Studer原位尿流改道在女性膀胱癌治疗中的应用

目的 评价Studer原位尿流改道治疗女性浸润性膀胱癌的临床效果。方法 回顾性分析1998年5月至2005年2月20例女性膀胱全切、Studer原位尿流改道患者的资料。患者年龄48～65岁，平均56岁。膀胱移行细胞癌19例、腺癌1例。术中取回肠袢约65cm，其中近端10～12cm作为抗返流输入道，远端53-55cmU形折返缝合成球形肠膀胱。结果 手术时间4．5～8．0h，平均6．0h。输血量300-600ml，平均465ml。随访4～84个月，平均25个月。围手术期患者无死亡。早期并发症有黏液阻塞尿道6例、漏尿1例、腹泻4例、肺部感染2例。术后2年肠膀胱内结石1例，于腔镜下取出。术后肠膀胱容量约140ml，术后3个月平均390ml，1年后平均500ml。患者均利用腹压排尿，剩余尿0～49ml，平均19m1。白天排尿4～6次，平均4．5次，夜间0～4次，平均2次。白天控尿良好，夜间尿失禁1例，需2块尿垫。术后1年尿动力学检查13例：充盈期膀胱压力19～28cmH2O，最大尿流率12～19ml／s。17例术后3个月尿路造影示肠膀胱形态良好，无输尿管返流及上尿路扩张，3例患者出现轻微返流，未引起上尿路扩张，B超测定肾皮质厚度无变化。肾功能和血电解质结果正常，无盆腔和尿道肿瘤复发。结论 Studer原位尿流改道治疗女性浸润性膀胱癌患者并发症少，排尿和控尿功能满意。     

Studer回肠代膀胱术的技术改进和临床应用

目的：探讨Studer回肠代膀胱术技术改进的临床应用价值。方法：对Studer回肠代膀胱术进行技术改进，包括缩短输入道回肠、先作成贮尿囊和完成输尿管与输入道吻合口，最后贮尿囊尿道6针吻合、代膀胱前壁与耻骨悬吊固定等，并应用于35例患者。膀胱癌31例，晚期神经原性膀胱2例，腺性膀胱炎2例。患者均为男性，平均年龄6l岁。随访观察术后并发症、排尿功能和生活质量。结果：35例手术时间5．5--8．5h，平均6．5h。术中出血量300～l200ml，平均650ml，术中需输血21例。围手术期发生应激性溃疡6例，成人呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)l例。患者术后均恢复生理排尿，剩余尿40～60ml者5例，术后3个月和6个月的白天控尿率分别为91％和100％，夜间控尿率分别为87％和96％。上尿路功能良好，生活质量满意。结论：Studer回肠代膀胱术技术相对简单、并发症少、术后恢复快、符合生理性排尿、疗效满意，值得临床推广应用。     

肠道新膀胱尿动力学检查的临床意义

目的 探讨全膀胱切除肠代膀胱术后患者新膀胱和尿道的尿动力学特点。方法 全膀胱切除回肠原位新膀胱术患者22例，术后6～55个月，平均28个月。尿动力学检查测定尿流率、剩余尿，充盈期、排尿期膀胱测压、直肠测压、括约肌肌电图和尿道压测定。结果 22例患者最大尿流率2．7～22．1ml／s，平均12．9ml／s；排尿时间17～240s，平均66s；剩余尿5～300ml，平均92ml；最大膀胱容量210～650ml，平均426ml；初次尿意膀胱容量137～540ml，平均296ml；急迫尿意膀胱容量200～620ml，平均388ml。充盈末期膀胱内压均〈50cmH2O，顺应性31～35ml／cmH2O，平均33ml／cmH2O。膀胱容量≤50％时充盈期新膀胱不自主收缩平均1．2次，容量〉50％～100％时2．6次。压力流率测定时患者排尿期新膀胱均未见主动收缩，排尿期最大腹压10～105cmH2O，平均64cmH2O。最大尿道闭合压33～114cmH2O，平均69cmH2O。功能性尿道长度17～56mm，平均37mm。结论 回肠新膀胱具有良好的储尿能力，新膀胱排尿主要依靠腹压和尿道的协同作用，保留尿道的控尿能力是保证术后控尿能力的关键。     

可控性回结肠膀胱术远期疗效的临床研究

目的 对可控性回结肠膀胱术的远期疗效进行评价。方法 对23例回结肠膀胱术术后患者的可控性尿动力学、血清电解质、肾功能等进行随访观察。结果 23例随访4～126个月，平均59个月。白天可控率为100％，夜问可控率96％。贮尿囊容量350～640ml，平均560ml，贮尿囊内压力9．30～32，08cmH2O（1cmH2O=0．098kPa），平均19．20cmH2O。B超、静脉肾盂造影（IVP）及贮尿囊造影显示：单侧输尿管狭窄并肾积水1例。贮尿囊结石2例。血清电解质及肾功能正常。结论 可控性回结肠膀胱术远期疗效可靠、并发症少，是一种较理想的尿路分流术式。     

Studer新膀胱术控尿重要结构的保护

目的 探讨保护控尿重要结构对原位新膀胱功能的作用. 方法男性膀胱癌患者68例,平均年龄63(42～73)岁.均为多发浸润性膀胱癌.行根治性膀胱切除Studer新膀胱术,术中积极保护尿道横纹括约肌、阴部神经及尿道肌筋膜支持组织等控尿重要结构.对新膀胱术后的控尿功能进行随访. 结果手术时间210～360 min,输血0～800 ml,分期为T3aN0M0 20例,T2N0M048例.随访6～36个月,平均12个月.患者均恢复生理控尿.术后3个月时IVU显示新膀胱形态良好,上尿路无扩张,无反流及明显残余尿.BUN、SCr和电解质均无异常.术后6个月白天控尿率为100%,夜间遗尿1例,给予夜间定时唤醒排尿后克服.膀胱完全排空者59例,残余尿20～30 ml者9例.膀胱容量200～350 ml;充盈期膀胱压17～22 cm H2O(1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa),排尿期膀胱压45～80 cm H2O;Qmax 16～32 ml/s. 结论保护控尿重要结构可改善Studer新膀胱的功能.     

腹腔镜下根治性膀胱切除回肠新膀胱术（附15例报告）

目的介绍腹腔镜下根治性膀胱切除回肠新膀胱术的方法及经验。方法本组15例，均为男性，年龄45～62岁，平均54岁。术前均明确诊断为浸润性膀胱癌。采用腹腔镜下行膀胱癌根治性切除，然后取长约40cm回肠于体外缝制贮尿囊及输尿管贮尿囊吻合，体内行贮尿囊尿道吻合术。结果手术时间5．5～8h，平均6．5h；出血量200～1100ml，平均550ml。术后8周静脉尿路造影以及代膀胱造影检查显示：双肾显影良好，无输尿管返流及梗阻，代膀胱充盈良好，容量约300ml。术后3个月全部患者日间控尿良好，7例患者夜间控尿良好，夜间排尿2～3次。结论腹腔镜下膀胱全切除、体外建成贮尿囊及输尿管再植、体内贮尿囊尿道吻合术创伤小、出血少、术后尿控率高、恢复快。     

Studer原位回肠膀胱术24例报告

目的 总结Studer原位回肠膀胱术治疗膀胱肿瘤的疗效.方法 2003年2月至2006年12月采用膀胱全切Studer原位回肠膀胱术治疗膀胱肿瘤患者24例,患者均为男性,平均年龄60岁,其中移行细胞癌23例,T1 6例、T2 12例、T3 5例,鳞癌1例.术中近端回肠输入袢改为10cm;远端袢完全去管道化后排列成W形,输尿管直接与回肠输入袢的近段端侧吻合.观察随访术后排尿及肾功能等情况.结果 24例手术时间220～330 min,平均270 min术中出血量400～1600ml,平均600 ml.患者围手术期均无严重并发症发生,术后可自行排尿,13例发生遗尿.患者平均随访18个月(3～36个月).2例膀胱剩余尿＞100 ml,合并输尿管轻度扩张;1例术后12个月出现肾功能不全;23例肾功能正常,无电解质紊乱.结论 Studer回肠代膀胱术技术操作相对简单,并发症少,疗效满意.术中一般不做预防性输尿管抗反流处理.     

可控性膀胱术与回肠新膀胱术(附68例报告)

目的　评价不同术式可控性膀胱术及回肠新膀胱术的疗效。　方法　对 6 8例膀胱全切除术后患者采用 4种可控性尿流改道及回肠新膀胱术式 ,术后对患者控尿、导 (排 )尿 ,贮尿囊容积、内压 ,影像学及血生化资料进行比较。　结果　回肠套叠式输出道 3例中有 2例部分脱套致术后尿失禁 ,需再次手术 ;缩窄末端回肠式输出道 44例控尿均良好 ,除 1例插管困难外余均能用 16～ 2 0F尿管自行导尿。去管折叠式贮尿囊 39例 ,其中回肠贮尿囊 3例、结肠 2 2例、回结肠 14例 ,能达到低压贮尿囊要求 ,但早期有 8例发生贮尿囊过度扩张 ,容量 1470～ 16 5 0ml;去带结肠贮尿囊 8例 ,容量 430～6 0 0ml,充盈压 30～ 45cmH2 O(1cmH2 O =0 .0 98kPa) ,有蠕动波 ,术后早期有 2例尿漏。回肠新膀胱2 1例 ,容量 35 0～ 46 0ml,充盈压 12～ 2 0cmH2 O ,日间尿失禁 1例 ,夜间尿失禁 2例 ,其余无尿失禁。　结论　盲升结肠 30cm剖开对折成形可控性膀胱可满足低压贮尿囊要求 ,去带结肠贮尿囊由于易发生术后尿漏或粘连 ,内压较高 ,不够理想。缩窄末段回肠式输出道控尿效果好、内腔大、插管顺利、并发症少 ,明显优于回肠套叠输出道。回肠新膀胱术贮尿排尿功能良好 ,术后生活质量高 ,但应严格选择手术适应证。     

球形可控性回肠代膀胱术(附26例报告)

目的　探讨球形可控性回肠贮尿袋代膀胱术的临床疗效。　方法　对 2 6例膀胱移行细胞癌患者采用末段回肠制成球形贮尿袋代膀胱的原位膀胱重建术。　结果　 2 6例手术顺利 ,术后随访 3～ 36个月 ,平均 2 1个月。全组无严重并发症 ,健康存活 2 5例 ,1例术后 17个月死于脑溢血。排尿可控率 10 0 %。术后 12个月 2 0例平均尿量 5 85ml/次 ,剩余尿量 2 2ml,最大尿流率 17.3ml/s。膀胱测压 18例 ,平均半充盈、充盈和排尿压力分别为 12、17和 5 3cmH2 O(1cmH2 O =0 .0 98kPa)。病理切片示新膀胱粘膜变薄 ,粘膜腺体减少 ,绒毛消失 ,部分区域固有膜腺体消失 ,呈鳞状化生结构。PAS染色阳性、热休克蛋白 (HSP)阳性 ,p5 3基因表达阴性。　结论　球形可控性回肠贮尿袋代膀胱术具有容量大、压力低、可控性好 ,对机体干扰轻、并发症少等优点 ,是原位膀胱重建的良好术式。     

保留性功能全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术(附19例报告)

目的探讨保留勃起和射精功能的全膀胱切除术对浸润性膀胱癌的疗效。方法收集2000年1月～2006年6月膀胱移行细胞癌19例，男性，平均年龄50.9岁，为保留性功能，改善控尿，行改良根治性全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术，保留精囊、输精管、双侧神经血管束及大部分前列腺包膜，随访观察手术效果和生活质量。结果术后病理报告T2aN0M013例，T2bN0M06例。平均随访39个月（6～78个月），死亡率0，均未发现局部及远处转移;平均手术时间5h，平均出血400ml;白天控尿率100%（19/19），夜间尿失禁10.5%（2/19）;全部患者均保留勃起及逆行射精功能，IIEF-5平均22分;新膀胱储尿囊容量350～480ml，充盈压13～25cmH2O，残余尿量10～60ml。结论对有选择的病例采用保留性功能的全膀胱切除-原位回肠新膀胱术可以更好的保留阴茎勃起射精及控尿功能。     

改良腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术加Studer原位回肠新膀胱重建初步研究

目的:总结11例腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除、标准淋巴结清扫加Studer原位回肠新膀胱重建的经验,评价此术式肿瘤学结果与功能性结果。方法:2008年7月～2011年5月,选择11例肌层浸润性膀胱肿瘤患者实施腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除加下腹壁小切口行Studer原位回肠新膀胱重建术,对手术时间、淋巴结数量、围手术期并发症、出血量、输血量、生存率、上尿路形态与功能、控尿情况进行分析。结果:平均手术时间为6.17(5.5～7.5)h,平均出血量为300(0～800)ml,仅1例输血400ml,平均清扫淋巴结数15(5～30)个,无围手术期死亡,围手术期并发症发生率为18.19%(2/11)。上尿路检查,提示18.19%(2/11)术后拔出双J管后出现双侧肾盂及输尿管的轻度暂时性扩张,其中1例血肌酐上升。随访15(1～67)个月,1例鳞癌死于广泛转移,91%(10/11)无复发生存。患者日间完全控尿率达到90%(9/10);夜间完全控尿率70%(7/10),小于1块尿垫20%(2/10)。结论:选择适当病例行改良的腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除、标准淋巴结清扫加下腹壁小切口行Studer原位回肠新膀胱重建术取得了满意肿瘤学与功能性结果;Studer原位回肠新膀胱顺向蠕动输入袢能够保护上尿路形态与功能。     

Ileal neobladder for urinary bladder replacement following total pelvic exenteration for rectal carcinoma

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of using the ileal neobladder as a substitute for the urinary bladder following total pelvic exenteration for rectal carcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1992 and 1998, we performed total pelvic exenteration with ileal neobladder in 5 men with rectal carcinoma. Four patients had primary tumors, and one had recurrent disease after low anterior resection for rectal carcinoma. Histological types were adenocarcinoma in 4 and squamous cell carcinoma in 1. Invaded organs were: the urinary bladder in 1, the urinary bladder and prostate in 2, the prostate and seminal vesicle in 1, and the prostate in 1. RESULTS: There was no operative death. In 1 patient, an ileal conduit was needed because of partial necrosis of the neobladder. Minor leakage on the dorsal wall of the neobladder occurred in 2 patients, which was successfully stopped with simple closure and a gluteus maximus fasciocutaneous flap, respectively. All except one patient with the ileal conduit could void via the urethra. Complete daytime urinary continence was achieved, but nocturnal continence was maintained with voiding once or twice per night. As the urodynamic state, the mean maximum flow rate was 20.9 ml/s (range 9.0-34.1), the mean average flow rate was 7.7 ml/s (range 3.0-11.0), and the mean voided volume was 285.5 ml (range 160-432). The mean length of follow-up was 47.8 months. One patient died of local recurrence 38 months postoperatively, and 1 died of pneumonia 10 months postoperatively. Both patients could void via the urethra until death. The other three patients are currently alive without any evidence of recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Although total pelvic exenteration is a laborious surgical procedure, an ileal neobladder could be a good alternative to the urinary bladder enabling the patients to void via the urethra with urinary continence.     

Sigmoid neobladder in women after radical cystectomy

PURPOSE: Neobladder reconstruction using an intestinal segment is the common procedure of choice in men after cystectomy. Recently this procedure has been extended to women. We present our surgical and functional experience with the sigmoid neobladder in women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 11 women 49 to 74 years old (mean age plus or minus standard deviation 60 +/- 8.5) with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder underwent lower urinary tract reconstruction with a modified sigmoid neobladder after nerve and urethral support sparing cystectomy. After at least 3 months voiding pattern and continence status were evaluated. Pressure flow studies and uroflowmetry were performed, the urethral pressure profile and neocystourethral angle were measured, and blood chemistry was analyzed. RESULTS: After at least 3 months complete daytime continence was achieved in 2 patients, while 8 had mild stress incontinence. At night 8 of the 11 women (72.7%) were continent with or without voiding at regular intervals. All except 1 patient voided to completion. Of the 2 patients with complete continence 1 needed clean intermittent catheterization 4 months postoperatively. Mean maximal urinary flow was 19.9 +/- 10.5 ml. per second. Excluding the woman who required catheterization mean residual urine volume was 15 +/- 13.7 ml. Postoperatively maximal urethral pressure was slightly lower and functional urethral length was about 10 mm. shorter than preoperatively. The mean neocystourethral angle was 131.9 +/- 21.7 degrees. Mean pH, bicarbonate and base excess were 7.38 +/- 0.03, 23. 48 +/- 2.34 mmol./l. and -0.92 +/- 2.50, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: After nerve and urethral support sparing cystectomy a modified sigmoid neobladder may be constructed in women to obtain satisfactory continence and voiding results.     

Studer回肠膀胱的远期排尿功能和并发症的临床研究

目的 观察Studer回肠膀胱术后患者的远期排尿功能和并发症.方法 收集2004年5月至2008年1月接受Studer回肠膀胱术25例患者的临床资料,通过对其中20例患者进行6～44个月的随访,评估其术后6、12、24、36个月的功能性膀胱容量、剩余尿量、最大尿流率和尿失禁的变化情况,统计在此阶段内与手术相关的远期并发症、死亡情况及死亡原因.结果 功能性膀胱容量、最大尿流率在随访期间无明显变化(P>0.05),剩余尿量有所增加(36 ml vs 80 ml,P<0.01).主要并发症有肾积水、肾萎缩、尿路感染和持续、间断性血尿.结论 Studer回肠膀胱术是安全的,远期亦能够很好的保持回肠膀胱的排尿功能.手术技术的改进、经验的积累将会使治疗效果提高.     

Supra-ampullar cystectomy with preservation of sexual function and ileal orthotopic reservoir for bladder tumor: twenty years of experience

OBJECTIVE: We describe the original surgical technique of supra-ampullar cystectomy associated with ileal neobladder, and present our results in terms of preservation of sexual potency, urinary continence and cancer control along twenty years of experience. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-eight consecutive patients with bladder tumor-27 transitional cell carcinomas (TCC) and 1 leiomyosarcoma-underwent supra-ampullar cystectomy with ileal orthotopic neobladder (2 Camey I and 26 Camey II) between May 1984 and June 1999. The median age of the patients was 51.0 years (range 23-65). Preoperatively 24 patients had superficial high-risk TCC. Involvement of prostatic urethra was excluded by means of preoperative endoscopic biopsies. The bladder, part of the prostate with the prostatic urethra and regional lymph nodes were removed, while the vas deferens with deferential ampullae, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts and the peripheral portion of the prostate were maintained. Median followup was 90.5 months (range 10-228). RESULTS: Out of 28 patients 6 died of bladder cancer (all with metastases, 2 also with local recurrence); 4 out of the 22 patients who were free of disease at followup died of other causes. Potency was preserved in 26 patients (92.8%), reporting satisfactory sexual intercourses; 15 patients (53.5%) also maintained antegrade ejaculation allowing procreation in 3 cases. In one patient the orthotopic neobladder according to Camey I was converted into an ileal conduit because of the excessive capacity of the reservoir, high post-void residual and recurrent pyelonephritis. Of the remaining 27 patients 16 showed both daytime and nighttime urinary continence (average interval between micturitions = 3 hours), 6 were continent during the day and 5 performed self-intermittent catheterization. CONCLUSION: Supra-ampullar cystectomy with detubularized ileal orthotopic neobladder allows to preserve sexual function in nearly all the cases and to maintain urinary continence in most patients, without compromising oncological outcome. The indication must be restricted to highly selected cases, without potential risk of local recurrences and concomitant prostatic carcinoma.     

体外协助尿流改道的腹腔镜全膀胱根治性切除术

目的 探讨体外协助尿流改道的腹腔镜全膀胱根治性切除术的疗效.方法 2006年6月～2012年6月施行体外协助尿流改道的腹腔镜全膀胱根治性切除术28例,全膀胱切除和盆腔淋巴结清扫均在腹腔镜下完成,标本自下腹部小切口取出,体外协助尿流改道采用回肠膀胱术（Bricker手术）和原位回肠新膀胱2种术式,其中Bricker手术22例、原位回肠新膀胱术6例.结果 均一次手术成功,腹腔镜盆腔淋巴结清除及全膀胱切除手术时间150～240 min,平均180 min;体外协助尿流改道时间90～270 min,平均150 min;术中出血200 ～900 ml,平均350 ml;肠功能恢复时间3～4d.6例原位回肠新膀胱2～4周拔除导尿管,能正常排尿,无尿潴留和肾功能损害发生.26例随访6～36个月,平均15个月,1例术后23个月死于复发及远处广泛转移,2例死于其他内科疾病,其余患者一般情况良好,未见肿瘤复发及转移.结论 体外协助尿流改道的腹腔镜全膀胱根治性切除术疗效满意.     

Orthotopic bladder substitute in renal transplant recipients: experience with Studer technique and literature review

Renal transplant recipients with high‐risk bladder cancer following cystectomy need a urinary diversion preserving the renal function and possibly maintaining body image, while still offering the best oncological outcome. The aim of this report is to describe our experience of radical cystectomy and orthotopic ileal neobladder with Studer technique in this population, and to review the literature. We performed radical cystectomy and Studer ileal neobladder in four male patients (median age 67 years) after median time of 9.5 years following renal transplantation. Pathology revealed pT1HGN+ transitional cell carcinoma in one case, pT1HGN0 in two and pT3aHGN0 in one. Two patients presenting aggressive disease (N+ and pT3a) died of tumour progression after 20 and 14 months, respectively, while the other two are alive after 56 and 36 months of follow‐up with no evidence of disease, stable serum creatinine (2.29 and 1.6 mg/dl) and mild metabolic acidosis. Day and night‐time urinary continence were satisfactory in all patients. Good functional outcomes have been reported in the 20 cases of ileal orthotopic neobladder with different techniques published so far and the global experience of 24 cases with a median follow‐up of 39 months documents a cancer specific survival of 62.5%.     

Ileal Neobladder for Bladder Substitution after Radical Cystectomy

Background: Studer's ileal neobladder is technically simple, and favorable clinical results have been reported. However, there have been only a few follow-up studies on this type of ileal neobladder. We reviewed the clinical outcomes of patients who received Studer's ileal neobladder, with a minor modification, in our institution.
Methods: Twenty-five men underwent bladder reconstruction with Studer's ileal neobladder after radical cystectomy. The function of the ileal neobladder and voiding status were evaluated during follow-up. The follow-up period ranged from 3 to 42 months (mean, 24 months).
Results: The ileal neobladder achieved a large capacity at a low basal pressure, associated with a relatively low complication rate directly related to the neobladder. At 12 months after surgery, daytime and nighttime continence rates were 90|X% and 74|X%, respectively. In 5 patients who were incontinent, the maximal urethral closure pressure was statistically lower than in patients with continence.
Conclusion: Studer's ileal neobladder is an easy operative procedure for bladder substitution, and has a relatively low complication rate directly related to the neobladder. Good compliance ofthe pouch and preservation of the external sphincter mechanism are the most important factors for achieving urinary continence, after construction of the ileal neobladder.     

低张力Roux-y乙状结肠新膀胱在尿流改道中的应用

目的 评价全膀胱切除后低张力抗尿粪逆流Roux-y乙状结肠新膀胱在尿流改道中的疗效.方法 21例患有浸润性膀胱癌的患者施行了膀胱全切、低张力抗尿粪逆流Roux-y乙状结肠新膀胱术,术后随访8～79个月,平均36个月,尿动力学检查包括尿流率、残余尿、膀胱容量和充盈期膀胱压力测定.结果 21例患者最大尿流率21.4～38.4 ml/s,平均28.1 ml/s,排尿时间9～28 8,平均17 s,无残余尿,尿意容量120～410 ml,平均330 ml,膀胱容量350～560 ml,平均480 ml,膀胱充盈期末压力14.2～18.6 cm H2O(1 cm H2O=0.098 kPa),平均16.4 cm H2O,最大排尿压23.6～63.4 cmH2O,平均45.0 cm H2O.结论 低张力Roux-y乙状结肠新膀胱具有良好的储尿功能,是一种有效的可控尿流改道方法.