Authentication of stems of Dendrobium officinale by rDNA ITS region sequences

The rDNA ITS regions of five Dendrobium species were sequenced. Each Dendrobium species was found to have a unique sequence in the ITS region, so that they could be easily distinguished at the DNA level. The aligned 644 bp of the ITS region includes 235 bp ITS1, 163 bp 5.8S, and 246 bp ITS2. One hundred and eighty-nine sites are variable. The sequences of D. officinale could be easily distinguished from the other four adulterant species according to the sequence variation at 11 sites, 7 in ITS1, 1 in 5.8S, and 3 in ITS2. These could be used as molecular characters to distinguish the stems of D. officinale from the adulterants.     

基于ITS2序列鉴别维吾尔药材薰衣草及其混伪品

建立了基于ITS2序列鉴别维吾尔药材薰衣草及其混伪品(全叶青兰和夏枯草)的方法.对维吾尔药材薰衣草及其混伪品的ITS2 序列进行PCR扩增和双向测序,使用CodonCode Aligner软件对测序峰图进行序列拼接,用MEGA 6.0 软件对拼接后的序列进行多重比对.并计算种内、种间遗传距离,构建NJ 系统聚类树,预测...     

中日产川芎的matK、ITS基因序列及其物种间的亲缘关系

目的分析中国产川芎Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort.及日本产川芎Cnidium officinale Makino的核基因组ITS和叶绿体基因组matK序列,为探讨中日产川芎物种间的亲缘关系提供分子依据。方法采用PCR直接测序技术测定川芎和日本川芎的ITS基因和matK基因核苷酸序列并作序列变异分析。结果川芎和日本川芎的matK序列长度均为1268 bp,编码422个氨基酸。ITS1-5.8S-ITS2序列长度均为699 bp,其中18S rRNA基因3′端序列54 bp,ITS1序列215 bp,5.8S rRNA基因序列162 bp,ITS2序列222 bp,26S rRNA基因5′端序列46 bp。根据排序比较,川芎原植物与其商品药材间的matK基因和ITS基因序列完全相同,而川芎与日本川芎间matK基因则仅有1个变异位点,即在上游959 nt处1个转换替代(T→C),反映在氨基酸序列则发生一个非同义取代V(GTG)→A(GCG);ITS基因也仅有1个变异位点,即在ITS1上游54 nt处1个转换替代(T→C)。结论通过进化速率较快的基因序列同源性分析,基本可以认为中日所产川芎基原一致,日本川芎学名似应改为Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort.。     

葛根超微饮片ITS序列指纹图谱的研究

目的探求葛根超微饮片的品种鉴别方法。方法以来自不同产地的4个野葛样品和10个粉葛样品制成的超微饮片为实验材料，用分子克隆方法获得并测定其ITS序列。结果标记它们的ITS1，5．8S，ITS2的全长序列，构建了葛根的ITS序列指纹图谱，通过分析比较，发现葛根属中野葛之间，野葛和粉葛之间有显著差异；粉葛之间的差异较小。野葛序列总的同一性为80．74％，长度差异可达20bp，但可分为2个同一性为99．7％以上的组，提示来源可能为2个种。野葛和粉葛序列总的同一性为62％，最大长度差异可达180bp。粉葛之间序列的同一性为98％以上，长度差异仅有4bp。结论以ITS序列测定与分析作为葛根超微饮片品种鉴定和质量控制标准是完全可行的。     

DNA barcode and identification of the varieties and provenances of Taiwan's domestic and imported made teas using ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 sequences

The major aim of made tea identification is to identify the variety and provenance of the tea plant. The present experiment used 113 tea plants [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] housed at the Tea Research and Extension Substation, from which 113 internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) fragments, 104 trnL intron, and 98 trnL-trnF intergenic sequence region DNA sequences were successfully sequenced. The similarity of the ITS2 nucleotide sequences between tea plants housed at the Tea Research and Extension Substation was 0.379–0.994. In this polymerase chain reaction-amplified noncoding region, no varieties possessed identical sequences. Compared with the trnL intron and trnL-trnF intergenic sequence fragments of chloroplast cpDNA, the proportion of ITS2 nucleotide sequence variation was large and is more suitable for establishing a DNA barcode database to identify tea plant varieties. After establishing the database, 30 imported teas and 35 domestic made teas were used in this model system to explore the feasibility of using ITS2 sequences to identify the varieties and provenances of made teas. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using ITS2 sequences with the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean, which indicated that the same variety of tea plant is likely to be successfully categorized into one cluster, but contamination from other tea plants was also detected. This result provides molecular evidence that the similarity between important tea varieties in Taiwan remains high. We suggest a direct, wide collection of made tea and original samples of tea plants to establish an ITS2 sequence molecular barcode identification database to identify the varieties and provenances of tea plants. The DNA barcode comparison method can satisfy the need for a rapid, low-cost, frontline differentiation of the large amount of made teas from Taiwan and abroad, and can provide molecular evidence of their varieties and provenances.     

DNA barcode and identification of the varieties and provenances of Taiwan’s domestic and imported made teas using ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 sequences

The major aim of made tea identification is to identify the variety and provenance of the tea plant. The present experiment used 113 tea plants [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] housed at the Tea Research and Extension Substation, from which 113 internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) fragments, 104 trnL intron, and 98 trnL-trnF intergenic sequence region DNA sequences were successfully sequenced. The similarity of the ITS2 nucleotide sequences between tea plants housed at the Tea Research and Extension Substation was 0.379–0.994. In this polymerase chain reaction-amplified noncoding region, no varieties possessed identical sequences. Compared with the trnL intron and trnL-trnF intergenic sequence fragments of chloroplast cpDNA, the proportion of ITS2 nucleotide sequence variation was large and is more suitable for establishing a DNA barcode database to identify tea plant varieties. After establishing the database, 30 imported teas and 35 domestic made teas were used in this model system to explore the feasibility of using ITS2 sequences to identify the varieties and provenances of made teas. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using ITS2 sequences with the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean, which indicated that the same variety of tea plant is likely to be successfully categorized into one cluster, but contamination from other tea plants was also detected. This result provides molecular evidence that the similarity between important tea varieties in Taiwan remains high. We suggest a direct, wide collection of made tea and original samples of tea plants to establish an ITS2 sequence molecular barcode identification database to identify the varieties and provenances of tea plants. The DNA barcode comparison method can satisfy the need for a rapid, low-cost, frontline differentiation of the large amount of made teas from Taiwan and abroad, and can provide molecular evidence of their varieties and provenances.     

Differentiation of Dendrobium species used as "Huangcao Shihu" by rDNA ITS sequence analysis

The genus Dendrobium Sw. is composed of 74 species and two varieties in China, and 32 species carry the name "Huangcao Shihu" on the herbal medicine market, making the identification of the origin of "Huangcao Shihu" difficult for consumers. Here, the ITS regions were sequenced and evaluated to differentiate the 18 Dendrobium species used as "Huangcao Shihu". Diversity in DNA sequences among various species was found with the inter-specific sequence divergence ranging from 3.2% to 37.9% in ITS1 and 5.0% to 26.6% in ITS2. Moreover, the variations within species were very low, ranging in sequence divergence from 0 to 3.0% in ITS1 and 0 to 4.0% in ITS2. Therefore, these species could be easily distinguished at the DNA level. Furthermore, based on the divergent ITS regions, five pairs of species-specific primers were designed and used for the rapid PCR identification of five Dendrobium species listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.     

艾叶及其常见混伪品的分子鉴定

目的：对艾叶及其几种常见混伪品进行分子鉴定。方法：通过聚合酶链式反应（PCR）法直接测序,对艾及其8种混伪品进行核糖体DNA内转录间隔区片段2（ITS2）扩增并双向测序,所得序列经CodonCodeAligner拼接后,用系统发育软件MEGA4．0进行相关数据分析,同时利用邻接（NJ）法构建系统聚类树。结果：艾叶基原植物艾ITS2序列长度为225bp,种内平均Kimura．双参数（K2P）遗传距离（0．000）小于其与混伪品的种间平均K2P遗传距离（0．022）;由所构建的系统聚类树图可以看出,艾具有单系性,同时又与其他混伪品明显分开。结论：ITS2序列作为DNA条形码可以方便快捷地鉴别中药材艾叶及其混伪品,可为其质量评价及临床安全用药提供重要的分子鉴别依据。     

Analysis of the essential oils of the leaves, stems, rhizomes and roots of the medicinal plant Alpinia galanga from southern India

The essential oils of the leaves, stems, rhizomes and roots of the medicinal plant Alpinia galanga from southern India were investigated by GC-FID, GC-MS and olfactometry. In all four samples, mono- and sesquiterpenes as well as (E)-methyl cinnamate could be identified. They are responsible for the characteristic odor as well as for the reported use in (folk) medicine and in food products of A. galanga. The essential oil of A. galanga leaves is rich in 1,8-cineole (28.3%), camphor (15.6%), beta-pinene (5.0%), (E)-methyl cinnamate (4.6%), bornyl acetate (4.3%) and guaiol (3.5%). The stem essential oil contains 1,8-cineole (31.1%), camphor (11.0%), (E)-methyl cinnamate (7.4%), guaiol (4.9%), bornyl acetate (3.6%), beta-pinene (3.3%) and alpha-terpineol (3.3%). 1,8-cineole (28.4%), alpha-fenchyl acetate (18.4%), camphor (7.7%), (E)-methyl cinnamate (4.2%) and guaiol (3.3%) are the main constituents of the rhizome essential oil. The root essential oil contains alpha-fenchyl acetate (40.9%), 1,8-cineole (9.4%), borneol (6.3%), bornyl acetate (5.4%) and elemol (3.1%). In addition, biological and aroma effects of the main and minor compounds of the four essential oils of Alpinia galanga are discussed in terms of their possible use in medicine, cosmetics and foods.     

Studies on the molecular markers of rhizomes of some Alpinia species

The rhizomes of Alpinia jianganfeng are used as a traditional Chinese medicine, Jian Gan Feng, to cure rheumatism in Guangdong, China. The rhizomes of some other species of the genus Alpinia such as A. japonica, A. suishaensis and A. nanchuanensis are also used as Jian Gan Feng in Southwest China. However, the identification of the original plants of the crude drugs is difficult. The internal transcribed spacers and the 5.8S coding region of nuclear ribosomal DNA of the four species were sequenced and analyzed. The DNA markers have been determined and they can be used for the molecular identification of these medicinal plants.     

“藏茵陈”原植物及其混淆种类的ITS序列比较

目的　比较藏药“藏茵陈”原植物川西獐牙菜及近年市场出现混淆种类的ITS序列,为分子序列鉴定提供参照系统并为寻找新的药用植物来源提供分子证据。方法　利用PCR扩增和ABI377自动测序。结果　川西獐牙菜不同居群间的序列相同,与其混淆种类之间存在一定的分子序列差异,有其特定的分子序列;利用Paup程序聚类分析表明川西獐牙菜与抱茎獐牙菜聚在一起。结论　ITS序列可正确鉴定川西獐牙菜与其混淆种类,他们之间的分子序列差异为进一步设计特异性分子鉴定试剂盒提供了科学依据;抱茎獐牙菜可考虑作为“藏茵陈”药材的新植物来源。     

射干及类似药用植物叶绿体rbcL基因序列分析

目的 对射干Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC.,鸢尾Iris tectorum Maxim.,野鸢尾I.dichotoma Pall.,蝴蝶花I.japonica Thunb.和德国鸢尾I.germaica L.等5种药用植物进行叶绿体rbcL基因序列分析,并对其亲缘关系进行探讨。方法CTAB(Cetyl trimelhyl ammonium bromide,CTAB)法提取总DNA,用作者设计的引物对鸢尾科5种药用植物的叶绿体rbcL(ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylose Large Gene,rbcL)基因进行扩增,PCR扩增产物纯化后,用ABI310 DNA自动测序仪测序。结果获得射干和4种鸢尾属药用植物叶绿体rbcL基因部分序列(约750 bp),除德国鸢尾外, 其余4种药用植物的rbcL基因序列为首次获得;用clustal 8.0,MEGA 2.0等软件分析统计获得的目的基因片段,得到碱基突变点,遗传距离［碱基差异数(1.000～20.000)、颠换数为(0.000～9.000)、转换数为(0.000～14.000)］,根据rbcL基因部分序列数据建立分子系统树。结论根据叶绿体rbcL基因序列数据可以很好的鉴别5种鸢尾科植物。     

Identification of Dryopteris crassirhizoma and the adulterant species based on cpDNA rbcL and translated amino acid sequences

Dry rhizome of Dryopteris crassirhizoma Nakai (Dryopteridaceae), also known as Guan Zhong, is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine used in the treatment of viral disease. But the dry rhizomes of Woodwardia JAPONICA (L. f.) Sm., OSMUNDA JAPONICA Thunb. and Cyrtomium fortunei J. Sm. are also used as Guan Zhong in local areas. The adulterants are similar to Dryopteris crassirhizoma. It is difficult to identify the botanical origin of these herbs. In our study, sequences of the cpDNA RBCL gene were determined and analyzed for Dryopteris crassirhizoma and adulterant species, where nineteen molecular markers had been determined. Also, amino acid sequences translated from the RBCL gene were analyzed and four important molecular markers were detected. Based on cpDNA RBCL and translated amino acid sequences, Dryopteris crassirhizoma can easily be distinguished from the other three fern species.     

中药黄草石斛rDNA ITS序列分析

目的　研究黄草石斛ITS片段遗传多样性,分析该片段在黄草药材DNA分子鉴别和石斛属植物系统学研究中的意义。方法　用一对引物进行PCR扩增,扩增产物纯化后用双脱氧终止法(Sangerdideoxy)测序。结果　获得核糖体DNA中ITS和5 8SrDNA完整序列,14个石斛类群的ITS 1与ITS 2序列的长度分别为228-233bp和242-247 bp。石斛种间ITS 1序列的差异百分率为11.79% - 31.58% ,ITS 2序列的差异百分率为10.29% - 25.30% ,金钗石斛种内ITS 1序列的差异百分率为0.87% ,ITS 2序列无差异。石斛各类群与外类群的差异百分率ITS 1序列为23.56% - 36.89% ,ITS 2序列为26.5.2 % - 33.31%。用NJ法根据ITS 1与ITS 2序列数据重建系统发生树。结论　两段序列在石斛种内保守,在种间有较大的差异,与外类群的差异最大,可作为中药黄草石斛分子鉴定的标记,而石斛属的系统发生关系尚须进一步研究     

中国不同地区蛇床的rDNA ITS序列分析

目的：探讨不同分布区的蛇床Cnidium monnieri的ITS序列变异与其地理分布和化学成分的相关性。方法：设计2对引物,Pf+Pb及P5.8S ITS1+P5.8S ITS2,PCR扩增产物纯化后用银染法或ABI 310测序。结果：得到核糖体DNA中的ITS及5.8S rDNA完全序列,18S和26S rDNA部分序列,共约700 bp。5个地点样品的ITS-1及ITS-2的序列大小分别为210～217 bp和219～224 bp。ITS-1碱基序列的遗传距离0.00～1.93%,ITS-2碱基序列的遗传距离0.46～2.34%,ITS-1较为保守。以NJ法根据ITS-2序列数据重建系统发生树。哈尔滨样品聚为一组,衡水与德州样品和郑州与高淳样品各自聚为一组。结论：ITS-2序列的变异与中国产蛇床的纬度分布相关,而其与蛇床化学型的关系尚需作进一步研究。     

曲茎石斛及其近似种鉴别的形态和DNA分子证据

目的　探讨曲茎石斛 (南阳居群 )与同属近似种 :细茎石斛 (南阳居群 )、霍山石斛 (霍山居群 )、铁皮石斛(天台居群 )药材鉴别的形态及DNA分子证据。方法　对曲茎石斛 (南阳居群 )及其近似种的药材进行了外部形态和rDNAITS序列比较。结果　曲茎石斛及其近似种药材的外部形态虽无明显区别 ,但在rDNAITS序列上却存在着显著而稳定的差异。曲茎石斛 (南阳居群 )与铁皮石斛 (天台居群 )的rDNAITS序列的差异最小 ,绝对遗传距离为 7;但与细茎石斛 (南阳居群 )及霍山石斛 (霍山居群 )rDNAITS区的差异较大 ,绝对遗传距离分别为 4 0和 4 2。在rDNAITS区域中 ,作者共挑选了 7个碱基位点用作鉴别曲茎石斛 (南阳居群 )及其近似种的DNA证据。结论　根据药材的形态特征及rDNAITS区碱基序列差异 ,可准确鉴别曲茎石斛及其近似种药材。     

基于5S-rRNA 基因间区碱基序列鉴定繁缕

目的建立快速准确鉴定民间药繁缕(Stellariamedia)的方法。方法首次利用DNA分子鉴定技术对繁缕及混淆品牛繁缕(Myosotonaquaticum)进行了5SrRNA基因间区的PCR扩增和测序。结果DNA序列和限制性酶切谱可以用于鉴定繁缕及牛繁缕。同时对石生繁缕(S.vestita)、长叶繁缕(S.longifolia)及垂梗繁缕(S.radians)进行了5SrRNA基因间区的PCR扩增和测序,认为上述5种植物各自的DNA序列和限制性酶切谱可用于繁缕属分子系统学研究。结论该方法可用于药用植物繁缕的鉴定及繁缕属分子系统学研究。     

花椒及其混淆品的rDNA ITS区序列分析与鉴别

目的研究不同居群的花椒及其混淆品的rDNA ITS区碱基序列的特征及其差异，为花椒的鉴别提供可靠的分子标记。方法运用PCR产物直接测序和克隆测序法对甘肃、陕西、四川、河北等7个花椒居群及3个混淆种的rDNA ITS区(包括ITS1，5.8S，ITS2)碱基序列进行序列测定。结果首次报道花椒ITS区的碱基序列，序列总长度为619-620 bp，长度变异较少，与混淆种长度仅相差4 bp。花椒各居群中，rDNA ITS区碱基序列有15个变异位点、12个信息位点、3个特异性识别位点。与混淆品间的碱基差异则较为显著，多达71个变异位点，有4个花椒特异性识别位点。结论依据花椒ITS区的序列特征可准确鉴别各居群的花椒及其混淆品；亲缘关系密切的花椒居群在地理位置上也非常靠近；rDNA ITS序列特征可作为花椒种内和种间鉴别的有效分子标记。     

Identification of the crude drug atractylodes rhizome (Byaku-jutsu) and atractylodes lancea rhizome (So-jutsu) using chloroplast TrnK sequence as a molecular marker

Novel methods for molecular authentication of Atractylodes-derived crude drugs (Jutsu) were established based on PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and direct sequencing of chloroplast trnK. Two regions inside the chloroplast trnK were selected as molecular markers for identification and discrimination of Atractylodes Rhizome (Byaku-jutsu) and Atractylodes Lancea Rhizome (So-jutsu). The Region 1 fragment (260 bp) amplified from So-jutsu and Wa-byaku-jutsu (Atractylodes Rhizome derived from A. japonica) gave 2 bands of 180 bp and 80 bp on agarose gel electrophoresis after digestion with a restriction endonuclease HinfI, whereas the fragment amplified from Kara-byaku-jutsu (Atractylodes Rhizome derived from A. ovata) remained undigested, which allowed unambiguous identification of Kara-byaku-jutsu. By direct sequencing of Region 2 (436 bp) and comparison of the nucleotide sequence data sets we could not only discriminate Byaku-jutsu and So-jutsu but also identify the original plant species of each crude drug specimen. A simple and reliable protocol for rapid preparation of DNA suitable for PCR from as little as 1 mg of Atractylodes-derived crude drugs was also described.     

Antifungal Activity of the Essential Oils of Nine Zingiberaceae Species

The rhizome oils of nine Zingiberaceae species [Zingiber officinale Rosc., Z. cassumunar Roxb., Z. zerumbet Smith, Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb., C. mangga Valeton and van Zyp, C. xanthorrhiza Roxb., Kaempferia galanga Linn., Alpinia galanga Swartz and Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.) Schlecht] were investigated for their antifungal activities against five dermatophytes (Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, Microsporum canis, M. nanum and Epidermophyton floccosum), three filamentous fungi (Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus and Mucor sp.) and five strains of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans, Ca. tropicalis and Torulopsis glabrata). The antifungal testing was carried out by using the broth microdilution and the disc gel diffusion methods. Amongst the essential oils studied, only the oil of B. pandurata was effective against all the fungi, exhibiting the lowest MIC values of 0.63µgµl -1 to Mucor sp., 1.25µgµl -1 to both A. niger and A. fumigatus, and 2.5µgµl -1 to both T. rubrum and E. floccosum, and the highest inhibition zone diameter of 20.6mm against S. cerevisiae. The essential oil of K. galanga showed selective toxicity against A. fumigatus with a MIC value of 0.63µgµl -1, while the essential oils of Z. officinale and Z. cassumunar exhibited high activity against the yeasts (11.7-15.7mm). The chemical composition of the active essential oils was investigated by GC and GC-MS.