隆乳术后乳房硬化12例

隆乳术后乳房硬化１２例刘晓雪，岑瑛，周继林丰满的乳房视为女性美的标志。要求隆乳的妇女日趋增多，但隆乳术后假体周围组织纤维包囊挛缩，乳房硬化这一并发症却大大地影响了隆乳术后效果。现将我院１９９４年２月～１９９５年１月接收的外院隆乳术后乳房硬化１２例，报...     

硅凝胶乳房假体辐射接枝水凝胶的实验研究

目的研究减轻硅凝胶乳房假体置入体内后纤维囊壁形成的方法.方法利用60Co共辐射的方法把亲水性单体N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮(N-VP)接枝到硅凝胶乳房假体表面.选用日本兔10只,将乳房假体置入兔的背部两侧,一侧为改性后假体作为实验组,另一侧为未经改性的假体作为对照组,隔一定时间后通过大体观察及组织切片研究假体周围纤维囊壁的形成情况.结果改性后假体周围的炎症反应较轻,而且形成的纤维囊壁在各个时间段均薄于对照组,差异有显著意义(P＜0.01).结论在硅凝胶乳房假体表面接枝NVP后可以有效地改善假体表面的组织相容性,减少周围纤维囊壁的形成.     

不同乳房假体材料的磁共振成像特征

目的:通过对不同乳房假体材料的磁共振成像检查,探讨MRI检查对不同材料乳房假体植入后效果的评价。方法:选取硅凝胶假体、盐水假体、自体脂肪假体填充植入者各5例10只乳房,然后进行MRI检查,总结不同假体材料患者的磁共振成像表现差异。结果:正常硅凝胶假体T1WI为均质等信号,T2WI为均质高信号,STIR为高信号。其中1只乳房假体出现T1WI低信号、T2WI高信号、STIR高信号,发现此为漏出硅凝胶颗粒循内侧胸壁扩散所致。自体脂肪植入假体的MRI表现与人体正常脂肪信号基本一致,其中1只乳房假体出现脂肪纤维包块形成及脂肪液化、1只乳房假体出现脂液平面,说明脂肪纤维包块转化为脂肪液化。盐水填充假体表现为T1WI低信号、T2WI高信号,其包膜表现为周围菲薄的低信号,MRI能清晰显示生理盐水填充范围及所在层次,并能准确找到乳房皮下或腋下有无游离注射物等。结论:MRI能直观显示乳房假体植入后的形态、部位、分布范围,并清晰显示周围乳房腺体及软组织情况,对软组织分辨率高,因此,MRI是评价乳房假体植入术后情况的理想方法。     

硅胶乳房假体表面改性的实验研究及CT评价

目的：研究乳房假体表面改性对减少纤维囊壁形成的影响及CT评价。方法：利用钴^60共辐射的方法把亲水性单体N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮(N-VP)接枝到硅胶乳房假体表面，改变其表面特性后植入兔的背部，以未经改性的正常假体作为对照组，隔一定时间通过组织切片及CT扫描的方法观察假体周围纤维囊壁的形成情况。结果：与对照组相比，改性后假体周围的炎症反应较轻，形成的纤维囊壁在各个时间段均薄于对照组；CT扫描显示术后8个月，改性的硅胶假体外形无明显改变，而未改性组外形显著改变。结论：在硅胶乳房假体表面接枝N-VP后可以有效地改善假体表面的组织相容性，减少周围纤维囊壁的形成。     

充注式绒毛状乳房假体的临床应用

为减少光滑面乳房假体隆乳术后纤维包囊挛缩的并发症，我院自１９９５年４月￣１９９６年４月对１２例隆乳患者采用充注式绒毛状乳房假体。其中８例随访６月以上获得了预期的效果，文中介绍了具体的操作方法，理论依据，优点及手术注意点。认为该类型假体为目前临床首选的乳房假体之一。     

隆乳后纤维囊摘除术中所见及临床分析

乳房硅凝胶假体纤维包囊 (下简称纤维囊 ) ,是乳房假体置入人体后引起组织反应形成的纤维组织包裹。如果纤维囊发生挛缩 ,在临床上就会导致乳房不对称、上移、变硬、疼痛等症状[1] 。我们自 1993年以来共接诊 19例纤维囊性挛缩者 ,15例经过手术摘除纤维囊及假体。现将术中所见 ,结合临床分析 ,报道如下。一、临床资料本组纤维囊性挛缩共 19例 ,年龄 2 5～ 4 2岁 ,2 9只乳房 ,左乳 17只 ,右乳 12只。其中 16例为乳晕切口 ,3例为腋下切口。假体均置入胸大肌后间隙 ,皆为国产 (成都 )光面硅凝胶假体。纤维囊性挛缩按Baker分类 :Ⅱ级 8只 ;Ⅲ级…     

异体脱细胞真皮在聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶取出术后乳房假体覆盖缺损修复中的应用

目的 乳房内聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶因并发症取出后,在进行假体置入时,由于局部组织的缺损会导致乳房假体覆盖不全,探讨采用异体脱细胞真皮修复聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶取出术乳房局部缺损的效果.方法 对46例患者进行乳房内聚丙烯水凝胶取出术后乳房形态的修复,在采用假体置入的同时,以异体脱细胞真皮修复乳房覆盖假体的局部缺损.置入乳房假体后,将脱细胞真皮在保持一定的张力时缝合固定于周围组织.结果 术后随访6个月至2年,患者乳房形态都获得了很好的修复,无假体疝出及包膜挛缩的发生.术后13个月病理检查显示,置入的脱细胞真皮与周围组织融合良好.结论 通过采用异体脱细胞真皮修复缺损的腺体或肌肉,虽然不能明显增加皮下组织的厚度,但是能够保持假体周围张力的连续性,避免因为局部张力的突然减少而产生假体膨出,是值得推荐的一种局部乳房缺损的修复方法.     

植物油假体隆乳导致乳房硬化变形一例

病例女，34岁，于某美容院行隆乳术后2年因硬化变形要求取出再行隆乳。查体可见乳房位置偏向外侧．外观不自然．外形不随运动或体位的变而改变，触之坚硬如石，自觉胀痛．经期加重。于硬膜外麻醉下沿原乳房皱襞下切口取出假体并行再次隆乳术。术中见纤维组织包囊较厚，剪开包囊可见金黄色胎粪样物质黏附包裹于乳房假体表面。假体囊     

国产小型模拟硅凝胶乳房假体所致组织学反应的实验研究

将国产小型模拟硅凝胶乳房假体、硅胶膜和硅凝胶分别置入大白鼠体内，经一段时间后取出，通过光镜和电镜检查其周围包膜的组织成分和结构特点。结果显示包膜由存在炎性细胞浸润的纤维组织构成，具有收缩特性。假体周围包膜是由硅胶膜、外渗的硅凝胶颗粒和假体的机械作用共同刺激所致。假体肌下置入包膜挛缩较轻，是肌肉对包膜的持续压力与包膜挛缩相对抗之故。     

国产小型模拟硅凝胶乳房假体所致组织学反应的实验研究

将国产小型模拟硅凝胶乳房假体、硅胶膜和硅凝胶分别置入大白鼠体内，经一段时间后取出，通过光镜和电镜检查其周围包膜的组织成分和结构特点。结果显示包膜由存在炎性细胞浸润的纤维组织构成，具有收缩特性。假体周围包膜是由硅胶膜、外渗的硅凝胶颗粒和假体的机械作用共同刺激所致。假体肌下置入包膜挛缩较轻，是肌肉对包膜的持续压力与包膜挛缩相对抗之故。     

氧自由基与人体纤维囊形成

经动物实验研究，已证明硅橡胶囊植入体内形成的纤维囊与氧自由基有关，但在人体内的研究尚少。采用电子自旋共振（ｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｎｓｐｉｎｒｅｓｏｎａｎｃｅ，ＥＳＲ）技术，对７枚人体硅胶囊隆乳术后形成的纤维囊进行了检测，同时对纤维囊的组织病理学特征进行了观察。结果发现，纤维囊内有大量氧自由基产生，其病理改变主要为大量炎性细胞浸润和胶原沉积。表明人体内纤维囊的形成与氧自由基有关。应用氧自由基清除剂，可使增厚的纤维囊变薄     

Clinicopathologic study of parotid involvement in 21 cases of eosinophilic hyperplastic lymphogranuloma (Kimura's disease).

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinicopathologic features of eosinophilic hyperplastic lymphogranuloma (Kimura's disease) in the parotid gland. STUDY DESIGN: The hematoxylin and eosin sections and clinical data of 60 patients with eosinophilic hyperplastic lymphogranuloma (Kimura's disease), including with parotid involvement, were reviewed. RESULTS: Of 60 cases of eosinophilic hyperplastic lymphogranuloma (average age, 42 years; average disease duration, 5.8 years), 35 cases (58%) were clinically seen to involve swelling of the parotid region. Parotid specimens were available in 21 cases and showed different microscopic changes. In mildly affected parotid samples, the histological features included infiltration of lymphocytes and eosinophils around the ducts of the interlobular connective tissues. In the moderately involved glands, the infiltrated area was enlarged and contained lymphoid follicles, resulting in adjacent acinar atrophy that was particularly obvious around the salivary ducts. In severe lesions, most acini were lost and only a few ducts remained. All cases with parotid involvement showed more severe pathological changes in the subcutaneous connective tissues and/or local lymph nodes. The parotid lesions often surrounded a central intraglandular lymph node with characteristic features of the disease; however, the salivary parenchyma was left alone. Nerve fibers affected by inflammatory lymphocytes and eosinophils were seen in 38/60 (63%) cases of eosinophilic hyperplastic lymphogranuloma (Kimura's disease) examined in this study. CONCLUSIONS: Eosinophilic hyperplastic lymphogranuloma (Kimura's disease) does not show primary parotid involvement, but instead, pathological changes in the parotid gland are a result of disease spread from the intraparotid lymph nodes and adjacent soft tissues. In addition, our observations suggest that the pruritus often associated with the disease may be due to nerve infiltration by lymphocytes and eosinophils.     

Structural and biochemical evaluation of the elbow capsule after trauma

This study evaluates the structural and biochemical alterations of the elbow capsule after trauma through microscopy and immunohistochemistry. We compared capsules from 37 patients undergoing surgery for elbow contracture with normal capsules from 7 donors. Contracture capsules were significantly thicker than control capsules (P < .05) and exhibited extensive disorganization of collagen fiber bundle arrangement. Levels of specific cytokines involved in connective tissue turnover were measured. The results showed that the levels of cytokines matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 1, MMP-2, and MMP-3 were greater as compared with control capsules (P < .05). This was associated with collagen disorganization, fibroblast infiltration, and in some specimens, lymphocytic infiltration in the capsular tissue. In contracture specimens, there was a localization of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 2 staining only in the vicinity of the synovial membrane and in blood vessels. Immunohistochemistry for type III collagen showed a greater presence in the control capsules compared with contracture capsules. This study demonstrates pathologic thickening, disorganization of the collagen fiber arrangement, and involvement of cytokines in the pathology of post-traumatic contracture of the elbow.     

On the etiology of the loose shoulder--biochemical studies on collagen from joint capsules

In order to investigate the etiology of loose shoulder, biochemical characteristics of collagens from four major joint capsules of extremities and from joint capsules of loose shoulder have been investigated. Joint capsules of normal shoulder were found to synthesize less collagen fibers comparing to those of other major joints. Furthermore formation of inter-molecular cross-links of collagen from shoulder joint capsule was relatively lower than that of collagens from other major joints. Noteworthy was the fact that collagen fibers from joint capsules of loose shoulder were more soluble and contain less amount of the reducible cross-links than those from joint capsules of the normal shoulder. These data suggest that collagen synthesis and formation of collagen fibers vary with the differences in joint structures, functions and movements. It may also be implied that the joint capsules of loose shoulder produce immature collagen fibers which may reflect the clinical feature of the disease.     

Innervation of cervical ventral facet joint capsule: Histological evidence

AIM: To assess the presence of nerves in ventral facet joint capsules as facet capsules are generally implicated in neck pain.METHODS: Twenty-four ventral cervical facet joint capsules were harvested from 3 unembalmed cadavers. Paraffin sections from these capsules were processed to identify neurofilament and substance P immunoreactive fibers. Nerve fiber presence was also verified by a silver impregnation method.RESULTS: Neurofilament reactive fibers were observed in sections from 9 capsules. They were observed in areas with collagen fibers and areas with irregular connective tissue. Substance P reactive nerve fibers were found in sections from 7 capsules in similar areas. Silver impregnation also revealed the presence of nerve fibers. The nerve fibers were also found as bundles in the lateral margins of the capsule. A Pacinian corpuscle-like ending was also observed in one specimen.CONCLUSION: Nerve fibers revealed by neurofilament immunoreactivity and silver staining support innervation of the ventral aspect of the facet joint capsule. The presence of substance P reactive fibers supports the potential role of these elements in mediating pain. The presence of a Pacinian-like ending implicates a potential role in joint movement.     

The pathology of breast biopsy site marking devices

This report presents our experience with 54 cases of patients who had excision of breast lesions after deployment of radiographic biopsy site markers at the time of stereotactic biopsy. These were of two types: pellets of a resorbable copolymer of polylactic acid/polyglycolic acid (31 cases) and plugs of bovine collagen (23 cases), both containing embedded metallic clips for long-term radiographic marking. On gross examination, the pellets have a characteristic appearance similar to a soft grain of rice, whereas the collagen plugs are spongiform with variable hemorrhagic changes. Microscopically, there are distinct differences in the morphologic features of these two types of biopsy site markers and the associated tissue reactions. With the pellets, there is an initial cell-poor fibrotic reaction around empty spaces followed by a multinucleate giant cell reaction and penetration of the marker core by eosinophilic fibrinous material. The collagen plugs are recognized as eosinophilic, hyalinized, acellular material, accompanied by an inflammatory infiltrate composed predominantly of lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils and, occasionally, neutrophils, which penetrate the core of the marker with time. The degradation of the collagen plug appears to be associated with infiltration of the marker by fibrovascular tissue and deposition of native collagen; of note is the absence of a significant multinucleate giant cell reaction. These novel breast biopsy site markers do not interfere with the histologic processing of the tissue or with their histopathologic interpretation.     

Late pathological changes of Carpentier-Edwards porcine bioprostheses in the mitral position

Eighty-nine patients received mitral valve replacement with Carpentier-Edwards porcine bioprostheses between 1975 and 1983. Eighty-three patients (93.3%) were followed up after the operation; early death (within one month of operation) occurred in 6 patients and late death in 2 patients. After the operation, 64 survivors (85.3%), who did not require reoperation, exhibited improved symptoms according to the NYHA functional class. Of the 6 patients (6.7%) who required reoperation, 5 patients underwent reoperation 50 to 85 months after the implantation. Pathologically, all the removed valves showed degeneration of collagen and elastic fibers, no host endothelialization and mild to moderate infiltration of inflammatory cells. Thrombus in the left atrium was detected in one case. Destruction of the cusps was seen in three cases and calcification of the cusps developed in three cases. In general, the Carpentier-Edwards porcine bioprosthesis provided good clinical improvement over the periods studied. However, morphological changes of the bioprosthetic valve, such as destruction collagen and elastic fiber, and inflammatory cell infiltration of the cusps, seems to occur more frequently with the passage of time. We therefore suggest that patients with this prosthesis should be followed carefully, particularly at late intervals after implantation.     

Histologic Evaluation of a Biopsy Specimen Obtained 3 Months After Rotator Cuff Augmentation With GraftJacket Matrix

Understanding the cellular response to a biologic graft used in rotator cuff applications is important because foreign-body reactions and inflammation complications have historically been seen with xenograft-derived grafts. The purpose of this study was to histologically evaluate a biopsy specimen taken from a rotator cuff of a 62-year-old man 3 months after augmentation with an acellular human dermal graft, GraftJacket Matrix–MaxForce Extreme (Wright Medical Technology, Arlington, TN). The graft material was intact and filled with numerous elastic fibers and blood vessels. Extensive host cellular infiltration was evident along the margins of the graft, whereas the more central regions were more sparsely populated. Calcification and infection were not evident. There was little to no inflammatory response. The orientation of the collagen fibers indicated early organization of new tissue. The incorporation of the GraftJacket Matrix-MaxForce Extreme evidenced by cellular infiltration, alignment of collagen fibers, and blood vessel ingrowth shows that this graft exhibits key biologic factors of the remodeling process when used as an augmentation device in rotator cuff repair.     

Pathologic evidence of degeneration as a primary cause of rotator cuff tear

Histopathologic, histochemical, and morphometric studies were done on 80 medial stumps of torn rotator cuff tendons to clarify the cause of tears. A high prevalence and diffuse distribution of degenerative changes were observed in the rotator cuff tendons including thinning and disorientation of collagen fibers, myxoid degeneration, hyaline degeneration, chondroid metaplasia, calcification, vascularproliferation, and fatty infiltration. No distinct inflammatory reaction was observed. Thinning and disorientation of collagen fibers, myxoid degeneration, and hyaline degeneration were seen in all cases. All changes except vascular proliferation and fatty infiltration were more pronounced in the middle to deep layers of the tendons than in the superficial layer. The collagen fibers were disoriented in the deep layer of the tendons, shown by microscopic image analysis. The frequency and distribution of thinning and disorientation of collagen fibers, myxoid degeneration, and hyaline degeneration suggest that these are early degenerative processes. Chondroid metaplasia and calcification may be chronic pathologic changes that occur after tearing regardless of the type of tear. Preexisting degenerative change in the middle and deep layers of the tendon in association with microtrauma seems to be the main cause of rotator cuff tears.     

Expression of neuropeptides and cytokines at the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle origin

To reveal whether neuropeptides and cytokines affect the pathogenesis of tennis elbow, expressions of substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, interleukin 1 alpha, and transforming growth factor beta1 at the origin of the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle were investigated in patients with tennis elbow (n = 10). Innervation in the origin was determined with use of the protein gene product 9.5. Substance P-like immunoreactivity and calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity were observed in the nerve fibers around small vessels without apparent infiltration of inflammatory cells. Cells showing positive interleukin 1 alpha or transforming growth factor beta1 immunoreactivity were noted in small vessels and the dense collagen meshwork in 5 of 10 cases. The results suggested that these neuropeptides and cytokines might promote inflammation and stimulate proliferation and matrix synthesis of fibroblasts, contributing to the pathology of tennis elbow.