The 30-degree curved endolaser probe

Straight, 30-, and 45-degree endolaser probes were compared to determine the optimal curve for peripheral endolaser photocoagulation during pars plana vitrectomy. The 30-degree probes allowed panretinal laser coverage in phakic eyes, thereby negating the need for peripheral cryopexy which may cause increased inflammation and contribute to the development of proliferative vitreoretinopathy. The 30-degree probe was less likely to strike the lens inadvertently, produced a more consistent burn, was more versatile in posterior treatments, and had a longer fiberoptic core life than the 45-degree probe. It was impossible to treat the peripheral retina using the straight probe without hitting the lens during phakic pars plana vitrectomy.     

Sympathetic ophthalmia following vitreoretinal surgery

The objective is to discuss the characteristics of three patients who developed sympathetic ophthalmia following vitreoretinal surgery. The first case was a 29-year-old man who underwent placement of an encircling band, pars plana vitrectomy, foreign body removal, endolaser photocoagulation, transscleral cryotherapy, and silicone oil injection due to a retained foreign body 3 months after a corneoscleral rupture repair. He experienced visual loss in the fellow eye 2 months after the vitrectomy. An extensive exudative detachment was detected in the fellow eye. Sympathetic ophthalmia was diagnosed and systemic steroids together with azathioprine were initiated. The injured eye was enucleated as there was no useful vision. The other two cases were operated for rhegmatogenous retinal detachments. One underwent placement of an encircling band, pars plana vitrectomy, silicone oil injection, and endolaser photocoagulation with good anatomic outcome. However, 4 months later, the fellow eye experienced severe visual loss with disc swelling and hyperemia and exudative retinal detachment. Systemic steroid was sufficient to reverse the process and the visual acuity recovered. The other case underwent placement of an encircling band, subretinal fluid drainage, SF₆ injection and 360° indirect laser photocoagulation. Two years later, he noted a sudden visual decrease in the fellow eye in which we detected a Harada-like extensive exudative detachment. Systemic steroid without immunosuppressive therapy rendered regression of the detachment and recovery of good visual acuity. Sympathetic ophthalmia may occur following vitreoretinal surgery either for trauma-related problems or rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Since it may present with relatively mild anterior segment findings and mainly posterior segment involvement; any visual disturbance in the fellow eye of a patient with a history of perforating trauma or vitreoretinal surgery should be thoroughly evaluated for sympathetic ophthalmia.     

Surgical treatment of giant retinal tears with inverted posterior retinal flaps

We treated 23 consecutive cases of giant retinal tears with inverted retinal flaps. We used pars plana vitrectomy together with an intravitreal bubble to unfold the posterior retinal flap, combined with cryotherapy to cause a chorioretinal adhesion and a broad scleral buckle. The vitrectomy was done after applying cryotherapy so viable retinal pigment epithelial cells in the vitreous cavity could also be removed. Thirteen eyes had giant tears measuring 90 to 180 degrees (Group 1), eight eyes had giant tears measuring 180 to 270 degrees (Group 2), and two eyes had giant tears larger than 270 degrees (Group 3). The retina was successfully reattached in 11 of the 13 eyes in Group 1, each of the eight eyes in Group 2, and one of the two eyes in Group 3. We believe that vitrectomy and lavage of the vitreous cavity after applying cryotherapy was important in reducing the incidence of proliferative vitreoretinopathy and improving our success rate.     

眼内异物摘出术后视网膜脱离

目的 报告并分析眼内异物摘出术后视网膜脱离发生率及有关病因。方法 眼内异物２０例（２０眼）,用玻璃体切除术摘出眼内异物。结果 ２０眼中术后视网膜脱离４眼（２０％）。术后视力提高１４眼（７０％）,视力不变３眼（１５％）,视力下降３眼（１５％）。结论 眼内异物摘出术后视网膜脱离发生原因：⑴残留玻璃体形成牵拉;⑵激光封闭裂孔不确切;⑶术中未发现的小裂孔;⑷术前玻璃体积血浑浊未能及时激光治疗;⑸异物较大,     

Intraocular argon laser photocoagulation in the management of severe proliferative vitreoretinopathy

We surgically repaired seven eyes with severe proliferative vitreoretinopathy with intraocular argon laser photocoagulation. Five of the seven retinas were still attached six or more months postoperatively. Endolaser photocoagulation was used in conjunction with pars plana vitrectomy, periretinal membrane stripping, fluid-air exchange, and planned retinotomies. The advantages of endolaser photocoagulation include easier management of posterior retinotomies in an air-filled eye, isolation of anterior traction and retinal breaks by creating an encircling demarcation line posterior to the problem, and less manipulation of existing scleral buckling material.     

Combined cataract surgery and vitrectomy for recurrent retinal detachment

PURPOSE: To report our experience with combined cataract surgery, posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation, and pars plana vitrectomy in the management of recurrent retinal detachment (RD) and visually significant cataract. METHODS: Retrospective chart review of patients with cataract and recurrent RD who underwent combined cataract extraction, posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation, and pars plana vitrectomy between January 1991 and September 1998 at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute. Sixteen eyes were included. All eyes had visually significant cataract and had undergone primary repair of the RD with encircling scleral buckle; eight eyes also had undergone pars plana vitrectomy during the primary repair. The technique of cataract extraction included phacoemulsification (10 eyes), extracapsular cataract extraction (5 eyes), and pars plana lensectomy (1 eye). All eyes underwent pars plana vitrectomy, membrane peeling, fluid-air exchange, endolaser treatment, and placement of a retinal tamponade. Perfluoropropane (C3F8) gas was used in 14 eyes, and silicone oil was placed in two eyes. RESULTS: The postoperative follow-up interval ranged from 4 to 64 months (mean, 16 months). Preoperative visual acuity ranged from 20/60 to hand motions and was better than 20/200 in 3 (19%) eyes. Postoperatively, 9 (56%) eyes improved to better than 20/200. Anatomic success was achieved after the initial reoperation in 13 (81 %) eyes. With further surgery, the overall success rate was 94%. CONCLUSIONS: Combined cataract surgery, posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation, and pars plana vitrectomy in selected patients with cataract and recurrent RD was successful in improving visual acuity and achieving retinal reattachment in most of these reoperated patients.     

Encircling panretinal laser photocoagulation may prevent macular detachment after vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Macular detachment due to peripheral retinal tears that occur after pars plana vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy can result in severe visual loss despite successful retinal reattachment. The authors reviewed the records of three patients who developed peripheral sclerotomy-related rhegmatogenous retinal detachments one to six months after vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy, despite the absence of detectable sclerotomyrelated retinal tears by indirect ophthalmoscopy and scleral depression at the conclusion of surgery. All three patients had received standard panretinal laser photocoagulation in a complete encircling pattern either prior to or during the initial vitrectomy. Clinically or echographically, each patient was seen to have a partial or complete annual peripheral sclerotomy-related rhegmatogenous retinal detachment delimited to the equator. In each of these three cases, posterior extension of the peripheral retinal detachment into the macular area was prevented by the most anterior row of the photocoagulation scars. Standard panretinal laser photocoagulation applied in a complete encircling pattern may be useful in the prophylaxis of macular detachment from sclerotomy-related retinal tears that occur after vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy.     

Early rhegmatogenous retinal detachment following laser in situ keratomileusis for high myopia

PURPOSE: Four eyes had early rhegmatogenous retinal detachment within 3 months of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for correction of high myopia using the microkeratome, Clear Corneal Molder. METHODS: In two eyes, retinal detachment resulted from horseshoe tears, one occurring in an otherwise normal region of the retina and the other at the margin of an area of lattice degeneration detected during preoperative examination. The first eye was treated with retinopexy using a 287 encircling scleral exoplant, drainage of subretinal fluid, and laser photocoagulation by indirect ophthalmoscopy. The other eye was treated with pneumatic retinopexy and cryotherapy. In the other eyes, retinal detachment was the result of giant tears with no evidence of prior retinal degeneration. These eyes were treated with pars plana vitrectomy, fluid-gas exchange with 15% perfluoropropane (C3F8), endolaser photocoagulation, and a 42 encircling scleral exoplant. RESULTS: After treatment, the first two eyes achieved spectacle-corrected visual acuity of 20/40. In the last two eyes, final spectacle-corrected visual acuity was 20/400 in one eye and light perception in the other. CONCLUSIONS: Although no cause-effect relationship between LASIK and retinal detachment can be stated, these cases suggest that LASIK may be associated with retinal detachment, particularly in highly myopic eyes. Further studies are necessary to determine high-risk patient characteristics.     

玻璃体切割术治疗严重Eales病的临床观察

目的:回顾分析62例严重Eales病患者玻璃体切割术的临床疗效。方法:对62例(74眼)严重Eales病患者行玻璃体切割联合眼内光凝和/或眼内填充术结果:74眼患者术后视力提高率为91%,其中视力明显提高者(视力表提高两行及两行以上)为74%。术后视力不提高者术前存在严重的牵拉性视网膜脱离。结论:玻璃体切割联合眼内光凝或眼内填充术是治疗严重的Eales病的有效方法。     

Vitrectomy for intra ocular foreign body removal.

Ten consecutive cases of perforating ocular injuries with retained intraocular foreign bodies over a period of 2 years were reviewed retrospectively in this study. All cases were operated upon by a 3 port pars plana vitrectomy and if necessary endolaser done. All ten cases (100%) were successful in terms of intraocular foreign body removal through the pars plana sclerotomy but ultimately we lost three [3] [30%] cases of which two had retinal detachments with P.V.R. D-3 preoperatively and the other had endophthalmitis. Of the seven (70%) successful cases four eyes (40%) had a post-operative vision of 6/12 or better while 2 [20%] had 6/24 and the last had 6/60 [10%]. Nine cases [90%] had a magnetic Intraocular foreign body. Various complications of Intraocular foreign bodies like vitreous haemorrhage, retinal incarceration, cataract and retinal detachment were noted preoperatively. Silicone oil was used in three (30%) cases. Sulfur Hexafluoride was used in 5 cases (50%). Endolaser photocoagulation was done in 7 cases (70%).     

Perfluorocarbon liquid utilization in primary vitrectomy repair of retinal detachment with multiple breaks

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of pars plana vitrectomy in conjunction with intraoperative perfluoro-n-octane (PFO) use as initial treatment of retinal detachment (RD) with multiple breaks located at various distances from the ora serrata. METHODS: Twenty-two consecutive eyes (15 phakic, 2 aphakic, and 5 pseudophakic) presenting with RD with multiple breaks and tears underwent primary pars plana vitrectomy, PFO retinal reattachment, transcleral cryopexy or endolaser treatment of breaks, PFO/air exchange, and final injection of 18% perfluoropropane (C3F8). Scleral buckles were not used. The mean follow-up period was 29 months. RESULTS: Temporary PFO utilization attached the posterior retina and facilitated the safe removal of vitreous at its base and around the retinal tears. Intraoperative complications included new breaks (3 eyes), enlargement of breaks (2 eyes), and a small bubble of subretinal PFO (1 eye). Postoperatively, the retina remained attached during follow-up in 19 eyes. Cataract developed or progressed in 13 phakic eyes. CONCLUSIONS: Pars plana vitrectomy in conjunction with intraoperative PFO utilization is effective as initial treatment of RDs with multiple breaks. The main limitation of this technique is the postoperative progressive cataract formation in phakic eyes.     

首选玻璃体切除术治疗简单孔源性视网膜脱离的临床观察

目的回顾总结首选玻璃体切割术治疗简单裂孔源性视网膜脱离的临床疗效。方法选择26例（26只眼）简单裂孔源性视网膜脱离，裂孔均位于上方，增生性玻璃体视网膜病变（PVR）C1级或以下。均采用标准闭合式玻璃体切割术，巩膜外冷凝裂孔，眼内注入C3F8填充，均无外加压。随访2—16个月，平均9个月，记录视网膜复位情况、末次最佳矫正视力及并发症。结果全部病例均一次复位成功（复位率100％），末次最佳矫正视力均有不同程度的提高，在0．2～0．3者9只眼（34．6％），0．3～1．0者17只眼（65．4％），视网膜裂孔冷凝不足8只眼（30．8％），补充激光光凝，1只眼（3．8％）术后1个月出现后囊下型白内障，12只眼（46．2％）一过性高眼压，经局部使用降眼压药物，1周后眼压正常，未出现其它并发症。结论在经济条件允许时，对于上方裂孔的简单孔源性视网膜脱离．可采用玻璃体切割术作为首选方式。     

Outcomes of the Perplexed Surgical Management of Retinal Detachment in Eyes with Coloboma

PurposeTo determine the anatomical and visual outcomes of retinal detachment in eyes with chorioretinal coloboma managed by pars plana vitrectomy, endolaser photocoagulation and silicone oil (SO) tamponade.MethodsRetrospective review of 29 eyes of 29 patients with retinal detachment associated with chorioretinal coloboma. All the cases were managed by vitrectomy procedures concluding with SO tamponade. Encircling band was placed based on pre-operative evaluation and/or surgeon’s discretion. Endolaser photocoagulation was applied around the peripheral retina, all around the peripheral breaks and around the colobomatous area. The outcome measures were evaluated with regard to functional and anatomical success.ResultsThe average age at the time of surgery was 21.76 ± 9.58 years (range, 10–50 years). The mean follow-up duration was 12.28 ± 4.8 months (range, 6–24 months). Primary attached retina was obtained in 21 / 29 (72.4%) eyes after single surgery. Re-detachment in 8 / 29 (27.6%) eyes which required revision surgery was the most frequent postoperative complication followed by raised intraocular pressure in 4 / 29 (13.8%) with SO in situ. Out of 29 eyes, 23 were followed up after the removal of SO. The mean duration of SO removal was 7.91 ± 3.9 months (range, 4–18 months). Implantation of encircling band, lens removal and cryotherapy provided no added advantage. At the final examination, improvement in vision was observed in 21 (72.4%) eyes and the anatomical attachment of the retina was attained in 27 (93.1%) eyes.ConclusionsComplete pars plana vitrectomy, endolaser photocoagulation along with SO tamponade is effective for retinal detachment associated with chorioretinal coloboma. This technique improves the anatomical outcome and helps in regaining significant visual acuity.     

视网膜裂孔伴玻璃体积血的临床分析

目的探讨急性玻璃体后脱离致视网膜裂孔伴玻璃体积血的治疗方式及疗效。方法回顾性分析31眼视网膜裂孔合并玻璃体积血,早期予双眼包扎、半卧位、止血,出血3d后予活血化瘀、促进玻璃体积血吸收治疗。根据病情变化采用激光封闭裂孔及行20G三通道闭合式玻璃体切除术治疗。所有病例至少随访12个月。结果23眼玻璃体积血在1周～3个月,平均（32．95±12．61）d吸收,采用视网膜激光治疗,裂孔完全封闭,视力无明显变化。4周内,3眼发生孔源性视网膜脱离,行玻璃体切除术治疗,术后1眼矫正视力提高,2眼矫正视力无明显提高。5眼玻璃体积血无明显吸收,2～4周内采用玻璃体切除术,术后视力明显提高,矫正视力0．3—0．6。结论急性玻璃体后脱离引起的视网膜裂孔伴玻璃体积血应引起高度重视。早期诊断并发现裂孔、及时光凝封闭裂孔是获得良好结果的关键。尽早手术是争取较好疗效的重要保障。     

视网膜分支静脉阻塞伴视网膜脱离21例手术疗效分析

目的 分析视网膜分支静脉阻塞伴视网膜脱离的手术治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析视网膜分支静脉阻塞伴视网膜脱离21例（21眼）的手术治疗效果,随访6～18个月,观察视力、眼底及视网膜复位情况.结果 视网膜分支静脉阻塞以颞侧分支尤其是颞上支静脉为主;视网膜裂孔为圆形及马蹄形,均位于牵引点附近,沿血管分布.进行玻璃体切除视网膜脱离复位手术及眼内激光光凝.随访6～18个月,所有患者视网膜均复位,19眼（90.5％）视力改善明显,3眼（9.5％）保持不变.无严重并发症发生.结论 及时进行视网膜脱离复位及激光光凝术是治疗视网膜分支静脉阻塞伴视网膜脱离的有效方法.     

眼后段眼内异物行玻璃体手术摘出的临床观察

目的观察眼后段眼内异物行玻璃体手术摘出的临床效果。方法本组156例（156眼）。其中非磁性异物128眼,伴玻璃体积血浑浊96眼,外伤性白内障81眼,视网膜脱离69眼,异物被纤维包裹33眼,伴眼内炎5眼,视网膜下异物2眼。手术均采用经睫状体平坦部标准三通道切口。伴有晶状体浑浊者,先行晶状体摘出,再行玻璃体手术摘出眼内异物;伴有视网膜脱离者,在玻璃体手术摘出眼内异物后再行视网膜复位、眼内光凝术或气体或硅油填充。行I期或Ⅱ期人工晶状体植入或睫状沟缝合固定术。本组3眼因异物较大,而采用角膜缘隧道切口摘出。术后观察3—6个月。结果本组156眼均经玻璃体手术成功摘出眼内异物,伴视网膜脱离的69眼均复位,伴眼内炎的5眼均得以有效控制。术后视力与术前相比均有不同程度提高。结论玻璃体手术可以去除屈光间质浑浊,同时摘出眼内异物、治疗视网膜脱离及其他并发症。     

显微内窥镜下超全视网膜光凝治疗虹膜新生血管探讨

目的 探讨眼显微内窥镜在玻璃体切除术后虹膜新生血管超全视网膜光凝中的作用.方法 回顾16例16只眼玻璃体切除术后虹膜新生血管在内窥镜下行超全视网膜光凝的临床资料.选择玻璃体切除术后,术中行部分视网膜光凝.病因为糖尿病视网膜病变8只眼、视网膜中央静脉阻塞6只眼、视网膜血管炎2只眼;10眼人工晶体眼、6只眼无晶体眼,瞳孔难以散大;2只眼眼压高,14只眼正常;虹膜新生血管Ⅰ期14只眼、Ⅱ期2只眼.三腔内窥镜进入眼内进行视网膜超全光凝.对比观察虹膜新生血管消退情况、眼压、视力变化及并发症出现,随访3月至3年.结果 15眼1次超全视网膜光凝术后3个月虹膜新生血管消退,1眼继发新生血管性青光眼,眼压术后恢复正常,视力治疗前后无明显变化,未见虹膜损伤、视网膜脱离、眼内炎等手术并发症.结论 超全视网膜光凝是治疗虹膜新生血管的有效手段.玻璃体切除术后人工晶体或无晶体眼瞳孔难以散大情况下,显微内窥镜下的眼内视网膜光凝是可靠选择,可作为眼外视网膜光凝的有力补充.     

Surgical techniques for selected giant retinal tears

Based on clinical experience, improved methods for treating giant retinal tears with an inverted retinal flap are described. In all cases a broad encircling scleral buckle is used in conjunction with a broad zone of peripheral chorioretinal adhesion produced by cryotherapy and, often, supplemented by postoperative photocoagulation. This virtually eliminates recurrent retinal detachment from an anterior location, if the retinal flap can be properly unfolded and the retina is initially reattached. Vitrectomy is done in all these cases, and an intraocular bubble is used to unfold and reposition the retinal flap during or after surgery. If the retinal flap is especially stiff or foreshortened, special techniques are used to incarcerate the edge of the retinal flap in the pars plana or the peripheral choroid, or transvitreal suturing techniques are used to secure the edge of the retinal flap to the eyewall before fluid-gas exchange is performed. This insures proper unfolding of the flap by the intraocular bubble. Applying retinal cryotherapy before performing the vitrectomy seems to reduce the occurrence of postoperative proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), perhaps because retinal pigment epithelial cells in the vitreous cavity are removed during vitrectomy. Frequent, detailed examination during the first three weeks after surgery and use of postoperative photocoagulation to supplement the cryotherapy seem to prevent recurrent detachment from anterior leakage of subretinal fluid beneath the retinal flap or through other anterior retinal breaks.     

Suprachoroidal hemorrhage during pars plana vitrectomy

Suprachoroidal hemorrhage is an uncommon but serious complication of pars plana vitrectomy that can be associated with a guarded visual prognosis. Risk factors for development of suprachoroidal hemorrhage during pars plana vitrectomy include high myopia, history of previous retinal detachment surgery, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, use of cryotherapy, scleral buckling at the time of pars plana vitrectomy, external drainage of the subretinal fluid, intraoperative systemic hypertension, and bucking during general anesthesia. In eyes with suprachoroidal hemorrhage during pars plana vitrectomy, the final visual and anatomic outcomes may be compromised by persistent retinal detachment, secondary glaucoma, and ocular hypotony. In most cases, intraoperative drainage of suprachoroidal hemorrhage is not associated with a better outcome. The prognosis is more favorable if the suprachoroidal hemorrhage is localized and does not extend in to the posterior pole.     

眼内C3F8气体填充状态下视网膜裂孔的激光治疗

目的观察眼内C3F8气体填充状态下视网膜裂孔激光治疗的疗效。方法30例（30眼）视网膜玻璃体手术C3F8填充眼，术后观察封闭不良的原裂孔及新裂孔进行裂隙灯显微镜下激光光凝，术后1周内进行光凝者9例，2～3周后进行光凝者21例。激光参数：氪黄／氪绿，光斑100～200μm，时间0．2～0．3s，功率200～400mW，光凝裂孔3～4排，达到灰白色光凝斑。光凝1次者20例，2次者6例，3次者4例，光凝后随访4～20周，观察光斑色素、裂孔封闭及视网膜复位情况。结果本组30例中有25例裂孔封闭且气体消退后视网膜复位，占83．33％。3例因裂孔处有牵拉裂孔不能闭合、2例因眼内增生性病变引起非裂孔处视网膜脱离，该5例再次玻切手术并注硅油，4例视网膜复位。并发症主要为光凝过度引起的网膜出血2例，均自行吸收。结论眼内C3F8气体填充状态下视网膜裂孔的早期激光治疗能取得良好效果。