Deacetylase inhibition increases regulatory T cell function and decreases incidence and severity of collagen-induced arthritis

Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) is an established mouse model of disease with hallmarks of clinical rheumatoid arthritis. Histone/protein deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are known to inhibit the pathogenesis of CIA and other models of autoimmune disease, although the mechanisms responsible are unclear. Regulatory T cell (Treg) function is defective in rheumatoid arthritis. FOXP3 proteins in Tregs are present in a dynamic protein complex containing histone acetyltransferase and HDAC enzymes, and FOXP3 itself is acetylated on lysine residues. We therefore investigated the effects of HDACi therapy on regulatory T cell function in the CIA model. Administration of an HDACi, valproic acid (VPA), significantly decreased disease incidence (p < 0.005) and severity (p < 0.03) in CIA. In addition, VPA treatment increased both the suppressive function of CD4⁺CD25⁺ Tregs (p < 0.04) and the numbers of CD25⁺FOXP3⁺ Tregs in vivo. Hence, clinically approved HDACi such as VPA may limit autoimmune disease in vivo through effects on the production and function of FOXP3⁺ Treg cells.     

Additive effects of histone deacetylase inhibitors and amphetamine on histone H4 acetylation, cAMP responsive element binding protein phosphorylation and DeltaFosB expression in the striatum and locomotor sensitization in mice

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) plays an important role in chromatin remodeling in response to a variety of neurochemical signalings and behavioral manipulations, and may be a therapeutic target for modulation of psychostimulant behavioral sensitization. In this study, we investigated the molecular interaction between histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) and psychostimulant in vivo of mice after repeated treatment with the HDACi, butyric acid (BA) and valproic acid (VPA), alone or in combination with amphetamine. Repeated treatment with amphetamine produced HDACi-like effects: enhanced global histone H4 acetylation level by Western blot as well as specific histone H4 acetylation associated with fosB promoter by chromatin immunoprecipitation in the striatum. Conversely, repeated treatment with BA or VPA produced amphetamine-like effects: enhanced cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation at Ser(133) position and increased DeltaFosB protein levels in the striatum. Furthermore, co-administration of BA or VPA with amphetamine produced additive effects on histone H4 acetylation as well as CREB phosphorylation in the striatum. The interplay of HDAC and CREB was also supported by co-immunoprecipitation assays demonstrating that repeated treatment with VPA reduced the association of CREB and HDAC1 in the striatum. Finally, the additive effect of VPA/BA and amphetamine on histone H4 acetylation, phosphorylated CREB, and DeltaFosB was associated with potentiated amphetamine-induced locomotor activity. Thus, HDACi may interact additively with psychostimulants at both histone acetylation and CREB phosphorylation through the CREB:HDAC protein complex in the striatum to modulate DeltaFosB protein levels and psychomotor behavioral sensitization.     

右美托咪定通过影响CHOP凋亡通路减轻缺血/再灌注肺损伤

目的:探讨右美托咪定(dexmedetomidine,DEX)能否通过CCAAT/增强子结合蛋白同源蛋白(CHOP)凋亡通路减轻小鼠缺血再灌注(I/R)性肺损伤。方法:选取雄性8~10周龄C57BL/6J小鼠40只,体重18~22 g,复制在体左肺I/R损伤模型。随机分为4组:假手术组(sham组),I/R模型组(I/R组),生理盐水对照组(I/R+NS组),右美托咪定干预组(I/R+DEX组)。DEX组在小鼠左肺缺血前30 min腹腔注射DEX 25μg/kg,I/R+NS组给予与DEX等体积的生理盐水。实验毕,留取左肺组织。测定肺组织干湿比(W/D)及总肺含水量(TLW),行肺组织损伤评估(IQA),光、电镜观察肺组织形态学及超微结构改变。原位末端标记(TUNEL)法检测组织细胞凋亡指数(AI)。Western blot和逆转录PCR(RT-PCR)分别检测CHOP、葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)蛋白和mRNA表达量。结果:与sham组比,I/R组和I/R+NS组肺W/D、TLW、IQA、AI明显升高(P0.01),肺组织形态破坏显著,CHOP、GRP78蛋白和mRNA表达量增加(P0.01);I/R组与I/R+NS组相比,上述指标无显著差异。与I/R组比,I/R+DEX组肺组织W/D、TLW、IQA及AI明显下降(P0.05),组织损伤明显减轻,CHOP蛋白和mRNA表达量下降(P0.01)。结论:DEX可有效减轻小鼠缺血/再灌注性肺损伤,其机制可能与其抑制CHOP通路所致凋亡有关。     

巴戟天寡糖单体HexB减轻HUVECs缺氧复氧损伤

目的:研究巴戟天寡糖单体HexB减轻缺氧复氧(H/R)损伤诱导人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs)凋亡的分子机制。方法:HUVECs分别用HexB、内质网应激(ERS)抑制剂4-苯基丁酸(4-PBA)和ERS诱导剂毒胡萝卜素(TG)干预,并将培养的HUVECs分为:对照组、HexB组、H/R组、HexB+H/R组、4-PBA+H/R组、TG组和HexB+TG组。CCK-8法和流式细胞术检测细胞活性及凋亡率,Western blot法检测ERS标志分子葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)和C/EBP同源蛋白(CHOP)、凋亡相关蛋白caspase-12及磷酸化c-Jun氨基末端激酶(p-JNK)的蛋白水平。结果:与对照组比较,H/R组和TG组的细胞凋亡率明显增加,细胞活力明显降低,GRP78、CHOP、caspase-12及p-JNK的蛋白水平上调(P0.05);与H/R组比较,HexB+H/R组及4-PBA+H/R组的细胞凋亡率显著降低,细胞活力升高,GRP78、CHOP、caspase-12及p-JNK的蛋白水平降低(P0.05);与TG组比较,HexB+TG组的细胞凋亡率显著降低,细胞活力升高,GRP78、CHOP、caspase-12及p-JNK的蛋白水平降低(P0.05);HexB+H/R组与4-PBA+H/R组比较,细胞凋亡率、细胞活力及GRP78、CHOP、caspase-12、p-JNK蛋白水平的差异无统计学显著性。结论:通过抑制内质网应激,HexB可以减轻H/R诱导的HUVECs凋亡,其机制可能与下调GRP78、CHOP、p-JNK及caspase-12的水平有关。     

Potent neuroprotective effects of novel structural derivatives of valproic acid: Potential roles of HDAC inhibition and HSP70 induction

Emerging evidence suggests that the neuroprotective effects of valproic acid (VPA) occur via inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs) and activation of gene expression. This study assessed the ability of four VPA derivatives to cause histone hyperacetylation and protect against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in cultured neurons. We found that (S)-2-pentyl-4-pentynoic acid (compound III) and (±)-2-hexyl-4-pentynoic acid (compound V) were far more potent and robust than VPA in inducing histone hyperacetylation and protecting against glutamate excitotoxicity. Thus, the increase in histone acetylation elicited by compounds III and V was significant at 5 μM and reached a maximal increase of 600–700% at 50–100 μM, compared with only a 200% increase by VPA at 100 μM. The neuroprotective effects of compounds III and V were evident at 10–25 μM and reached a complete protection at 50–100 μM, while a significant partial protection by VPA was observed at 100 μM. These two compounds were also more effective than VPA in increasing HSP70-1a and HSP70-1b mRNA levels. At 50 μM, compound V was most robust in increasing HSP-1a mRNA levels, followed by compound III, and then by VPA. HSP-1b mRNA was only significantly upregulated by compounds V and III, but not by VPA or other VPA derivatives under these treatment conditions. Our results suggest that these two VPA derivatives may ultimately be developed into potent neuroprotective drugs in preclinical and clinical studies.     

抗衰老Klotho蛋白减轻大鼠乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧/复氧损伤

目的:观察抗衰老Klotho蛋白对大鼠乳鼠原代心肌细胞缺氧/复氧(H/R)损伤的作用并探讨其作用机制。方法:建立大鼠乳鼠心肌细胞H/R模型,并将心肌细胞分为正常对照组、H/R模型组和不同浓度(0.1μmol/L、1μmol/L和10μmol/L)Klotho作用H/R组。观察各组心肌细胞H/R前后搏动频率变化,利用MTT方法检测细胞存活率;测定各组心肌细胞H/R后LDH、CK、AST的漏出量及MDA含量、SOD活性;流式细胞术检测各组心肌细胞的凋亡率;real-time PCR检测各组心肌细胞中内质网应激标记及凋亡相关分子GRP78、CRT和CHOP和caspase-12 mRNA的表达情况;Western blot法检测心肌细胞内内质网应激凋亡蛋白CHOP和caspase-12蛋白表达及Akt磷酸化水平。结果:与正常对照组相比,H/R模型组中心肌细胞搏动频率和细胞存活率显著下降,细胞凋亡率显著升高(P0.05);LDH、CK、AST和MDA含量升高而SOD活性显著降低(P0.05);GRP78、CRT、CHOP和caspase-12 mRNA表达显著增高(P0.05);CHOP和caspase-12蛋白表达随之增高而Akt的磷酸化水平显著降低(P0.05)。与H/R模型组相比,抗衰老Klotho蛋白作用H/R心肌细胞后,心肌细胞搏动频率和细胞存活率显著升高,细胞凋亡率逐渐降低(P0.05),LDH、CK、AST和MDA含量下降而SOD活性显著增高(P0.05),GRP78、CRT、CHOP和caspase-12 mRNA的表达逐渐降低(P0.05),CHOP和caspase-12蛋白表达也随之降低,而Akt磷酸化水平显著增加(P0.05)。结论:抗衰老Klotho蛋白能够提升H/R损伤后心肌细胞的存活率,抑制细胞凋亡,通过抵抗氧化应激和过度内质网应激反应发挥作用,并与激活Akt磷酸化有关。     

Cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) expressing cells in the retina of Thy1-CFP transgenic mice before and after optic nerve injury

We investigated the specificity of cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) expression in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) of the transgenic Thy1-CFP (B6.Cg-Tg(Thy1-CFP)23Jrs/J) mouse line, and the characteristics of these cells after optic nerve injury. RGCs of adult Thy1-CFP mice were retrogradely labeled with fluorochrome (2% fluorogold [FG]) from the superior colliculi (SC). Animals were sacrificed 7 days after RGC labeling. Retinas were fixed and whole-mounted. CFP and FG-positive cells were visualized and imaged separately. Cells positive for CFP, FG, or co-labeled were counted. In another group of animals, the left optic nerves were transected 7 days after FG labeling. They were sacrificed 7 or 21 days after transection. The retinas were whole-mounted and the characteristics of CFP-expressing cells examined. CFP-expressing cells were distributed evenly throughout the retinas of Thy1-CFP mice. The average densities of CFP and FG-positive cells in the retina were 2778 ± 216 and 3230 ± 157 cells/mm², respectively. 93.2 ± 1.6% of CFP-expressing cells were also labeled with FG. However, only 79.9 ± 2.5% of FG-labeled RGCs expressed CFP. The number of CFP-expressing cells decreased dramatically after transection. Cells with spindle shape, immunohistochemically identified as microglia, were seen in the retina with CFP expression at both 7 and 21 days after optic nerve transection. In retinas of Thy1-CFP mice, CFP is expressed by the large majority of RGCs, but not exclusively by RGCs. CFP is internalized by phagocytosing cells after injury to RGCs.     

右美托咪定通过抑制内质网应激反应减轻肺缺血/再灌注小鼠肾损伤

目的:评价右美托咪定(dexmedetomidine,DEX)通过抑制内质网应激反应减轻小鼠肺缺血/再灌注(I/R)诱发肾损伤的机制。方法:雄性健康SPF级C57BL/6J小鼠50只,体重20~24 g,8~10周龄,随机分为5组(n=10):假手术组(sham组)、I/R组、阿替美唑(atipamezole,Atip)组、DEX组和DEX+Atip组。采用小鼠在体左侧肺门夹闭30 min再灌注180 min方法制备肺缺血/再灌注损伤(I/R)模型。Atip组、DEX组和DEX+Atip组分别在肺门阻断前30 min腹腔注射Atip(250μg/kg)、DEX(20μg/kg)和DEX+Atip,其余处理同I/R组。再灌注结束后眼眶采血检测血肌酐与尿素氮浓度,取肾组织光镜下观察肾细胞的形态学改变,检测caspase-3的酶活性,TUNEL法检测肾细胞凋亡指数,Western blot和RT-PCR检测c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)、caspase-12、CCAAT/增强子结合蛋白同源蛋白(CHOP)和葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)的蛋白及mRNA水平。结果:与假手术组相比,其余组光镜下肾组织有明显损伤,血肌酐与尿素氮、肾细胞凋亡指数、caspase-3酶活性、JNK、caspase-12、CHOP和GRP78的蛋白及mRNA水平均升高(P0.01)。与I/R、Atip组和DEX+Atip组相比,DEX组光镜下可见肾细胞损伤减轻,血肌酐与尿素氮、肾细胞凋亡指数、caspase-3酶活性、JNK、caspase-12和CHOP表达均有下降,GRP78表达升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论:右美托咪定预先给药可减轻小鼠肺缺血/再灌注诱发的肾损伤,其机制可能与激动α2-肾上腺素能受体,抑制内质网过度应激有关。     

β_1-肾上腺素受体自身抗体通过激活内质网应激诱导心肌细胞凋亡

目的:探讨内质网应激在β_1-肾上腺素受体自身抗体(β_1-AA)引起心肌细胞凋亡中的作用。方法:采用β_1-肾上腺素受体细胞外第二环抗原肽段主动免疫大鼠,应用SA-ELISA法检测大鼠血清中β_1-AA的水平,TUNEL染色检测心肌组织的凋亡水平,Western blot法和免疫组化法检测心肌组织中葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)、C/EBP同源蛋白(CHOP)及caspase-12的蛋白表达。利用亲和层析法纯化的β_1-AA处理H9c2心肌细胞,CCK-8法检测细胞活力,Annexin V-FITC/PI双染流式细胞术检测心肌细胞凋亡;采用内质网应激抑制剂4-苯基丁酸(4-PBA)预处理H9c2心肌细胞,再给予β_1-AA干预,CCK-8法和流式细胞术分别检测细胞活力及凋亡的变化情况。结果:与对照组相比,主动免疫大鼠血清中β_1-AA水平在免疫2周时显著增加,进一步增加至8周,并且主动免疫2周大鼠心肌组织凋亡率明显升高,持续升高至8周。与对照组相比,主动免疫大鼠心肌组织中GRP78、CHOP及caspase-12的蛋白表达在免疫4周和8周时均明显增加。β_1-AA引起H9c2心肌细胞活力持续降低,凋亡明显增加。与β_1-AA单独处理组相比,内质网应激抑制剂4-PBA预处理H9c2心肌细胞可以有效逆转β_1-AA诱导的细胞凋亡增加和活力下降。结论:β_1-AA可以通过激活内质网应激诱导心肌细胞凋亡。     

Neuroprotective effects of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in optic nerve crush model in rats

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major catechin found in green tea, is a powerful antioxidant and has anti-inflammatory with neuroprotective potential. This study aims to investigate the neuroprotective effects of EGCG in an optic nerve crush (ONC) model in rats. Seventy-two Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal control (group A), sham operation + EGCG (group B), ONC + vehicle (group C), and ONC + EGCG (group D). The rats were treated intraperitoneally and orally with either vehicle or EGCG (25 mg/kg, injected daily for 5 days and 2 mg/kg orally daily afterwards). Two days after the first injection, an ONC injury was performed by using a micro optic nerve clipper with 40 g power at approximately 2 mm from the optic nerve head for 60 s. Fluorogold was injected into the bilateral superior colliculi 5 days before sacrifice and fluorescent gold-labelled retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were counted under fluorescence microscopy on days 7, 14 and 28 after ONC. The expression of Neurofilament triplet L (NF-L) was measured via immunohistochemical and Western blotting analysis. In group C, a progressive loss of RGCs was observed after ONC. In contrast, the density of RGCs was significantly higher in group D (p = 0.009, independent samples t-test) on day 7 after ONC, and statistical differences were obtained on days 14 and 28 (p = 0.026 and p = 0.019, respectively, independent samples t-test). The results of immunohistochemical and Western blotting analysis showed significantly higher NF-L protein expression in group D in comparison with group C on days 7, 14 and 28 after ONC. These findings suggest that there are protective effects of EGCG on RGCs after ONC, indicating EGCG might be a potential therapeutic agent for optic nerve diseases.     

Overexpression of GRP78 protects glial cells from endoplasmic reticulum stress

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induces apoptotic cell death by causing the accumulation of structurally abnormal proteins. The 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) is an ER chaperone that regulates protein folding in the ER and has been suggested to contribute to cell survival. Using the rat C6 glioma cell line and flow cytometry, we assessed GRP78 expression following tunicamycin- and glutamate-induced ER stress. The results showed that GRP78 expression is upregulated following ER stress and has protective effects on injured glial cells. Annexin V and propidium iodide labeling revealed cells transiently expressing GRP78 prior to injury were protected against high-concentrations of tunicamycin and glutamate within 72 h. Our findings support the hypothesis that GRP78 inhibits cell death associated with ER stress.     

柚皮素对心肌缺血/再灌注损伤大鼠PI3K/AKT信号通路和内质网应激及其相关凋亡通路的影响

目的:观察柚皮素对缺血/再灌注(I/R)大鼠心脏损伤的影响,并探讨柚皮素的作用是否涉及PI3K/AKT信号通路和内质网应激及其相关凋亡通路.方法:48只SD大鼠按随机数字表法分成假手术组(sham组)、模型组(I/R组)、柚皮素处理组(NAR组)和柚皮素处理+LY294002组(NL组).结扎大鼠冠状动脉左前降支30 ...     

Effect of the histone deacetylase inhibitors on behavioural sensitization to a single morphine exposure in mice

Behavioural sensitization to a single morphine exposure has been considered to be a long-term form of behavioural plasticity associated with opioid addiction. Accumulated evidence has shown that histone modification plays a key role in behavioural plasticity. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate whether the histone deacetylase inhibitors sodium butyrate (SB) and valproic acid (VPA) could disrupt behavioural sensitization to a single morphine exposure. Mice were pretreated with a single injection of morphine and elicited subsequent behavioural sensitization by a challenge-dosage of morphine after a 7-day drug-free period. At doses that did not affect the locomotor activity, both SB and VPA inhibited the acute morphine induced hyperactivity and significantly attenuated the development of behavioural sensitization to a single morphine exposure. Furthermore, the combination of SB and VPA at the sub-effective doses could additionally reduce the development of morphine sensitization. Western blot analysis revealed that multiple administration with the effective dose of SB (160 mg/kg, i.p.) or VPA (150 mg/kg, i.p.) in the behavioural experiments induced hyperacetylation of histone H3 in the NAc of mice. Taken together, these findings suggest that histone acetylation may be involved in morphine sensitization.     

Increased expression of 78 kD glucose-regulated protein promotes cardiomyocyte apoptosis in a rat model of liver cirrhosis

Aims: This study was to investigate the role and underlying mechanism of 78 kD glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) in cardiomyocyte apoptosis in a rat model of liver cirrhosis. Methods: A rat model of liver cirrhosis was established with multiple pathogenic factors. A total of 42 male SD rats were randomly divided into the liver cirrhosis group and control group. Cardiac structure analysis was performed to assess alterations in cardiac structure. Cardiomyocytes apoptosis was detected by TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling method. Expression of GRP78, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), caspase-12, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells p65 subunit (NF-κB p65) and B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) was detected by immunohistochemical staining. Results: The ratios of left ventricular wall thickness to heart weight and heart weight to body weight were significantly increased with the progression of liver cirrhosis (P < 0.05). Apoptosis index of cardiomyocytes was significantly increased with the progression of liver cirrhosis (P < 0.05). The expression levels of GRP78, CHOP and caspase-12 were significantly increased in the progression of liver cirrhosis (P < 0.05). The expression levels of NF-κB p65 and Bcl-2 were highest in the 4-wk liver cirrhosis, and they were decreased in the 6-wk and 8-wk in the progression of liver cirrhosis. GRP78 expression levels were positively correlated with apoptosis index, CHOP and caspase-12 expression levels (P < 0.05). CHOP expression levels were negatively correlated with NF-κB p65 and Bcl-2 expression levels (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Increased expression of GRP78 promotes cardiomyocyte apoptosis in rats with cirrhotic cardiomyopathy.     

附子多糖保护缺氧/复氧乳鼠心肌细胞及其抗内质网应激的机制研究

目的: 观察附子多糖对缺氧/复氧后心肌细胞的保护,并探讨附子多糖的保护机制是否与其抑制内质网应激反应有关。方法: 建立乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧/复氧模型,将乳鼠心肌细胞分为正常对照组、缺氧/复氧组(缺氧3 h后复氧6 h)和不同浓度附子多糖(0.1 g/L、1 g/L、10 g/L、20 g/L)+缺氧/复氧组。MTT法测定心肌细胞存活率,流式细胞术检测心肌细胞凋亡率,Western blotting分析葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)、CCAAT增强子结合蛋白同源蛋白(CHOP)及caspase-12的表达,荧光定量PCR进一步检测CHOP及caspase-12 mRNA表达。结果: 缺氧复氧后,心肌细胞中内质网应激反应标志蛋白GRP78表达增加,内质网应激凋亡相关蛋白CHOP及caspase-12蛋白和mRNA表达亦明显升高。与缺氧/复氧组相比较,附子多糖预处理24 h后可以有效抑制缺氧/复氧引起的GRP78、 CHOP和caspase-12的表达上调,增加心肌细胞的存活率,抑制心肌细胞凋亡的发生。附子多糖的保护效应呈剂量依赖形式,10 g/L剂量时达到峰值。结论: 附子多糖保护缺氧/复氧后心肌细胞的可能机制与其抑制内质网应激所介导的细胞凋亡途径相关。     

葡萄糖调节蛋白78促进肝硬化大鼠心肌细胞凋亡及其机制

 目的： 探讨葡萄糖调节蛋白78/免疫球蛋白重链结合蛋白(GRP78/BiP)是否促进肝硬化大鼠心肌细胞凋亡及其发生机制。方法： 采用复合致病因素法建立肝硬化大鼠模型,在4周、6周和8周分别取材。实验1：取心脏称重并测量左室壁厚度,计算左室壁厚度与心脏重量比值及心脏指数。实验2： TUNEL法观察心肌细胞凋亡情况;免疫组化方法检测心肌组织中GRP78/BiP蛋白以及凋亡相关蛋白CCAAT增强子结合蛋白同源蛋白/生长停滞及DNA诱导蛋白153（CHOP/GADD153）、半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶12（caspase-12）、核转录因子κB p65（NF-κB p65）、B细胞淋巴瘤/白血病蛋白2（Bcl-2）的表达。结果： 随肝硬化病程进展,左室壁厚度与心脏重量比值以及心脏指数逐渐增加,8周组增加显著(P<0.05);心肌细胞凋亡指数、CHOP/GADD153和caspase-12阳性蛋白表达指数逐渐升高,8周组差异显著(P<0.05);NF-κB p65和Bcl-2阳性蛋白表达指数呈一致性变化,在4周组较其它组明显增高(P<0.05); GRP78/BiP蛋白阳性表达指数与心肌细胞凋亡指数、CHOP/GADD153、caspase-12蛋白阳性表达指数呈显著正相关,CHOP/GADD153与NF-κB p65、Bcl-2蛋白阳性表达指数呈显著负相关。结论： GRP78高表达在内质网应激介导的肝硬化心肌病发病中可能发挥重要作用。     

组蛋白去乙酰化酶8对肾性高血压大鼠心肌肥大的影响

目的: 研究组蛋白去乙酰化酶8(histone deacetylase 8,HDAC8)在肾性高血压大鼠左心室肥厚中的表达变化及HDAC抑制剂丙戊酸钠(valproic acid sodium, VPA)对心肌肥厚的影响。方法: 建立2肾2夹肾性高血压大鼠模型,术后4周开始给药,VPA高剂量(400 mg·kg^-1·d^-1)组及VPA低剂量(200 mg·kg^-1·d^-1)组连续腹腔注射VPA给药4周,同时设立假手术组和阳性对照坎地沙坦(10 mg·kg^-1·d^-1)组,实验结束时测量左心室/体重比值,HE染色检测心肌组织形态学变化, RT-PCR检测心房利钠因子(atrial natriuretic factor,ANF)和HDAC8 mRNA表达,Western blotting检测HDAC8的表达情况。结果: HDAC8 mRNA和蛋白表达水平在肾性高血压大鼠心肌组织中明显上调;VPA能够剂量依赖性降低HDAC8的表达, 同时VPA治疗组与坎地沙坦组高血压大鼠的左心室肥厚得到明显逆转,表现为心室体重比降低, 肥大心肌形态明显改善且ANF的表达下调。结论: HDAC8参与了肾性高血压大鼠心肌肥厚的发病过程,VPA可以下调其表达并部分逆转心肌肥厚。     

4-苯基丁酸钠盐通过抑制内质网应激反应改善大鼠创伤性脑损伤

目的 观察内质网应激相关蛋白葡萄糖调控蛋白78(GRP78)、磷酸化胰腺内质网激酶(p-PERK)和C/EBP同源蛋白(CHOP)在大鼠弥漫性脑创伤后的表达变化,探讨4-苯基丁酸钠盐(4-PBA)通过抑制内质网应激,减轻创伤后脑损伤(TBI)程度的机制.方法 将90只雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术(sham)组、TBI组和4-PBA组.Marmarou法建立SD大鼠中度弥漫性脑创伤模型;于伤后即刻腹腔注射4-PBA(120 mg/kg)每天1次,共3d.分别于伤后3、6、12、24、48和72 h处死大鼠,观察伤后24、48和72 h大鼠的神经行为表现;HE染色观察病理学改变;免疫组织化学法及Western blotting检测伤后不同时间点皮质区GRP78、p-PERK和CHOP蛋白的表达.结果 4-PBA组大鼠脑创伤后的神经功能缺损明显改善,与TBI组相比差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).与Sham组相比,TBI组GRP78、p-PERK和CHOP蛋白表达明显升高(P<0.05),GRP78于伤后3 h增加,12 h达高峰,之后逐渐减少,72 h回落至基线水平;p-PERK于12 h达高峰(P<0.05);CHOP于24 h达高峰,48～72h回落,仍高于基线水平(P<0.05);4-PBA组GRP78、p-PERK与CHOP的表达均低于TBI组(P<0.05).结论 脑创伤后启动内质网应激反应,4-PBA对脑创伤大鼠具有脑保护作用,其机制之一是通过阻断内质网应激启动的PERK/CHOP途径而实现的.     

Class I and II histone deacetylase inhibition by ITF2357 reduces SLE pathogenesis in vivo

We sought to determine if a specific class I and II HDAC inhibitor (ITF2357) was able to decrease disease in lupus-prone NZB/W mice through regulation of T cell profiles. From 22 to 38 weeks-of-age, NZB/W and non-lupus NZW mice were treated with ITF2357 (5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg), or vehicle control. Body weight and proteinuria were measured every 2 weeks, while sera anti-dsDNA and cytokine levels were measured every 4 weeks. Kidney disease was determined by sera IgG levels, immune complex deposition, and renal pathology. T lymphocyte profiles were assessed using flow cytometric analyses. Our results showed that NZB/W mice treated with the 10mg/kgof ITF2357 had decreased renal disease and inflammatory cytokines in the sera. Treatment with ITF2357 decreased the Th17 phenotype while increasing the percentage of Tregs as well as Foxp3 acetylation. These results suggest that specific HDAC inhibition may decrease disease by altering T cell differentiation and acetylation.