A single center investigation of bare-metal or drug-eluting stent restenosis from 1633 consecutive Chinese Han ethnic patients

Background Stents are widely used in China but the clinical impression is somehow that restenosis is less common because of the lower prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) and associated risk factors in Chinese populations. However, no large-sample published studies are available on angiographic stent restenosis including those of bare-metal stent (BMS) or drug-eluting stent (DES) in Chinese Han ethnic population.Mothods A total of 1633 consecutive patients with CAD who had undergone coronary stenting, quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) were retrospectively studied. At the time of stent implantation and at 7 months post-stenting 675 patients had a follow-up angiography. Statistical analysis was made with the chi-square test for categorical variables, unpaired t test for continuous variables, univariate or multivariate regression for baseline and angiographic characteristics and the Kaplan-Meier method for rate of target lesion revascularization (TLR).Results Stent restenosis was defined as ≥50% diameter stenosis in the dilated segment. A total of 675 patients with 1074 lesions were subjected to angiographic follow-up for 7 months on average. Of these lesions, 448 were implanted with BMS whereas 626 lesions with DES. At 7 months, bare-metal in-stent restenosis occured in 148 lesions (33.0%), and bare metal in-segment restenosis in 155 lesions (34.6%) in contrast to drug-eluting in-stent restenosis in 48 lesions (7.7%) and drug-eluting in-segment restenosis in 73 lesions (11.7%) (P<0.001 compared with BMS respectively). Late loss in both in-stent and in segment was higher in BMS than in DES groups [(1.00±0.69) vs (0.28±0.52); (0.78±0.71) vs (0.21±0.52), P<0.001 respectively]. Angulated lesion, lesion length, pre-procedural minimal luminal diameter (MLD), and BMS were independent predictors for TLR, (P<0.01 respectively), whereas current smoker, ostial lesion, and stent overlapping, post-procedure in-stent MLD, lesion length, and stent types were independent predictors for in-segment restenosis (P<0.01 respectively). Standard coronary risk factors such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and history of CAD were not associated with a higher rate of restenosis caused by BMS or DES implantation in our Chinese Han ethnic population.Conclusions Coronary stenting including BMS or DES implantation in Chinese Han ethnic patients is associated with a restenosis rate comparable to that demonstrated in previous studies from the western countries, and predictors of stent restenosis are somehow different from those in the western population.     

病变长度对颅内动脉支架成形术后再狭窄的影响

目的 评价病变长度对颅内动脉支架成形术后再狭窄的影响.方法 选取2004年3月至2009年9月成功实施球扩金属裸支架置入术治疗症状性颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄的住院患者65例,所有患者均行脑血管造影复查.按病变长度分为3组:短病变组(＜5 mm),中等长度病变组(5～10 mm)和长病变组(＞10 mm).支架内再狭窄定义为管腔狭窄＞50%或者管腔直径绝对值减少超过20%.分析不同病变长度对再狭窄的影响,并采用多元Cox回归逐步筛选出预测支架内再狭窄的独立风险因素.结果 短病变组、中等长度病变组和长病变组各组病例数分别为28例、29例和8例.血管造影随访中位数时间为7个月(5～30个月),有19例发生再狭窄(29.2%).3组再狭窄率依次为:14.3%、37.9%和50%(P=0.045).Cox回归多因素分析显示病变长度[风险比(HR)=1.210,95%可信区间(CI)=1.011～1.446,P=0.037]和糖尿病(HR=2.630,95%CI=1.032～6.705,P=0.043)与再狭窄有关.结论 病变长度和糖尿病是颅内动脉支架成形术后再狭窄的独立风险因素.     

Volumetric intravascular ultrasound comparisons of drug-eluting stent thrombosis and in-stent restenosis

Objectives We compared intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) findings of drug-eluting stent (DES)-treated lesions that developed stent thrombosis versus in-stent restenosis (ISR) to identify underlying mechanical differences. Methods IVUS findings in 15 post-DES thrombosis patients were compared with 45 matched ISR patients who had no evidence of stent thrombosis. Results Minimum stent area [MSA, (3.7±0.8) mm2 vs (4.9±1.8) mm2, P=0.01], minimum stent diameter [(1.9±0.3) mm vs (2.3±0.4) mm, P=0.005], mean stent area [(5.2±0.8) mm2 vs (7.2±2.1) mm2, P<0.01], and both focal [MSA/reference lumen area, (54.7±15.9)% vs (75.0±20.1)%, P=0.001] and diffuse stent expansion [mean stent area/reference lumen area, (76.6±23.0)% vs (110.3±23.3)%, P<0.01] were significantly smaller in the stent thrombosis group (vs the ISR group). An MSA <4.0 mm2 (73.3% vs 35.6%, P=0.01) or <5.0 mm2 (86.7% vs 53.3%, P=0.02) was more often found in the stent thrombosis group (vs the ISR group). The MSA site occurred more frequently in the proximal stent segment within the stent thrombosis group compared to the ISR group (60% vs 24.4%, P=0.01). There were no differences in edge dissection, stent fracture, or stent-vessel wall malapposition between the two groups. Independent predictors of stent thrombosis were diffuse stent expansion (OR=1.5, P=0.03) and proximal location of the MSA site (OR=12.7, P=0.04). Conclusion DES-treated lesions that develop thrombosis or restenosis are often underexpanded. Underexpansion appears to be more severe in DES-thrombosis lesions. Lesions with diffuse underexpansion and a proximal (vs distal) underexpanded MSA site are more predisposed to thrombus formation than ISR.     

Effect of coronary bifurcation angle on clinical outcomes in Chinese patients treated with crush stenting: a subgroup analysis from DKCRUSH-1 bifurcation study

Background Bifurcation angles may have an impact on the clinical outcomes of crush stenting. We sought to compare high （≥60°） with low （〈60°） bifurcation angle in patients who underwent either classical or double kissing （DK） crush stenting for bifurcation lesions from the DKCRUSH-1 data base.
Methods There were 212 patients with 220 lesions, some with low-angle （n=138） and some with high-angle （n=74）. Angiography was indexed at 8-month after procedure. Primary endpoint was the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events （MACEs）, defined as cardiac death, myocardial infarction and target lesion revascularization （TLR）. Secondary endpoint included late lumen loss, the rate of restenosis, and final kissing balloon inflation （FKBI）.
Results At 8 months, clinical follow-up was 100%; angiographic follow-up was 75% in the low-angle group and 83.3% in the high-angle group. There were no significant differences in the FKBI between the high-angle group （91.43%） and the low-angle group （82.39%）. In the high angle group, there was a significant difference in contrast volume used （P=0.005） but no significant difference in acute gain, minimum lumen diameter （MLD）, late loss and diameter stenosis in the pre-bifurcation segment, post-bifurcation segment or side branch. When lesions were assigned into with- （n=-133） and without-FKBI （n=42）, significant side-branch late loss was seen in the group without-FKBI （（0.65±0.49） mm vs （0.47±0.62） mm, P=0.02）, with a resultant greater restenosis rate （37.68% vs 18.32%, P=0.001）. No difference was detected in the MACE free survival rate between the high and low angle groups （82.39% vs 82.36%, P=0.84）. The rate of stent thrombosis tended to be higher in the lower-angle group although there was no significant difference （P=0.38）. The TLR free survival rate was 87.2% in the with-FKBI group vs 73.5% in the without-FKBI group （P=0.001）. Cox regression analysis showed that the independent predictors for target vessel revascularization were the side branch stent MLD post stenting （hazard ratios （HR） 1.028, 95% CI 2.357-16.233, P=0.002）, lack of FKBI （HR 4.910, 95% CI 4.706-8.459, P=0.001） and unsatisfactory kissing （HR 3.120, 95% CI2.975-5.431, P=0.001）.
Conclusions Bifurcation angles do not influence the clinical outcome of crush stenting. Successful final kissing balloon inflation, regardless of bifurcation angles, can predict TLR.     

A comparison of clinical and angiographic outcomes after Excel bioabsorbable polymer versus Firebird durable polymer rapamycin-eluting stent for the treatment of coronary artery disease in a “real world” setting: six-month follow-up results

Background Several clinical trials have shown that rapamycin-eluting stents significantly reduce the risk of restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The Firebird stent and the Excel stent (coated with bioabsorbable polymer) are two different types of rapamycin-eluting stents made in China, both have been recently approved for clinical use in China by State Food and Drug Administration. However, it is unclear whether there are differences in safety and efficacy between the two types of stents in daily practice. Methods In the month of June 2006, a total of 190 consecutive patients were treated exclusively with Firebird stents (n=93, Firebird group) or Excel stents (n=97, Excel group) in our center and were included in this study. The frequency of major adverse cardiac events (MACE, a composite of death, myocardial infarction or target lesion revascularization), binary restenosis, and late lumen loss and stent thrombosis during a six-month follow-up period were compared between the two groups.Results Patient and lesion characteristics were comparable between the groups. Major adverse cardiac event rates were low in hospital and at 6 months (2.1% in the Excel group and 0% in the Firebird group, P﹥0.05). The 6-month angiographic in-stent restenosis rate was 0% in both groups, with an associated late loss of (0.15 ± 0.21) mm versus (0.14 ± 0.20) mm (P=0.858) and the in-segment restenosis rate was also 0% for the Excel group and the Firebird group. There was no definite stent thrombosis identified in either group during the six-month follow-up period and only one patient in the Excel group had probable stent thrombosis in hospital. Conclusions Results from this mid-term, single-center study showed that both of the Firebird and the Excel rapamycin eluting stent had similar effects on reducing the incidence of MACE and the risk of restenosis (both in-stent and in-segment binary restenosis) after PCI in daily practice.     

Influence of insulin resistance on long-term outcomes in patients

Background Insulin resistance（IR）is significantly associated with coronary artery disease and cardiovascular events in patients with or without type 2 diabetes mellitus.This study aimed to evaluate the influence of IR on long-term outcomes of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention（PCI）with sirolimus-eluting stent（SES）implantation.Methods A total of 467 consecutive patients undergoing SES-based PCI were divided into lR group（n=104）and non-IR group（n=363）.The patients were followed up for one year.The rate of major adverse cardiac events（MACEs） including death, non-fatal myocardial infarction and recurrent angina pectoris was compared by the log-rank test,and the independent risk factors were identified by the Cox regression analysis.Results MACEs occurred more frequently,and cumulative survival rate was lower in the IR group than in the non-IR group during the follow-up （all P〈0.05）.IR was an independent risk factor for the occurrence of cardiac death and non-fatal myocardial infarction（OR=2176,95% CI=1.35-5.47,P=0.034）.Old age,diabetes,and multi-vessel disease were determinants for recurrent angina pectoris after PCI（P〈0.05）.Subgroup analysis revealed that IR（OR=3.35,95% CI=1.07-13.59,P=0.013）and multi-vessel disease（OR=2.19,95%CI=1.01-5.14,P=0.044）were independent risk predictors for recurrent angina pectoris in patients with diabetes after PCI.Conclusions IR is associated with reduced MACE-free survival and remains an independent predictor for recurrent angina pectoris after PCI with SES implantation.     

Wingspan支架治疗颅内小血管症状性粥样硬化性狭窄的临床研究

目的 分析wingspan支架治疗颅内小血管(直径≤2.5 mm)硬化性狭窄的安全性及长期预后.方法 共有39例狭窄＞50%的症状性颅内小血管狭窄的患者接受了wingspan支架治疗.评估患者的临床表现、影像特点对手术安全性及随访结果的影响.结果 手术技术成功率为97.4%.1例患者术后出现了过度灌注损伤,其余患者术后没有出现严重并发症.24例患者进行了数字减影血管造影(DSA)或磁共振血管造影(MRA)随访,8例患者出现了支架内再狭窄(ISR),其中3例为症状性再狭窄(33.3%).血管长度＞15.3 mm的病变ISR的发生率高于血管长度＜15.3 mm的病变(67%,13%).参照血管直径/支架直径比值＜0.78的病变ISR的发生率高于比值＞0.78的病变(60%,14%).结论 血管成形及支架植入术治疗颅内小血管症状性粥样硬化性狭窄是安全的.虽然其ISR的发生率较高,但多无相关临床症状.     

Comparison of drug eluting stents with bare metal stents in daily practice for bifurcation lesions in Chinese patients

Background Recently, numerous randomized and controlled trials have demonstrated great advantages of drug eluting stents (DES) with respect to significant reduction of restenosis and recurrence of symptoms and improvement of clinical outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Little is known about the comparative effects between DES and bare metal stents (BMS) for bifurcation angioplasty in the Chinese population. We compared the inpatient and 7-month follow-up outcomes between DES and BMS for the treatment of bifurcation lesions. Methods From April 2004 to October 2005, 291 Chinese patients [85.9% male, mean age (57.8±10.4) years] underwent DES (387 lesions) and/or BMS (297 lesions) implantation for bifurcation lesions. Clinical and angiographic follow-up was performed at 7 months. Results Compared with BMS group, patients in DES group had significantly lower rates of restenosis at main branch (9.5% vs 28.7%, P < 0.001) or side branch (14.5% vs 37.0%, P < 0.001) and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) (14.0% vs 26.3%, P = 0.000). The occurrence rate of late in-stent thrombosis did not differ between the two groups in both main (0.8% vs 0, P = 0.224) and side branches (1.4% vs 0, P = 0.198). Target lesion revascularization (TLR) was less frequent in DES group for main branch (8.3% vs 21.3%, P < 0.001) and for side branch (7.6% vs 23.5%, P < 0.001). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that total stent length (OR = 1.029, P = 0.01), postprocedural in-stent minimum lumen diameter (OR = 0.476, P = 0.03) and stent type (OR = 3.988, P = 0.0001) were independent predictors of TLR for main branch. Prior history of coronary intervention (OR = 2.424, P = 0.041), angulated lesion (OR = 2.337, P = 0.033), postdilation (OR = 0.267, P = 0.035) and stent type (DES vs BMS, OR = 5.459, P = 0.000) were independent predictors of TLR for side branch. Conclusion The implantation of DES may be associated with greater reduction of restenosis and TLR than BMS in bifurcations angioplasty.     

Clinical outcome after management of unprotected left main in-stent restenosis after bare metal or drug-eluting stents

Background Implantation of either bare metal stent （BMS） or drug-eluting stent （DES） has been used in every day practice for patients with unprotected left main stenosis （UPLMS）. There are still a lack of data regading the subsequent results of UPLMS in-stent restenosis （ISR）. The present study aimed at determing the clinical outcome of UPLMS ISR patients after implantation of either BMS or DES.Methods Patients with UPLMS ISR after stenting were included. The primary endpoint was the cumulative major adverse cardiac events （MACE）, including cardiac death, myocardial infarction （Ml）, and target vessel revascularization （TVR）.Results UPLMS ISR rate was 14.8% （n=73, 15.7% after BMS, 14.5% for DES） after average of （3.89±2.01） years （range from 1 to 10.5 years） follow-up. Angiographic follow-up between 6-8 months was available in 85.3%. Of these,repeat percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI） was used in 62 （84.9%） patients, with medicine only in 9 （12.4%） and coronary artery bypass graft （CABG） in 2 （2.7%）. Most repeat PCI patients were with unstable angina （87.0%）, and had decreased left ventricular ejection fraction （（42.58±5.12）%）, fewer focal/ostial left circumflex branch （LCX） lesions, in relative to medicine only group. After （31.9±23.3） months, the MACE, Ml, TVR and cardiac death were 31.5%, 1.4%, 24.1% and 8.2%, respectively. Definite and possible stent thrombosis occurred in 1 （1.4%） patient.Conclusions Medical therapy for asymptomatic isolated ostial LCX was safe. Repeat PCI for UPLMS ISR was associated with acceptable early and short-term clinical outcome. Further study was needed to elucidate the role of CABG in treating UPLMS ISR.     

Wingspan支架治疗症状性颅内动脉狭窄36例临床研究

目的:探讨Wingspan支架对症状性颅内动脉狭窄的治疗情况,评价其安全性及可行性。方法:应用Wingspan支架治疗症状性颅内动脉狭窄患者36例,观察围手术期情况及术后随访情况,观察支架置入的手术成功率、狭窄率的改变、围手术期并发症、临床随访及影像学随访结果。结果:本组36例手术成功率为100%,围手术期(术后30d)并发症发生率为5.6%(2例)。28例患者接受了影像学(DSA或CTA)随访,在12个月随访期间,2例患者出现无症状性支架内再狭窄,1例患者出现症状性支架内再狭窄,再狭窄率为10.7%,1年不良事件发生率为8.3%。结论:对药物难治性症状性颅内动脉狭窄患者行Wingspan支架成形术是有效、可行的。     

WingsPan支架治疗症状性颅内动脉狭窄的临床疗效

目的探讨Wingspan支架治疗症状性颅内动脉狭窄的疗效和安全性。方法采用Gateway-Wingspan球囊支架系统治疗症状性颅内动脉狭窄患者90例(92处狭窄部位,93枚支架),观察其手术成功率、症状改善、狭窄率改善及严重不良事件的发生率,术后行脑血管造影术或CTA观察支架内再狭窄发生率。结果支架植入技术成功率98.9%(92/93),患者术前平均狭窄率(83.4±9.5)%,Wingspan支架置入后平均残余狭窄率(21.8±9.8)%。围手术期总并发症6.5%(6/90),病死率3.3(3/90),临床随访1～40(16.7±10.3)个月,30d内任何脑卒中和31d～1年内同侧缺血性卒中的发生率为11.1%(10/90)。30例患者接受了血管造影复查,6个月再狭窄率为16.7%(3/18),平均随访(9.3±6.3)个月的再狭窄率为26.7%(8/30)。结论 Wingspan支架治疗症状性颅内动脉狭窄具有较好的临床疗效和安全性,围手术期总的并发症发生率较低。     

2型糖尿病患者血清半乳糖凝集素-3水平与冠脉支架内狭窄的关系

目的 探讨2型糖尿病合并冠心病患者血清半乳糖凝集素-3(Galectin-3)与冠脉支架内狭窄(ISR)关系。 方法 研究对象选取2015年1月—2016年1月期间浙江医院住院治疗的2型糖尿病合并冠心病且既往药物洗脱支架(DES)植入的患者，根据复查冠脉造影的结果，分支架内狭窄(ISR)组与非ISR组，采用多因素logistic回归分析临床资料与ISR的关系。 结果 入选357例患者，其中ISR组共36例(10.1%)。与非ISR组相比，ISR组患者在年龄、吸烟患者比例、血清Galectin-3水平更高，支架长度更长，植入支架直径更小，差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析结果表明，年龄(OR=1.087，95% CI:1.038~1.134，P<0.001)、支架长度(OR=1.078，95% CI:1.012~1.103，P<0.001)、支架直径(OR=0.425，95% CI:0.243~0.708，P<0.001)及血清Galectin-3水平(OR=1.074，95% CI:1.016~1.121，P<0.001)是ISR的独立危险因素。此外，血清Galectin-3水平与ISR类型相关。 结论 高血清Galectin-3水平增加了2型糖尿病患者ISR发生的风险，可能是导致ISR的独立危险因素，这为血清学标记物应用于评估冠脉病变程度提供了新思路。      

APOLLO支架置入治疗颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄52例疗效观察

目的分析APOLLO支架置入治疗颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄的疗效。方法回顾性分析包头市中心医院2007年1月至2011年6月经全脑血管造影术检查狭窄程度>60%的颅内动脉狭窄接受APOLLO支架置入治疗的住院患者52例。临床随访采用NIHSS评分。影像学随访主要采用经颅多普勒超声及颈部血管超声。结果 50例患者成功进行了支架置入术,手术成功率为94.55%(52/55)。术中、术后即刻总的血管事件发生率为9.62%(5/52)。术后30 d内总的血管事件发生率为11.76%(6/51)。随访(21.84±13.64)个月,考虑症状性支架内再狭窄2例,再狭窄率为3.92%(2/51)。结论 APOLLO支架置入治疗颅内动脉狭窄,围术期并发症发生率低,中远期随访症状性再狭窄发生率低。     

血管内治疗与药物治疗症状性颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄的疗效比较研究

目的　比较血管内治疗与药物治疗症状性颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄患者的结局以及血管再狭窄情况,为预防脑卒中复发及选择最佳治疗方案提供参考依据。方法　选取2015年4月—2017年4月沧州市人民医院收治的症状性颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄患者69例为研究对象。采用高分辨率磁共振成像（HR-MRI）进行颅内动脉狭窄扫描,飞行时间磁共振血管成像（TOF-MRA）重建并确定血管结构和动脉狭窄位置。根据患者意愿,将其分为药物治疗组（37例）和血管内治疗组（32例）,分别采用药物治疗或血管内支架植入。于术后1、2、3、6个月随访,记录脑卒中、短暂性脑缺血发作及再狭窄发生率。结果　随访期间,两组均无死亡患者。随访1个月时,血管内治疗组无脑卒中、再狭窄发生,药物治疗组发生脑卒中、再狭窄各1例,差异无统计学意义（P=1.000、1.000）。随访6个月时,血管内治疗组脑卒中总发生率、再狭窄总发生率分别为0、12.5%（4/32）,药物治疗组脑卒中总发生率、再狭窄总发生率分别为16.2%（6/37）、35.1%（13/37）,差异有统计学意义（χ2=5.683,P=0.017;χ2=4.735,P=0.030）。结论　症状性颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄患者血管内治疗6个月后脑卒中、再狭窄发生率低于药物治疗。     

冠状动脉介入治疗后再狭窄的多因素分析

目的 分析冠状动脉介入治疗后再狭窄才临床易患因素的关系。方法 回顾性分析了１０３例（１２８支血管）在我院进行了经皮冠状动脉腔内形成术（ＰＴＣＡ）成功者,并于术后６个月有完整随访资料病人,通过单因素及多因素方法分析再狭窄与临床因素的关系。结果 冠状动脉再狭窄５１支,非再狭窄７７支,总再狭窄率为３９．８％（５１／１２８）。单因素分析中发现,冠状动脉内架≥３．５ｍｍ组和稳定性心绞痛组的再狭窄较低（３／２     

Relationship of interleukin-6-572C/G promoter polymorphism and serum levels to post-percutaneous coronary intervention restenosis

Background It has been recently reported that inflammatory mechanisms play an important role in in-stent restenosis (ISR) processes.Inflammatory factors after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) f...