recovered in this period.Patients of 18-40 year-old were 46.1% (58/128) and 80 patients were male and 40 patients were female with the ratio of 1.57:1.These 137 Salmonella isolates belonged to 20 serotypes,including Enteritidis (46.7%,64/137) and Typhimurium (17.5%,24/137) as the dominant serotype.In total,71 PFGE profiles were identified.Four PFGE patterns of S.Enteritidis isolates (JEGX01.CN0001,JEGX01.CN0003,JEGXO1.CN0002,JEGX01.CN0019) and S.Typhimurium pattern of JPXX01.CN0001 were dominant patterns. Conclusion The prevalence of Salmonella from 2008 to 2009 showed distribution characteristics of sex,age and seasons.The numerous PFGE patterns of Salmonella showed diversity of these isolates and different clones existed in Beijing.     

62株克罗诺杆菌多位点可变数目串联重复序列分析分子分型研究

目的利用克罗诺杆菌多位点可变数目串联重复序列分析(MLVA)分型方法对国内62株克罗诺杆菌进行MLVA分型研究。方法利用文献报道的4个克罗诺杆菌可变串联重复序列(VNTR)位点,应用PCR、毛细管电泳、基因测序方法,使用BioNumerics软件聚类分析菌株MLVA分型多态性。结果 62株菌分为8个群28个MLVA型别,其中II群的菌株数目占总菌株数目的比例最大(43.5%);菌株流行特征呈同一地区具有多个MLVA型别特点,其中MLVA-5型在多个省份有分布。结论国内克罗诺杆菌存在丰富的基因多态性;需要建立和筛选更适合中国菌株的VNTR位点来进一步优化现行的MLVA策略。     

可变数目串联重复序列技术用于中国C群脑膜炎奈瑟菌基因分型的研究

目的利用脑膜炎奈瑟菌基因组中可变数目串联重复序列（VNTR）特征,对中国C群脑膜炎奈瑟菌菌株进行基因分型.方法中国C群脑膜炎奈瑟菌菌株109株,选择脑膜炎奈瑟菌DNA中4个VNTR位点,PCR扩增含有串联重复序列的DNA片段,选择每一个VNTR位点有差别的PCR产物进行测序,序列比对,测算串联重复序列的拷贝数.Bio-Rad Gel DocTM XR凝胶成像分析系统计算PCR产物DNA片段的碱基含量,换算成串联重复数;对109株菌株4个位点的串联重复序列拷贝数进行聚类分析,依据聚类分析结果进行基因分型,并将VNTR基因分型结果与脉冲场凝胶电泳基因分型（PFGE）结果进行比较.结果109株C群脑膜炎奈瑟菌菌株分为22个VNTR基因型,同一暴发来源的菌株具有相同VNTR特征;VNTR基因分型方法与PFGE基因分型具有相关关系.结论应用VNTR技术可以对中国C群脑膜炎奈瑟菌进行基因分型和分子流行病学方面的研究,VNTR基因分型可较好地应用于追溯流行性脑脊髓膜炎暴发传染源.     

不同串联重复序列位点组合用于中国结核分枝杆菌基因分型的能力比较分析

目的 初步评价不同串联重复序列(VNTR)位点在中国8省市结核分枝杆菌基因分型中的应用,寻找适合中国地区结核分枝杆菌基因分型的位点组合.方法 从中国8个省(市、自治区)2800余株结核分枝杆菌临床分离菌株中以简单数字表法随机抽取140株,采用多位点数目可变串联重复序列分析方法(MLVA)对27个数目可变VNTR位点进行基因多态性检测,采用BioNumerics数据库软件进行单位点和不同位点组合的分辨率(Hunter-Gaston指数,HGI)分析,并比较分析其对140株菌的基因分型鉴定能力.同时采用间隔区寡核苷酸分型(Spoligotyping)将140株菌分为北京家族和非北京家族,评价上述不同VNTR位点组合在北京家族和非北京家族中的分型能力.结果 140株菌主要可分为2个基因群,即北京家族112株,占80%;非北京家族28株,占20%.Spoligotyping分型对140株结核分枝杆菌的HGI为0.4589.MLVA分析结果显示不同位点在不同菌株群存在明显的多态性,不同位点的HGI具有较大差异(0～0.809),对全部菌株、北京家族菌株、非北京家族菌株的HGI达到0.5以上的VNTR位点数分别为8、7和14个.27个VNTR位点进行不同的位点组合:优化筛选的8位点组合、国际推荐的12个、15个和24个位点组合.4个组合的HGl分别为0.9991、0.9882、0.9980和0.9986;在北京家族菌株中,上述组合的HGI依次为0.9987、0.9318、0.9969和0.9975;在非北京家族菌株中分别为1、0.9894、1和1.结论不同的VNTR位点和不同VNTR位点组合在中国8省市结核分枝杆菌中的HGI均存在明显差异;本研究优化的8个位点组合MLVA分型方法在中国结核分枝杆菌流行病学研究可能具有良好的应用前景.     

多位点可变数目串联重复序列分析对致病性钩端螺旋体分型的研究

钩端螺旋体(钩体)病是一种自然疫源性疾病.近年来以可变数目串联重复序列(variable number of tandemrepeats,VNTR)为基础的分型方法,逐渐被应用于分子流行病学研究中.本研究选取我国致病性钩端螺旋体15群15型参考菌株,初步探讨多位点可变数目串联重复序列分析(MLVA)在钩体病分子流行病学研究中的应用价值.     

结核分枝杆菌多位点可变数目串联重复序列分型方法标准化操作程序的建立

目的 建立结核分枝杆菌多位点可变数目串联重复序列分析(MLVA)的标准化方法,评价该方法的分型能力、应用价值.方法 选取15个位点,采用核酸提取、PCR和琼脂糖凝胶电泳等技术,结合BioNumeries(Version 5.0)软件,对中国54株结核分枝杆菌临床分离株进行分型.结果确定标准化的MLVA方法,包括细菌分离培养、核酸提取、PCR、琼脂糖凝胶电泳等实验步骤及标化参数的相关数据分析软件的使用.VNTR位点确定为ETRA、ETRB、ETRC、ETRD、ETRE、MIRU10、MIRU16、MIRU23、MIRU26、MIRU27、MIRU39、MIRU40、Mtub21、Mtub30和Mtub39.结论建立MLVA标准化技术方案,该方法操作简便,分型鉴定能力及实验室间结果可比性强,便于网络化,有利于结核病流行中追溯传染源,分析流行趋势.     

可变数目串联重复序列分析与多位点序列分析在伯氏疏螺旋体分型研究中的应用

目的 评价多位点可变数目串联重复序列分析(MLVA)和多位点序列分析(MLSA)两种方法在伯氏疏螺旋体分型研究中的应用.方法 采用MLVA和MLSA两种方法对31株伯氏疏螺旋体分型结果进行比较分析.结果 31株伯氏疏螺旋体用MLVA方法分成4簇,24个基因型,其中21个独立基因型,成簇率达24/31,MLVA的分辨率达到0.969;MLSA可将31株伯氏疏螺旋体分成4簇,每株都可独立分析,但有3个节点步长值(Bootstrap value) ＜50％.结论 MLVA和MLSA两种方法均适合于伯氏疏螺旋体的分型研究,对于部分分型有异议的菌株,将MLVA与MLSA联合可有效进行伯氏疏螺旋体的分型鉴定.     

利用串联重复序列研究炭疽芽胞杆菌的基因分型

目的 应用基因组中多位点串联重复序列遗传标记对不同地区88株炭疽芽胞杆菌进行基因分型。方法炭疽芽胞杆菌染色体DNA基因组中存在着串联重复序列。在串联重复序列两侧设计引物，PCR扩增，琼脂糖和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳，凝胶影像分析软件对PCR扩增产物碱基含量进行测算，并与测序结果进行比较，计算出串联重复拷贝数，对拷贝数进行聚类分析。结果 （1）聚类分析发现，88株菌株可分为三大群，45个基因型，基因型与生态环境存在一定的关系。就某一地区炭疽暴发而言，其可变数目串联重复序列遗传标记具有相似性。（2）研究发现，A16R疫苗株作为中国的疫苗株具有代表性。结论 炭疽芽胞杆菌基因组中的串联重复序列具有遗传稳定性和特异性，可作为炭疽芽胞杆菌基因分型的指标，在炭疽暴发和生物恐怖事件中的病原体溯源上具有重要的意义。     

Second generation subtyping: a proposed PulseNet protocol for multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 (STEC O157)

Most bacterial genomes contain tandem duplications of short DNA sequences, termed "variable-number tandem repeats" (VNTR). A subtyping method targeting these repeats, multiple-locus VNTR analysis (MLVA), has emerged as a powerful tool for characterization of clonal organisms such as Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 (STEC O157). We modified and optimized a recently published MLVA scheme targeting 29 polymorphic VNTR regions of STEC O157 to render it suitable for routine use by public health laboratories that participate in PulseNet, the national and international molecular subtyping network for foodborne disease surveillance. Nine VNTR loci were included in the final protocol. They were amplified in three PCR reactions, after which the PCR products were sized using capillary electrophoresis. Two hundred geographically diverse, sporadic and outbreak- related STEC O157 isolates were characterized by MLVA and the results were compared with data obtained by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) using XbaI macrorestriction of genomic DNA. A total of 139 unique XbaI PFGE patterns and 162 MLVA types were identified. A subset of 100 isolates characterized by both XbaI and BlnI macrorestriction had 62 unique PFGE and MLVA types. Although the clustering of isolates by the two subtyping systems was generally in agreement, some discrepancies were observed. Importantly, MLVA was able to discriminate among some epidemiologically unrelated isolates which were indistinguishable by PFGE. However, among strains from three of the eight outbreaks included in the study, two single locus MLVA variants and one double locus variant were detected among epidemiologically implicated isolates that were indistinguishable by PFGE. Conversely, in three other outbreaks, isolates that were indistinguishable by MLVA displayed multiple PFGE types. An additional more extensive multi-laboratory validation of the MLVA protocol is in progress in order to address critical issues such as establishing epidemiologically relevant interpretation guidelines for the MLVA data.     

Genetic characterization of non-O157 verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from raw beef products using multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis

Verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) can produce serious human illness linked to the consumption of contaminated food, mainly of bovine origin. There is growing concern about non-O157 VTEC serotypes, which in some countries cause severe infections in a proportion similar to O157:H7 strains. As several epidemiological studies indicated the important role of meat as the major vehicle in the transmission of this pathogen to human consumers, our aim was to investigate the genetic diversity among non-O157:H7 VTEC isolated from raw beef products. We performed a multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA), and to our knowledge, this is the first time that VTEC serotypes O8:H19, O112:H2, O113:NM, O171:NM, ONT:H7, ONT:H19, and ONT:H21 were typed by this method. MLVA typing grouped the total number of strains from this study (51) into 21 distinct genotypes, and 11 of them were unique. Several MLVA profiles were found in different serotypes, O178:H19 being the most variable. The isolates could be principally discriminated by alleles of three of seven loci studied (CVN001, CVN004, and CVN014), and on the other hand, CVN003 rendered null alleles in all the isolates. As some VNTR markers might be serotype specific, it is possible that the implementation of new VNTR loci will increase intraserotype discrimination.     

Tandem repeat analysis for surveillance of human Salmonella Typhimurium infections

In Denmark, as part of the national laboratory-based surveillance system of human enteric infections, all Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium isolates are currently subtyped by using phage typing, antimicrobial resistance profiles, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). We evaluated the value of real-time typing that uses multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeats analysis (MLVA) of S. Typhimurium to detect possible outbreaks. Because only a few subtypes identified by PFGE and phage typing account for most infections, we included MLVA typing in the routine surveillance in a 2-year period beginning December 2003. The 1,019 typed isolates were separated into 148 PFGE types and 373 MLVA types. Several possible outbreaks were detected and confirmed. MLVA was particularly valuable for discriminating within the most common phage types. MLVA was superior to PFGE for both surveillance and outbreak investigations of S. Typhimurium.     

大肠埃希菌O157:H7分离株MLVA分子分型

目的了解国内大肠埃希菌O157:H7菌株的分子流行特征。方法采用多位点可变数目串联重复序列分析(MLVA)方法对1999-2002年江苏、河南、安徽、山东、云南等地的大肠埃希菌O157:H7分离株135株进行分子分型,选取7个可变数目串联重复序列(VNTR)位点,应用PCR技术及毛细管电泳方法,检测分离株DNA多态性,使用BioNumerics软件进行聚类分析。结果 135株大肠埃希菌O157:H7可分为3个群(A群、B群、C群)38个MLVA型别,其中A群占20.7%(28/135)、B群占23.7%(32/135)、C群占55.6%(75/135);MLVA型别存在一定地域性,同一暴发来源的菌株具有相同MLVA型别。结论大肠埃希菌O157:H7国内分离株存在丰富的基因多态性;MLVA方法具有较高分子分型能力,可以在溯源和流行病学调查中发挥重要作用。     

Assessment of genetic stability of Brucella melitensis Rev 1 vaccine strain by multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis

The assessment of the genetic stability is one of the essential elements to guarantee the biological quality of live anti-bacteria vaccines. Live attenuated Brucella melitensis Rev 1 is the most effective vaccine against brucellosis in small ruminants. Thirty-six B. melitensis Rev 1 vaccine strains isolated from human or animal sources from different geographic regions, from different commercial batches or laboratory collections were typed by the multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA) recently described for Brucella spp. Our results demonstrated that B. melitensis Rev 1 group as assayed by MLVA is genetically very homogeneous. We believe that MLVA methodology could be an essential assay to guarantee the quality and stability of live anti-bacterial vaccines being produced worldwide and can be included as in vitro control.