腹腔镜胆囊切除术对机体炎症免疫反应的影响

目的对比研究腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)和开腹胆囊切除术(open cholecystectomy,OC)对机体炎症免疫反应的影响. 方法监测胆囊结石或胆囊息肉样病变患者(LC、OC各30例)术前、术后1 h、1 d、2 d的外周血T淋巴细胞亚群、WBC计数、C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)及白细胞介素-6(IL-6)的变化并进行比较.酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测IL-6,流式细胞仪检测T细胞亚群. 结果 OC组术后2 d,成熟T淋巴细胞(CD3)(q=5.822,P<0.05)、辅助性T淋巴细胞(CD4)(q=10.636,P<0.05)较术前显著下降,2组CD4/CD8在术后1、2 d无统计学差别(P＞0.05).OC组术后2 d, WBC计数(t=4.904,P=0.000)、CRP(t=9.409,P=0.000)、IL-6(t=6.471,P=0.000)均明显高于LC组. 结论 LC对机体炎症免疫反应影响小,有利于术后恢复.     

腹腔镜肠粘连松解术用于小儿肠梗阻的效果

目的探讨小儿肠梗阻腹腔镜肠粘连松解术的效果,以及对应激指标、肠蠕动功能等的影响。方法回顾性分析2017年1月～2019年12月106例小儿粘连性肠梗阻肠粘连松解术的临床资料,家属选择手术方式,行腹腔镜手术和开腹手术各53例。比较2组手术指标,术前、术后1 d、术后3 d胃肠道功能和应激指标。结果腹腔镜组手术时间、肛门排气时间、下床活动时间以及住院时间均明显较开腹组短[(60.2±8.2)min vs.(80.1±8.2)min,t=-12.470,P=0.000;(30.1±10.1)h vs.(46.3±15.6)h,t=-6.331,P=0.000;(23.6±1.6)h vs.(43.2±3.9)h,t=-33.363,P=0.000;(4.0±0.6)d vs.(8.9±1.4)d,t=-23.720,P=0.000],且术中出血少[(61.2±8.1)ml vs.(115.4±16.9)ml,t=-21.086,P=0.000],并发症少[3.8%(2/53) vs. 20.8%(11/53),χ~2=7.102,P=0.008]。术后2组胃动素(motilin,MOT)、胃泌素(gastrin,GAS)、二胺氧化酶(diamine oxidase,DAO)均较治疗前降低(P0.05),腹腔镜组MOT、GAS明显高于开腹组(P0.05),DAO明显低于开腹组(P0.05)。术后1 d 2组超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)均较术前降低(P0.05),丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)均较术前升高(P0.05);术后3 d腹腔镜组SOD、MDA均恢复到术前水平(P0.05),开腹组与术前仍存在明显差异(P0.05)。结论与开腹手术相比,腹腔镜肠粘连松解术手术时间短,对应激和胃肠道功能影响小,术后恢复快。     

腹腔镜与阴式子宫切除术对免疫功能影响的比较

目的比较腹腔镜辅助阴式子宫切除术（laparoscopic—assisted vaginal hysterectomy，LAVH）与阴式子宫切除术（vaginal hysterectomy，VH）对免疫功能的影响。方法2006年8月～2007年10月我科66例单纯子宫切除术按患者手术方式选择意愿分为2组：LAVH组35例，VH组31例，比较2种手术方式手术时间、术中出血量、手术前后的血清白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、C反应蛋白（C reactive protein，CRP）、外周血T淋巴细胞亚群。结果2组手术时间分别为（103．8±44．3）min、（98．6±43．1）min，术中出血量分别为（113．8±36．5）ml、（122．5±38．7）ml，2组间比较无显著性差异（t=1．309，P=0．194；t=-1．437，P=0．176）。2组术前、术后1d、术后4d相应时点比较，CD3^＋、CD4^＋、CD8^＋、CD4^＋／CD8^＋、IL-6、TNF-α、CRP均无显著差异（P〉0．05）。LAVH组术后1dCD3^＋、CD4^＋、CD4^＋／CD8^＋较术前明显降低（q=3．47、3．52、3．65，P=0．044、0．041、0．039），术后4d恢复至术前水平（q=1．72、1．03、0．37，P=0．103、0．192、0．47）；术后1dIL-6、TNF—α、CRP较术前明显升高（q=25．94、17．25、33．07，P值均为0．000），术后4d TNF-α恢复至术前水平（q=2．21，P=0．080），IL-6、CRP仍高于术前（q=3．07、13．14，P=0．038、0．000）。VH组术后1d CD3^＋、CD3^＋、CD4^＋/CD8^＋较术前明显降低（q=3．50、3．72、3．55，P=0．043、0．036、0．042），术后4d恢复至术前水平（q=2．58、0．58、1．98，P=0．081、0．39、0．097）；术后1d IL-6、TNF—α、CRP较术前明显升高（q=29．81、18．96、37．98，P值均为0．000），术后4d TNF—α恢复至术前水平（q=2．53，P=0．067），但IL-6、CRP仍高于术前（q=2．97、15．69，P=0．042、0．000）。结论VH、LAVH均可引起机体一定程度的免疫反应，但二者对免疫功能影响差异不明显。     

腹腔镜与开腹子宫切除术对免疫功能影响的比较

目的比较腹腔镜与开腹子宫切除术对机体免疫功能的影响。方法选择44例有子宫切除指征的患者,分为2组:腹腔镜治疗25例(腹腔镜组),接受开放手术19例(开腹组)。比较两组的手术时间、术中出血量、术后镇痛用药、术后住院时间情况;并采用散射比浊法测定免疫球蛋白IgG、IgM、IgA,补体C3、C4水平,采用流式细胞仪测定CD3+(T细胞总数)、CD4+(T辅助/诱导细胞)、CD8+(T抑制/杀伤细胞)的数量,进行组间比较。结果两组手术时间(100.5±15.9 m invs 97.0±17.9 m in)无显著性差异(t=0.685,P=0.497),腹腔镜组术中出血量(65.0±48.9 m l vs 150.0±100.4 m l)、术后镇痛率(3/25 vs 16/19)及术后住院时间(5.4±1.3 d vs 7.4±1.5 d)明显小于开腹组(t=-3.703,2χ=22.943,t=-4.730;P=0.000)。两组IgM、IgA、C4手术前后均无明显变化,两组间亦无显著差异。腹腔镜组术后1 d IgG较术前有所下降,术后3 d恢复至术前水平,C3无明显变化;开腹组IgG、C3术后1 d明显低于术前水平,术后3 d恢复到术前水平。两组比较,开腹组术后1 d IgG、C3下降明显。腹腔镜组T淋巴细胞亚群手术前后均无显著性差异。开腹组术后1、3 d CD3+、CD4+、CD8+与术前比较均明显降低,术后5 d恢复至术前水平;两组比较,术后1、3 d开腹组CD3+、CD4+、CD8+均明显低于腹腔镜组。结论腹腔镜对机体免疫功能的影响小,为术后恢复较快提供了病理生理学依据。     

加速康复外科在完全腹腔镜胃癌根治术中的应用

目的探讨加速康复外科对行完全腹腔镜胃癌根治术患者的免疫功能和术后恢复的影响。方法将行完全腹腔镜胃癌根治术的患者随机分为加速康复组(enhanced recovery after surgery,ERAS组)和对照组,比较两组患者术后各时段血液中CD4^+、CD8^+、CD4^+CD25^+、血清CRP水平、术后恢复情况以及并发症发生情况。结果术后第1天,两组CD4^+、CD8^+、CD4^+、CD25^+水平均较术前降低,差异有统计学意义(t=9.070、7.297、5.830、12.870、3.529、10.547,均P<0.05),两组CD4^+水平差异无统计学意义(t=0.957,p>0.05),ERAS组CD8^+、CD4^+CD25^+水平高于对照组(t=2.163、2.203,P<0.05)。术后第3天,ERAS组CD4^+CD25^+水平与术前差异无统计学意义(t=1.062,P>0.05),两组其余指标升高但仍低于术前水平(t=3.322、5.015、3.418、9.912,均P<0.05);ERAS组CD/、CD8+、CD4+CDM+水平均高于对照组(t=2.804、2.040、2.210,均P<0.05)。术后第5天,两组CD4^+、CD4^+CD25^+和ERAS组CD8^+恢复至术前水平,而对照组CD8^+仍低于术前水平(t=6.862,P<0.05)。术后第1、3、5天,两组血清CRP均较术前升髙,差异均有统计学意义(t=-13.338、-13.715、-11.319、-12.286、-13.182、-15.076,均P<0.05),且ERAS组升高水平均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(t=-3.246、-2.100、-2.211,均P<0.05)。ERAS组肛门排气、排便、下床活动时间、经口进食时间以及术后住院时间均短于对照组[(2.8±1.0)d比(3.9±0.9)d,t=-5.974;(3.8±0.9)d比(4.3±1.0)d,t=-2.700;(19.1±4.0)h比(35.9±6.6)h,t=-16.045;(9.9±1.6)d比(11.5±2.0)d,t=-4.479,均P<0.05].结论加速康复外科应用于完全腹腔镜胃癌根治术患者的围术期能够有效减少对细胞免疫系统的应激,减轻机体炎症反应,更快地恢复术后胃肠道功能。     

妊娠期输尿管镜钬激光碎石术对外周血白细胞、C-反应蛋白及皮质醇浓度的影响

目的探讨妊娠期实施输尿管镜钬激光碎石术对机体应激反应的影响。方法 2011年8月~2015年5月我院实施输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗妊娠合并输尿管结石56例(手术组),与同期保守治疗妊娠合并输尿管结石30例(对照组)进行比较,比较2组术晨、术后第1和3天早晨(分别相当于对照组继续药物治疗第1、2、4天早晨)外周血白细胞计数(WBC)、C-反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)、皮质醇(Cor)浓度变化。结果手术组术后血WBC、CRP、Cor均呈下降趋势,各指标变化有显著性差异(F=82.92,P=0.000;F=215.01,P=0.000;F=80.89,P=0.000)。对照组继续药物治疗后WBC变化不明显(F=0.61,P=0.547),Cor下降缓慢,第4天与术前比较有显著性差异(q=4.045,P0.05)。2组患者术晨WBC无显著性差异(t=1.221,P=0.226),但手术组CRP、Cor明显高于对照组(t=2.847,P=0.006;t=2.567,P=0.012),2组术后第1天(对照组第2天)3个指标比较无显著性差异(P0.05),但手术组术后第3天(对照组第4天)3个指标明显低于对照组(P0.05)。结论输尿管镜钬激光碎石术对机体的应激反应小。     

腹腔镜与开腹直肠癌根治术对局部与全身免疫反应影响的对比研究

目的比较腹腔镜与开腹直肠癌手术对机体局部和全身炎症免疫反应的影响。方法 2005年4月～2006年2月40例直肠癌分为开腹组20例和腹腔镜组20例,术前第1天、术后第1天和第3天分别采集外周静脉血,测定C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞(WBC)、白介素6(IL-6)、CD4、CD8、自然杀伤细胞(NK细胞)和淋巴细胞,术后第1天和第3天腹腔引流液送检测定WBC、IL-6。结果腹腔镜与开腹直肠癌根治术对WBC、CD4、CD8、CD4/CD8、NK细胞和淋巴细胞的影响差异无显著性意义(P0.05)。开腹组术后第1、3天血CRP分别为(109.9±36.2)、(80.9±26.3)mg/L,显著高于腹腔镜组(83.9±37.7)mg/L(t=2.226,P=0.032),(58.6±30.4)mg/L(t=2.485,P=0.017)。开腹组术后第1、3天血IL-6分别为(92.6±21.0)、(71.6±18.4)pg/ml,显著高于腹腔镜组(73.7±20.9)pg/ml(t=2.853,P=0.007),(57.3±19.3)pg/ml(t=2.398,P=0.021)。2组术后第1、3天腹腔引流液WBC差异无显著性意义(P0.05),腹腔引流液IL-6开腹组术后第1天(164.8±54.0)pg/ml和术后第3天(121.6±45.9)pg/ml明显高于腹腔镜组术后第1天(128.3±55.4)pg/ml(t=-2.112,P=0.041)和术后第3天(90.7±48.2)pg/ml(t=-2.076,P=0.044)。腹腔镜组术中出血量(142.7±104.8)ml比开腹组(246.0±146.4)ml明显减少(t=-2.565,P=0.014),肠道功能恢复时间(51.0±19.1)h与开腹组相比明显缩短(81.1±21.6)h(t=-4.669,P=0.000),术后住院时间(10.7±2.8)d与开腹组(13.7±5.3)d相比差异有显著性(t=-2.238,P=0.031)。2组手术时间、肿瘤下切缘距离、肿瘤直径、清除淋巴结数和并发症比较无显著性意义(P0.05)。结论腹腔镜直肠癌根治术与开腹手术相比对机体炎症免疫反应的影响小,是一种安全、创伤小、恢复快的手术方式。     

脾切除对晚期食管胃结合部癌患者免疫功能及预后的影响

目的 探讨联合脾切除对晚期食管胃结合部癌姑息性切除患者免疫功能及预后的影响.方法 回顾性分析2007年1月至2010年12月福建医科大学附属第一医院收治的61例晚期食管胃结合部癌患者的临床资料,其中20例因肿瘤侵犯脾脏、2例因术中损伤脾脏行姑息性全胃切除联合脾切除术(脾切除组,22例),其余均行姑息性全胃切除术(脾保留组,39例),分别检测术前、术后10 d及术后6个月两组患者免疫功能情况,并比较两组患者术中及术后情况.计量资料采用独立样本t检验,计数资料采用x2检验.结果 术后10d,脾切除组IgA、IgG、IgM、CD3、CD4较术前升高,差异有统计学意义(t=2.55,3.33,3.40,2.92,2.10,P＜0.05);脾保留组IgA、IgG、IgM、CD3、CD4、CD4/CD8较术前升高,差异有统计学意义(f =3.35,5.29,3.33,2.60,3.53,3.12,P＜0.05).术后6个月,脾切除组IgA、IgG、IgM、CD3、CD4、CD4/CD8较术后10 d显著下降,差异有统计学意义(=2.75,4.40,3.06,2.51,2.24,2.29,P＜0.05);脾保留组患者IgA、IgG、IgM、CD4、CD8、CD4/CD8优于脾切除组,差异有统计学意义(t=1.70,2.10,2.70,2.16,2.13,2.83,P＜0.05).脾切除组患者手术时间为(152±26) min,脾保留组为(130±24) min,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(t=3.42,P＜0.05);脾切除组患者术中出血量、术后感染性并发症发生率高于脾保留组,平均生存时间、1年生存率低于脾保留组,但差异均无统计学意义(t=1.38,x2=0.78,1.22,2.51,P＞0.05).结论 对于不可根治的晚期食管胃结合部癌患者,保留脾脏对其免疫功能及预后可能具有一定的意义.     

发声显微手术治疗声带任克水肿

目的探讨发声显微外科手术治疗声带任克水肿的效果。方法采用发声显微外科微瓣技术治疗声带任克水肿42例,术前、术后1周、术后1个月、术后3个月分别进行动态喉镜检查及嗓音声学参数检测。结果动态喉镜检查:42例任克水肿术后1周、1个月、3个月声带黏膜波恢复正常的例数分别为14例、38例和40例。嗓音声学参数检测:术后1周、1个月、3个月基频(F0)与术前比较无差异(F=1.36,P=0.257),术后1周标准化噪声能量(NNE)与术前比较无差异(q=1.556,P>0.05),术后1个月基频微扰(jitter)(q=27.885)、振幅微扰(shimmer)(q=35.839)、NNE(q=5.817)、谐噪比(HNR)(q=6.383)较术前明显降低(P<0.05);术后3个月jitter(q=20.140)、shimmer(q=10.193)、NNE(q=6.942)、HNR(q=3.296)较术后1个月继续降低(P<0.05),F0(t=-0.384,P=0.702)、shimmer(t=0.223,P=0.824)、NNE(t=0.536,P=0.594)、HNR(t=-0.474,P=0.637)均接近正常...     

腹腔镜辅助与开腹进展期胃癌根治术对机体免疫功能影响的比较

目的:腹腔镜辅助下与开腹行进展期胃癌根治术对机体免疫功能的影响.方法:将94例进展期胃癌患者按意愿分为腹腔镜组(n=47)与开腹组(n=47),测定2组术前及术后第3、7、14天患者血清IL-6、CRP、IgG、IgM、IgA、CD3+、CD4+,CD8+,CD4+/CD8+、人类白细胞抗原Ⅱ型(HLA-DR)、中性粒细胞(PMN)的数量.结果:2组术后第3天免疫球蛋白较术前均降低(P<0.05),开腹组术后第7天免疫球蛋白较术前低(P<0.05),腹腔镜组术后第7天免疫球蛋白较术前比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),除术后第3、7天IgM腹腔镜组高于开腹组(P<0.05),2组间IgA、IgG术后差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);2组术后第3、7天2组IL-6、CRP较术前明显升高(P<0.01),开腹组升高较腹腔镜组更明显(P<0.01);术后第3、7、14天腹腔镜组HLA-DR较术前明显升高(P<0.01),2组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01,表5);2组术后第3天PMN较术前明显升高(P<0.01);2组外周血CD3+、CD4+,CD4+/CD8+术后第7、14天较术前均明显下降(P<0.01),术后腹腔镜组明显高于开腹组(P<0.01),且腹腔镜组较早恢复正常.结论:与开腹手术相比,腹腔镜手术对机体术后的免疫功能影响小,术后恢复快.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.