A new predictive equation for resting energy expenditure in healthy individuals

A predictive equation for resting energy expenditure (REE) was derived from data from 498 healthy subjects, including females (n = 247) and males (n = 251), aged 19-78 y (45 +/- 14 y, mean +/- SD). Normal-weight (n = 264) and obese (n = 234) individuals were studied and REE was measured by indirect calorimetry. Multiple-regression analyses were employed to drive relationships between REE and weight, height, and age for both men and women (R2 = 0.71): REE = 9.99 x weight + 6.25 x height - 4.92 x age + 166 x sex (males, 1; females, 0) - 161. Simplification of this formula and separation by sex did not affect its predictive value: REE (males) = 10 x weight (kg) + 6.25 x height (cm) - 5 x age (y) + 5; REE (females) = 10 x weight (kg) + 6.25 x height (cm) - 5 x age (y) - 161. The inclusion of relative body weight and body-weight distribution did not significantly improve the predictive value of these equations. The Harris-Benedict Equations derived in 1919 overestimated measured REE by 5% (p less than 0.01). Fat-free mass (FFM) was the best single predictor of REE (R2 = 0.64): REE = 19.7 x FFM + 413. Weight also was closely correlated with REE (R2 = 0.56): REE = 15.1 x weight + 371.     

Stature of early Europeans

The ancestors of modern Europeans arrived in Europe at least 40,000 years before present. Pre-glacial maximum Upper Palaeolithic males (before 16,000 BC) were tall and slim (mean height 179 cm, estimated average body weight 67 kg), while the females were comparably small and robust (mean height 158 cm, estimated average body weight 54 kg). Late Upper Palaeolithic males (8000-6600 BC) were of medium stature and robusticity (mean height 166 cm, estimated average body weight 62 kg). Stature further decreased to below 165 cm with estimated average body weight of 64 kg in Neolithic males of the Linear Band Pottery Culture, and to 150 cm with estimated average body weight of 49 kg in Neolithic females. The body stature of European males remained within the range of 165 to 170 cm up to the end of the 19th century.     

生物电阻抗法测量肥胖者体脂含量的应用方程

生物电阻抗是近年来被广泛应用的一种快速、简便、安全测量体成分的方法。本研究采用水下称重测量 1 96名 (男性 :66名 ;女性 :1 30名 ) 1 8～ 67岁肥胖受试者的体脂含量 ,并用生物电阻抗方法测定生物电阻抗值。结果表明用水下称重法测量的体脂含量和去脂体重的测量结果与文献中不同国家生物电阻抗推算方程的推算结果有显著的统计学差异 (P <0 0 1 )。本文通过用多元线性逐步回归和方差分析方法建立了适合我国肥胖人群特点的体成分推算方程 :BF =0 846 Wt- 0 1 85 Ht2 z - 2 361 Sex - 2 4 977。Ht:身高(cm) ,Wt:体重 (kg) ,Z :生物电阻抗 (Ω) ,Sex :性别 (男性 =1 ,女性 =0 )。方程的相关系数 :r =0 92 3 ,标准误 :S x=3 43 ,方差分析 (ANOVA)具有统计学意义 (F =365 73 ,P <0 0 0 1 )。     

Body composition in the elderly: Total body water and anthropometry

Body composition measured with isotopic dilution was compared with anthropometric measurements. The study was carried out in 47 subjects from both sexes, 65 to 92 years old. Total body water (TBW), anthropometric measurements, and dynamometry were assessed. TBW was significatively higher in men than women and decreased with age. Dynamometry and fatfree mass were well correlated (r=0.73 in males and r=0.58 in females) and significantly different between sexes. A negative correlation was found for dynamometry with age, being significant for women. Linear regression equations to predict TBW from anthropometric measurements in males and females were obtained: Males: TBW(I)=19.349+0.617 weight(kg) — 0.931 mid-arm circumference(cm)+0.122 dynamometry (kg) Females: TBW(l)=−5.531+0.343 weight(kg)-0.213 triceps skinfold (mm)+ 0.148 dynamometry(kg) + 3.424 wrist diameter (cm). This simple model is proposed for use in epidemiological and field studies where other more sophisticated methods can not be applied.     

Body composition and nutrient intake of hypertensive elders and middle-aged men and women in Nigeria

Body composition of eighty hypertensive patients (43 middle-aged, 30-59 years and 37 elders, 60-80 years) was determined by anthropometry alongside their dietary intake. The mean body weight and height of female elders were 54.1 +/- 14.6 kg and 157.0 +/- 7.0 cm while that of male elders were 61.8 +/- 13.5 kg and 167.1 +/- 9.0 cm. Corresponding values for middle-aged subjects were also determined. The middle-aged subjects were heavier and taller than the elders in both sexes. Among the elders BMI values 21.7 (females) and 22.1 (males) were normal, but the female had higher percentage body fat (28.0 +/- 0.1%) than males (20.8 +/- 5.2%). Other body composition parameters determined included lean body mass, optimum body weight, body water, skin-fold thickness and arm muscle diameter. BMI was significantly correlated with high blood pressure. The mean energy and nutrient intake of the subjects were inadequate except for the female elders.     

Non-biochemical risk factors for cardiovascular disease in general clinic-based rural population of Bangladesh

BACKGROUND: Strategies for preventing premature cardiovascular disease include measures to control its risk factors. To plan such activities, prevalence of these factors must be known. Data regarding risk factor prevalence is limited in Bangladesh and measurement of biochemical factors is not always feasible. The aim of our study is to describe the non-biochemical risk factors in a clinic-based rural population of Bangladesh that would reflect at least a part of the problem in the rural area. METHODS: A cross sectional study was done in a clinic based patient population aged 20 years and older (471 males and 800 females) in a rural community of Bangladesh. A questionnaire on lifestyle including dietary and smoking habit was administered and physical examinations including height, weight, waist circumference, and blood pressure were measured in standardized way. RESULTS: Mean body mass index was 18.5 kg/m2 (standard deviation [SD]: 2.9 kg/m2) in males and 18.7 kg/m2 (SD: 3.3 kg/m2) in females. Mean systolic blood pressure was 120.0 mmHg (SD: 18.5 mmHg) and mean diastolic blood pressure 77.2 mmHg (SD: 9.9 mmHg) in all subjects. The prevalence of hypertension (140+/90+ mmHg and/or on treatment) was 17.8%. Prevalence of tobacco consumption (smoking and chewing) was 43.8% in males and 27.1 in females. Prevalence of abdominal obesity (waist circumference >94 cm in males, >80 cm in females) was 1.6 % and 11.4 % for males and females respectively. Proportion of overweight (BMI 25.0+) was 3.6%. CONCLUSION: Prevention programs and measures should be emphasized for the control of tobacco and hypertension in general, and central obesity in females, as far as rural population of Bangladesh is concerned.     

Comparison of predicted body fat percentage from anthropometric methods and from impedance in university students

The objective of the present study was to compare different methods for evaluating body fat percentage (BF%) (anthropometric methods and bioelectrical impedance analysis) in university students. Subjects were 653 healthy students whose mean age, body height, body weight and BMI were 21.1 (SD 2.5) years, 166.0 (SD 8.4) cm, 62.8 (SD 11.0) kg and 22.7 (SD 3.1) kg/m(2), respectively. Results showed that BMI is a poor predictor of body fatness since the sensitivity was low in comparison with the reference method (Siri equation). The lowest values of BF% were obtained using the reference method (Siri equation) (21.8 (SD 6.8)%). The two methods with the highest agreement were Siri and Lean (mean difference, -0.5), followed by Brozek (mean difference, -1.4) and Deurenberg (mean difference, -1.5). The largest mean difference for BF% was between Siri and impedance (-4.5). Although the methods and/or equations used in the present study have been commonly utilised to estimate BF% in young adults, the results must be interpreted with caution in the diagnosis and monitoring of overweight and obesity.     

中国成年女子体表面积的测量

目前经常应用的体表面积方程,是30年代Stevenson以10名实测结果为基础,用分线法测算所得。经过近50年,中国人体发育情况及体格状况均有改善,本研究拟通过实测更多例数,求出更适于现今中国人体格发育情况的体表面积方程。测试对象为44名18～45岁女性,平均体重52.13±6.22kg、身高150.3±5.2cm、体表面积1.546±0.105m~2。受试者分布于15个省市。采用纸型法测定,并求算出体表面积的高-重方程。体表面积(m~2)=0.00586H(cm)+0.0126 W(kg)-0.0461。用本方程计算所得结果与实测结果平均误差为-0.03％,以绝对值计为1.36％。各部位所占面积百分比为:头6.33;躯干(含颈、会阴)28.27;上臂8.29;前臂5.71;手4.52;大腿(含臀)27.40;小腿12.83;足6.65。为方便查算,绘出了测算图表。     

中国成年男子体表面积的测量

目前经常应用的体表面积方程,是30年代Stevenson以10名实测结果为基础,用分线法测算所得。经过近50年,中国人体发育情况及体格状况均有改善,本研究拟通过实测更多例数,求出更适于现今中国人体格发育情况的体表面积方程。测定对象为56名18～45岁男性,平均体重59.78kg、身高168.8cm、体表面积1.712m~2。受试者分布13个省,以河北及湖北占多数。采用纸型法测定,并求算出体表面积的高——重方程。体表面积(m~2)=0.00607H_(cm)+o.0127W_(kg)-0.0698。用本方程计算得的结果与实测结果平均误差为+0.17％,以绝对值计为1.20％。各体部所占面积百分比为:头6.11、躯干(含颈)29.59、上臂8.09、前臂6.41、手4.93、股(含臂)24.63、小腿13.29、足6.95。为方便查算,给出了测算图表。     

Height and body weight in the elderly. I. A 25-year longitudinal study of a population aged 70 to 95 years

OBJECTIVE: To describe longitudinal changes in height and body weight between the ages of 70 and 95 y. DESIGN: Longitudinal cohort study with representative sample of 70-y-olds. SETTING: Department of Geriatric Medicine, G?teborg University, Sweden. SUBJECTS: 449 males and 524 females, aged 70 y, living in G?teborg were examined in 1971-72 and this study population participated on 11 occasions during a 25-year follow-up. RESULTS: Mean height decreased 4 and 4.9 cm in males and females respectively and the trend was significant between the ages of 70 and 95 y in both sexes. Between 70 and 75 y of age, a significant difference was found between quintiles of body height where in the highest quintile height was lowered by 0.4 and 0. 3 cm/y, in males and females respectively, and in the lowest quintile by 0.1 cm/y in both sexes. Mean body weight decreased 3.2 and 5.1 kg in males and females respectively, from age 70 to 95 y. The trend was significant over 22 and 20 y for males and females, respectively. Between the ages of 70 and 80 y, individuals in highest quintile of body weight decreased at a rate of 0.8 and 0.6 kg/y, three times higher than those in lowest quintile. Due to the decrease in both height and weight over time, body mass index (BMI) was less affected. CONCLUSION: Height, body weight and BMI decreased significantly in both sexes after age 70 y, and there was a gender difference in the trend. The results can be used as reference data for Swedish elderly and might be of importance to the understanding of anthropometry with the ageing process. SPONSORSHIP: See acknowledgements.     

How accurately are height, weight and leg length reported by the elderly, and how closely are they related to measurements recorded in childhood?

BACKGROUND: This paper examines (1) the accuracy of self-reported height, leg length and weight in a group of subjects aged 56-78; (2) whether recent measurement of height and weight influences the accuracy of self-reporting and (3) associations between childhood and adult height, leg length and BMI measured in old age. METHODS: All 3182 surviving members of the Boyd Orr cohort were sent postal questionnaires in 1997-1998 and a sub-sample (294) was also clinically examined. RESULTS: Self-reported height was overestimated and body mass index (BMI), based on reported height and weight, underestimated. The mean difference between self-report and measured values were for height: 2.1 cm in males and 1.7 cm in females; for BMI the difference was -1.3 kg/m(2) in males and -1.2 kg/m(2) in females. Shorter individuals and older subjects tended to over-report their height more than others. The overweight under-reported their weight to a greater extent. Recent measurement appeared to decrease over-reporting of height but not weight. Correlations between self-report and measured height and BMI were generally over 0.90, but weaker for leg length (r = 0.70 in males and 0.71 in females). Adult height and leg length were quite closely related to their relative values in childhood (correlation coefficients ranged from 0.66 to 0.84), but associations between adult and childhood BMI were weak (r = 0.19 in males and 0.21 in females). CONCLUSIONS: Self-reported measures of height and weight may be used in studies of the elderly although systematic reporting errors may bias effect estimates. As overweight individuals tend to under-report and the short and underweight tend to over-report, studies investigating associations of disease with height and weight using self-reported measures will underestimate effects. The weak associations between childhood and adult BMI indicate that associations between childhood adiposity and adult cardiovascular disease found in this cohort may reflect the specific effect of childhood overweight, rather than its persistence into adulthood. This suggests that avoidance of adiposity may be as important in childhood as in adulthood.     

博山地区4780名成年人身高、体重调查及体重指数、肥胖发生率的统计分析(人群肥胖症研究之一)

作者采用较准确的方法,对博山地区20岁以上不同职业的4780人(男3216,女1564),进行了年龄、身高和体重的调查,并对调查结果作了性别、年龄、身高与体重之问关系的相关、回归分析,得出推算标准体重的回归方程式、“正常成年男女身高与体重表”。按公式计算出体重指数,并拟定了20岁以上男女体重指数的正常范围(男0.1933～0.2525,女0.1951～0.2563)和体重超重、肥胖的体重指数界限值。按这个体重指数标准,本次调查结果男性属超重者占7.71％,肥胖占5.22％;女性超重占6.96％,肥胖占4.73％。本调查资料所载博山地区20岁以上人群年龄、身高与体重之间的关系及推算标准体重的方法,对国内其它地区也会有一定参考价值。     

Height reduction, determined using knee height measurement as a risk factor or predictive sign for osteoporosis in elderly women

OBJECTIVE: We assessed the value of height reduction, calculated using knee height measurement, as a risk factor or predictive sign for osteoporosis in healthy elderly women. METHODS: In 181 healthy women 76 +/- 5 y of age, height, weight, and knee height were evaluated. Femoral and spine bone mineral densities and body compositions were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. In 76 young women 27 +/- 4 y of age, a regression equation to predict height, based on knee height, was derived. Using this equation, maximum attained height and height loss were calculated in elderly women, which was correlated to bone mineral density. RESULTS: The equation to predict height was height (cm) = knee height (cm) x 2.22 + 50.54. The calculated height loss in elderly women was -6.1 +/- 3.8 cm or -0.08 +/- 0.05 cm/y of age. Height loss and hip circumference were significant predictors of spine bone mineral density. In the case of femoral bone mineral density, to the same predictors, a negative effect of waist circumference was added. Women in the highest quintile of height reduction (>0.199 cm/y) had an odds ratio of 4.5 (95% confidence interval 1.56-13.3, P < 0.02) for femoral osteoporosis. CONCLUSION: Knee height can be used as an accurate measurement of height loss in the elderly, which is a significant predictor of femur and spine bone mineral densities, in addition to hip circumference.     

Protein microparticulation: the principle and the process.

Objective: To evaluate the usefulness of the body zinc clearance test in the diagnosis of marginal zinc deficiency and to estimate the efficacy of oral zinc supplementation on growth in short children.

Methods: Zinc status was evaluated in 30 (19 boys and 11 girls) Japanese children with short stature using the body zinc clearance test. Changes in growth after oral zinc supplementation (ZnSO₄ · 7H₂O; 5 mg/kg/day in two divided doses) were studied.

Results: Basal serum zinc concentrations were 75.0±12.7 μg/dl and zinc clearance values were 19.1±5.8 ml/kg/hour in the 30 subjects. The correlation coefficient between serum zinc concentrations and zinc clearance values was as small as ?0.36. There were nine cases whose body zinc clearance values were high and serum zinc concentrations were low, indicating definite zinc deficiency. There were nine cases whose body zinc clearance values were high, despite normal serum zinc concentrations, indicating marginal zinc deficiency. The mean height velocity for males was 5.3 cm/year before zinc supplementation and 7.8 cm/year after the therapy; and the mean SD score for height for age improved from ?1.85 to ?1.53. The mean height velocity for females was 5.1 cm/year before zinc supplementation and 5.9 cm/year after the therapy, and the mean SD score for height for age changed from ?2.02 to ?2.03.

Conclusion: The body zinc clearance test was much more useful than serum zinc concentrations in diagnosing marginal zinc deficiency. Oral zinc supplementation improved the height velocity in short males, but not in short females.     

Peak expiratory flow rate in healthy rural south Indian school children predicted from body height

The study was undertaken to establish normograms for PEFR in healthy rural south Indian school children and to derive prediction equations for PEFR with height. PEFR was measured in 1403 children aged 5 to 17 years using Wright's mini peak flow meter. Prediction equations were derived for PEFR with height in boys and girls. Normograms were plotted based on the observed values of PEFR in the study population. Significant linear correlation was seen of PEFR with height in males (p < 0.001, r = 0.856) and in females (p < 0.001, r = 0.762). Prediction equation for PEFR are 4.49 x height (cm) - 384.64 in males and 2.99 x height (cm) - 219.44 in females.     

A new total body potassium method to estimate total body skeletal muscle mass in children

A whole body skeletal muscle [(SM); kg] mass estimation model, based on total body potassium [(TBK); mmol] measured by whole body (40)K counting (WBC) was developed (SM = 0.0082.TBK) and validated in adults in a previous study. It is unknown whether the adult TBK SM prediction model is applicable for pediatric use. The aim of this study was to derive and validate a pediatric TBK SM prediction equation. SM measured by MRI was used as the criterion and TBK was measured by WBC. The protocol was completed in 116 healthy children, 66 males and 50 females, 11.7 +/- 3.5 y (mean +/- SD, range = 5-17 y). A strong linear correlation was observed between TBK and SM (r = 0.984; P < 0.001). The SM:TBK ratio was 0.0071 +/- 0.0008 kg/mmol in the children studied, much lower than the corresponding value of 0.0082 kg/mmol in adults. An empirical SM prediction equation was developed using TBK alone: SM = 0.0085.TBK - 2.83, r(2) = 0.97, SEE = 1.39 kg. Bland-Altman analysis did not disclose a significant bias in the prediction of SM. When biological factors entered along with TBK in the general linear model, another prediction equation was developed: SM = 5.52 + 0.001.TBK (mmol) + 0.081.weight (kg) - 0.049.height (cm) + 0.00004.TBK . height + race (-0.60 for Caucasian, 0.49 for African-American, and 0 for Hispanic). Because the adult TBK SM prediction model is not applicable for pediatric use, this study provides new empirical TBK SM prediction equations that should prove useful for studies on nutrition, growth, and development in children.     

Antropometric measurements of elderly

Body composition was assessed in a group of 344 free-living elderly between 60 and 89 years by means of anthropometry. The height, weight and body mass indexes of the elderly were reduced with advancing age in both the males and females. Skinfold thickness measurements also declined with age. Overall, the female elderly had a greater tricep skinfold thickness but smaller mid-arm circumferences, mid-arm muscle circumference and mid-arm muscle area compared to the male.     

生物电阻抗法测量7～10岁儿童总体水含量和去脂体重的预测模型

目的利用生物电阻抗方法测量儿童的体成分,建立适合我国儿童体成分的预测方程。方法在北京市采用目的抽样法选取409名7～10岁的儿童（男生220名,女生189名）,测量身高和体重,采用生物电阻抗仪测量全身电阻抗和电容抗,采用单标水法测量的总体水（totalbodywater,TBW）和去脂体重（fat—freemass,FFM）作为标准,用多元线性逐步回归法建立回归方程,并采用纯误差和Bland—Altman分析法来判断预测方程的准确度。结果TBW的预测方程=-6．893＋0．410x性别（男：1,女=0）＋0．273×年龄（岁）＋0．174x体重（k）＋0．081×身高（cm）＋0．206x阻抗指数（cm2/Ω）（R2=0．90,均方根误差=1．2kg）;FFM的预测方程=-9．742＋0．784x性别（男=1,女=0）＋0．429x年龄（岁）＋0．227×体重（kg）＋0．104x身高（cm）＋0．269×阻抗指数（cm2／Ω）（R2=0．90,均方根误差=1．6kg）。TBW和FFM的预测值与测量值间差异均无统计学意义,纯误差分别是1．4、1．8kg。TBW和FFM的测量值与预测值的差值与均值之间存在显著正相关性（相关系数分别为0．24、0．23,P〈0．01）。不同BMI分组的测量值与预测值间差异均无统计学意义。结论推导的预测方程有较高的精确度和准确度,能有效准确地预测我国7～10岁儿童的体成分。     

Estimation of the desirable body weight of selected lebanese adult females

Several anthropometric measurements were taken on a total of 387 healthy Lebanese single females 18–25 years of age, whose heights fell within a range of 153.5–167.4 cm. The selected subjects were neither under-or overweight as Judged by overall body appearance. A total of 142 subjects possssing triceps and abdomen skinfold thickness; and mid-thigh circumference values either below or above a certain range set for these three parameters were later excluded from the study. This step was necessary in order to leave, in the final sample, only those subjects with moderate body fat content which met our definition of having desirable body weights. Correlation coefficients (r) of selected anthropometric parameters to actual body weight (Wt) were calculated for the remaining 245 subjects. The results showed the body frame size (BFS) parameter (the sum of the wrist and ankle circumferences; and shoulders' length) to have the highest correlation (r=0.75) followed by body height (r=0.70). When individually tested, the parameters making up BFS showed moderate correlations to actual Wt. A moderate correlation (r=0.52) was also reported for mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC). Results of multiple regression analysis, with actual Wt as the dependent variable, showed an improvement in the accuracy of estimation of desirable Wt upon the stepwise addition of BFS and MAMC to Ht. The outcome of the study was the development of regression equations based on Ht, BFS and MAMC parameters which can estimate the desirable Wt of adult females irrespective of their frame size and degree of leanness or obesity, within a standard error of estimate ranging from 2.0–2.2 kg depending on the equation used.     

Assessment of body composition by bioelectrical impedance in a population aged greater than 60 y

Body composition was measured in a group of 35 healthy men and 37 healthy women aged 60-83 y. Body mass index (BMI) in men was 25.0 +/- 2.2 kg/m2 (means +/- SD) and in women, 25.9 +/- 3.2 kg/m2. BMI was low in relation to body fat percentage as determined by skinfold-thickness measurements or densitometry in comparison with the relation found in younger adults. Mean body fat percentage of the male subjects (aged 70.4 +/- 5.2 y) as determined by densitometry was 31.0 +/- 4.5%, whereas in women (aged 68.0 +/- 5.2 y) it was 43.9 +/- 4.3%. Body impedance correlated with fat-free mass (FFM). The best prediction formulas for the FFM from body impedance and anthropometric variables were 1) FFM (kg) = (0.671 x 10(4) x H2/R) + 3.1S + 3.9 where H is body height (m), R is resistance (omega), and S is gender (females, 0; males, 1) (r = 0.94; SEE = 3.1 kg) and 2) FFM (kg) = (0.360 x 10(4) x H2/R) + 0.359BW + 4.5S - 20T + 7.0 where BW is body weight (kg) and T is thigh circumference (m) (r = 0.96; SEE = 2.5 kg). The prediction equations from the literature, generally determined in younger populations, overestimated FFM in elderly subjects by approximately 6 kg and are not applicable to elderly subjects.