高效液相色谱法测定奥美拉唑血药浓度及其药代动力学

建立了用反相高效液相色谱法测定血浆中奥美拉唑含量的分析方法.该分法采用液相提取预处理血样,在25～2000 ng/ml的浓度范围,线性关系良好,最低检测浓度4 ng/ml,奥美拉唑的相对回收率(98.07±5.21)%,日内变异＜3.0%,日间变异＜8.5%.并且,应用本法对正常人静脉推注奥美拉唑进行了药代动力学研究.     

奥美拉唑胶囊人体药代动力学及相对生物利用度研究

目的 :测定奥美拉唑胶囊的药代动力学及相对生物利用度。方法 :18名志愿者单剂量随机交叉口服40mg 奥美拉唑胶囊和洛赛克胶囊 (对照品 )后 ,经高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度。结果 :口服奥美拉唑胶囊或洛赛克胶囊后 ,血药浓度达峰时间分别为 (2 10±0 64)h和 (1 88±0 70)h ,峰浓度分别为 (895 64±553 07)ng/ml和 (974 67±554 93)ng/ml,曲线下面积分别为 (1971 88±1220 98)ng/(h·ml)和 (2057 60±1306 32)ng/(h·ml)。结论 :奥美拉唑胶囊与洛赛克胶囊相比较 ,具有生物等效性。     

HPLC－紫外法测定人血浆中芬太尼浓度

目的建立高效液相色谱法－紫外检测器测定人血浆中芬太尼浓度的方法。方法本实验采用外标法,以Shim－PackCLC－ODS（60mm×150mm,5μm）为固定相,含0015mol/LNaH2PO4的乙腈－水溶液（30∶70,v/v）为流动相,流速15ml/min,紫外检测波长195nm。结果标准曲线在20～100ng/ml范围内线性关系良好（r=0999）,最低检测浓度为1ng/ml,方法回收率为（9170±470）％,提取回收率为（9738±369）％,日内变异RSD（650±279）％,日间变异RSD（670±304）％。结论本方法简便,准确,检测浓度低,能够满足血浆中低浓度芬太尼的测定及临床药代动力学研究的要求。     

兔眼房水中环孢素A的含量测定

目的：制备1．5％环孢素A滴眼液给家兔滴眼,并测定其在兔眼房水及全血中的药物浓度。方法：以鱼肝油作为基质,制备1．5％环孢素A滴眼液,用反相高效液相色谱法进行含量测定;用荧光偏振免疫仪测定环孢素A在兔眼房水及全血中的药物浓度。结果：环孢素A的平均回收率为99．81％（n＝5）,RSD为0．2％。右眼房水平均环孢素A浓度为21．22ng/ml,左眼房水平均环孢素A浓度为17．26ng/ml,全血平均环孢素A浓度为10．03ng/ml。结论：1．5％环孢素A滴眼液在眼房水中浓度较全血中高（P＜0．05）。在达到治疗作用的同时,可避免环孢素A全身用药的不良反应。     

高效液相色谱法测定5-Fu透皮给药后的血药浓度

本文建立了高效液相色谱法测定5-Fu透皮给药后血浓度的方法。方法回收率为101.8％,线性范围50～1100ng/ml血浆(r=0.9995)。天内天间精密度小于1.88％。检测限为3ng,用本法测定了家兔5-Fu透皮给药后的血浓度。     

用中空纤维液相微萃取-HPLC法测定人血浆中酒石酸美托洛尔的浓度

目的:建立中空纤维液相微萃取-HPLC法测定人血浆中酒石酸美托洛尔的浓度.方法:优化酒石酸美托洛尔液相微萃取法供给相和接受相的浓度、萃取时间、萃取温度、萃取转速和离子强度,血浆样品经中空纤维液相微萃取法萃取后,用HPLC法测定酒石酸美托洛尔的浓度.色谱柱:Agilent Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18柱,流动相:甲醇-0.1％磷酸(40∶60),流速:1 ml/min,激发波长:227 nm,发射波长:305 nm,柱温:30℃.结果:酒石酸美托洛尔在2～ 125 ng/ml线性关系良好,低、中、高三种浓度(5、20、100 ng/ml)的日内、日间精密度均＜10％,回收率分别为(87.1±7.3)％、(92.6±5.8)％和(89.1±2.5)％.结论:中空纤维液相微萃取-HPLC法适用于测定血浆样品中酒石酸美托洛尔的浓度.     

高效液相色谱法测定血浆中平痛新的浓度

目的 :建立高效液相色谱法测定血浆中微量平痛新浓度的分析方法。方法 :采用HPLC法 ,色谱柱 :KromasilC18 柱 (Φ4 6mm×200mm ,5μm) ;流动相 :甲醇 -水 -三乙胺 (50∶50∶0 5) ;流速 :0 7ml/min ;检测波长 :215nm ;灵敏度 :0 04AUFS ;内标物 :奥美拉唑。结果 :血浆中平痛新浓度在10～600ng/ml范围内线性关系良好 ,相关系数r=0 9993 ;平均回收率为 (100 36±1 1) % ;平均日内和日间差异分别为4 7 %和3 8 % ;最低检测限可至1ng/ml。结论 :该法简便、稳定 ,可用于盐酸平痛新体内药代动力学与生物利用度研究。     

HPLC-紫外法测定人血浆中芬太尼浓度

目的 :建立高效液相色谱法 -紫外检测器测定人血浆中芬太尼浓度的方法。方法 :本实验采用外标法 ,以Shim -PackCLC -ODS(6 0mm×150mm ,5μm )为固定相 ,含0 015mol/LNaH2PO4 的乙腈 -水溶液 (30∶70 ,v/v)为流动相 ,流速1 5ml/min ,紫外检测波长195nm。结果 :标准曲线在2 0～100ng/ml范围内线性关系良好 (r=0 999) ,最低检测浓度为1ng/ml,方法回收率为(91 70±4 70) % ,提取回收率为 (97 38±3 69) % ,日内变异RSD (6 50±2 79) % ,日间变异RSD (6 70±3 04) %。结论 :本方法简便 ,准确 ,检测浓度低 ,能够满足血浆中低浓度芬太尼的测定及临床药代动力学研究的要求。     

反相HPLC法测定血浆中氯胺酮和安定浓度

采用HPLC法测定了家兔血浆中氯胺酮、安定的浓度,线性范围分别为0.125～5.0μg/ml;0.025～1.0μg/ml。检测最低浓度分别为50ng/ml、2.5ng/ml;日内日间误差<6.5％。药动学研究表明:氯胺酮、安定分别为一室线性、二室线性开放模型。     

反相高效液相法测定盐酸曲马多血浆浓度及其药物动力学

采用反相高效液相法(PR-HPIC)对盐酸曲马多血浆药物浓度的测定方法及药物动力学进行了研究.实验应用Waters公司HPLC系统,WatersuBONDAPAK C18柱(4.6mm×150mm);测定采用内标峰高比定量,λ为216um.本方法最佳线性关系为r=0.9991,线性范围12.5～800ng/ml,最低检测浓度为6ng/ml,最低检测量0.12ng;方法平均回收率98.08%;浓度为800.00,200.00,50.00ng/ml的日内精密度分别为7.93,7.44,13.34,日间精密度分别为0.9,10.5,13.44.药物动力学参数分别为:T_（1/2） ka=0.51±0.23h,T_（1/2）β=5.92±2.57h,Tpeak=1.67± 0.61h,C_（max）=401.74±100.05ng/ml;AUCo_（→∞）=3242.92±1618.03(ng/ml)·h.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.