髋臼骨折的Letournel-Judet分型诊断及手术治疗

目的 探讨髋臼骨折的Letournel-Judet分型诊断及手术治疗方法.方法 45例髋臼骨折,术前经X线片及髋臼CT明确诊断,采用Letournel-Judet分型后,分别用Kocher-Langenbeck入路30例,髂腹股沟入路11例,前后联合入路4例,应用骨盆重建钢板和螺丝钉内固定.结果 全部病例获得随访,平均随访时间28.4个月.骨折复位按Matta标准,解剖复位35例,满意复位8例,不满意复位2例.根据改良merled'Aubigne和Postel的髋臼骨折临床结果评分标准,优14例,良20例,一般7例,差4例,优良率为75.5％.结论 术前完善影像学检查,正确分型,合理的手术入路,术中尽可能解剖复位及坚强内固定是提高髋臼骨折手术疗效的关键.     

比较经腹直肌外侧入路与改良Stoppa入路治疗髋臼骨折的临床疗效

目的比较经腹直肌外侧切口入路与改良Stoppa切口入路治疗髋臼骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2018年1月荆州市第三人民医院创伤骨科手术治疗的72例髋臼骨折患者的临床资料,其中运用经腹直肌外侧切口入路(Pararectus approach, PRA)治疗患者38例(PRA组),改良Stoppa切口入路(Modified Stoppaapproach, MSA)治疗患者34例(MSA组)。比较两组的前方入路显露时间、手术的出血量(术中+术后引流)、骨折复位情况,髋关节功能等临床指标。结果两组手术切口显露时间,显露过程出血量及术后引流血量,两组髋关节功能评分差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组术后影像学复位评估(PRA组优20例,良13例,可5例;MSA组优19例,良11例,可4例)差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论经腹直肌外侧入路与改良Stoppa入路均是治疗髋臼前方骨折理想入路,但是腹直肌外侧入路在手术视野显露上稍有优势。     

髂腹股沟入路切断髂腰肌治疗髋臼骨折对术后髋关节功能的影响

目的:评价切断髂腰肌的髂腹股沟入路治疗髋臼骨折对髋关节功能的影响,探讨切断髂腰肌治疗髋臼骨折的可行性.方法:(1)选取本院解剖学教研室成年尸体标本4具,共8条完整髂腰肌标本,观察其腹股沟韧带下方部分的大体形态,肌、腱比例及切断前后显露的范围.(2)采用髂腹股沟入路治疗髋臼骨折13例,其中7例保留髂腰肌的完整性(Ⅰ组),6例切断髂腰肌(Ⅱ组),分别于术后1月、2月及6月评估屈髋肌力及术后并发症.结果:(1)髂腰肌在腹股沟韧带下方为肌、腱混杂结构,腱、肌比例平均1∶4.1,切断髂腰肌后显露范围明显扩大.(2)术后1个月Ⅱ组屈髋肌力较Ⅰ组差(P＜0.01);术后2个月两组肌力均恢复至4级以上,组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);术后6个月所有患者屈髋肌力基本恢复正常.除1例髂腰肌切断患者术后并发下肢深静脉血栓形成外,其余患者无并发症.结论:切断髂腰肌对髋关节功能的影响是短暂而有限的;使用髂腹股沟入路处理髋臼骨折时,切断髂腰肌有利于骨折的显露及复位.     

髂腹股沟入路在髋臼骨折手术中的应用

目的：评价髂腹股沟手术入路的方法治疗髋臼骨折的疗效。方法：采用髂腹股沟入路手术治疗髋臼骨折14例,根据不同骨折类型分别选用克氏针、加压螺钉及重建钢板固定。结果：患者均获6—18个月随访,平均12个月。髋臼骨折复位情况依据Matta评分标准,解剖复位12例,满意复位2例。依据患者的感觉、关节功能及X线片3个方面进行疗效评价,优9例、良4例、一般1例,优良率92．6％。结论：手术是治疗复杂髋臼骨折的有效方法,髂腹股沟入路对复杂髋臼骨折手术治疗是一个良好的选择。     

不同前方手术入路治疗髋臼骨折的疗效观察

目的 探讨改良微创髂腹股沟入路（MMIIA）、改良Stoppa入路（MSA）及腹直肌外侧入路（PRA）治疗髋臼骨折的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析我院收治的55例髋臼骨折患者的临床资料,根据手术入路分为MMIIA组(14例)、MSA组(25例)和PRA组(16例)。比较各组患者手术时间、术中出血量、骨折复位质量、髋关节功能及术后并发症发生情况。结果 MSA组和PRA组患者手术时间、术中出血量及骨折复位质量优于MMIIA组(P<0.05);但各组患者术后髋关节功能恢复及术后并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 MMIIA、MSA及PRA治疗髋臼骨折均能够取得良好的治疗效果,在髋关节功能恢复及术后并发症发生方面无显著变化,但MMIIA在术中出血量、手术时间及骨折复位质量方面不如其他两种入路。     

复杂性髋臼骨折手术治疗中长期疗效分析

目的:探讨复杂性髋臼骨折手术治疗的临床疗效.方法:自2001年5月至2008年11月对63例复杂性髋臼骨折采用开放复位、重建钢板和拉力螺钉内固定手术治疗.按照Letournel分类,前柱加前壁骨折28例,后柱加后壁骨折8例,双柱骨折23例,横形加后壁骨折4例.髂腹股沟入路38例,Kocher-Langenbeck(K-L)入路12例,髂腹股沟入路联合K-L入路13例.伤后至手术时间1周内10例,1～2周27例,2～3周19例,3周以上7例.术后早期功能锻炼.结果:术后随访1～8 a,平均5.5 a,按matta评定标准,临床优良率为78%,可为14%,差8%.术后X线片示解剖复位46例(73%),满意复位14例(22%),不满意复位3例(5%,均为陈旧性骨折).术中坐骨神经牵拉伤1例(另有3例术前损伤)、股神经牵拉伤1例,术后3个月均完全恢复.异位骨化伴股骨头再脱位1例(为K-L入路),股骨头坏死1例,髋骨性关节炎5例,术后发生深静脉血栓1例,无切口感染病例.结论:复杂性髋臼骨折积极手术复位及内固定,中长期疗效好、能有效地防治其并发症.     

重建钢板治疗不稳定骨盆骨折并移位髋臼骨折

目的探讨不稳定骨盆骨折并移位髋臼骨折手术治疗效果。方法自1998年2月至2002年10月，对22例不稳定骨盆骨折并移位髋臼骨折采用骨盆重建钢板和螺钉进行复位和内固定，20例通过髂腹股沟入路手术治疗，其中9例加用Kocher-Langenbeck入路，另2例采用延长S—P入路。术后早期功能锻练。结果平均随诊时间为16个月(6—60个月)，骨盆骨折均获复位。根据Matta影像学评分，髋臼解剖和复位满意20例，不满意2例。用改良的Merled’Aubigne和Postel评分系统评估临床结果，优良16例，一般4例，差2例。一例发生异位骨化，无一例感染及不愈合。结论应用骨盆重建钢板手术治疗不稳定骨盆骨折并移位髋臼骨折，可有效复位固定骨折，矫正畸形，重建髋臼、骨盆环的稳定性，恢复髋臼关节面的平整和正常头臼关系，疗效满意。     

桥接钢板技术治疗不稳定性髋臼骨折临床效果分析

目的观察桥接钢板技术治疗不稳定性髋臼骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2014年3月至2015年3月应用桥接钢板技术治疗的12例不稳定性髋臼骨折患者的临床资料,根据OTA/AO分型B型骨折8例,C型骨折4例;手术方式采用髂腹股沟入路5例,Stoppa入路4例。通过随访,Matta按髋臼骨折四级评定标准评分,并对上述结果进行评价。结果 12例患者均获得随访,随访时间12~16个月,平均(14.1±2.2)个月。影像学显示术后股骨头-髋臼匹配良好,至术后1年无复位丢失。Matta髋臼骨折四级评定标准疗效,优10例,良1例,可1例。结论桥接钢板技术治疗不稳定性髋臼骨折的临床疗效优异;不同手术入路对功能恢复无影响,但是采用Stoppa入路手术时间较短。     

手术治疗髋臼骨折17例

目的:探讨髋臼骨折的临床特点和手术疗效.方法:应用前入路或后入路或前后联合入路治疗髋臼骨折17例.结果:本组17例中解剖复位13例,复位欠佳3例,不满意复位1例.随访6～30月,平均18月.解剖复位组关节功能优良12例,可1例;复位欠佳组关节功能优良2例,可1例;不满意复位组1例关节功能差.结论:前入路或后入路或前后联合入路能满足各种类型髋臼骨折的手术需要;解剖复位髋臼骨折能最大限度恢复关节功能.     

3D打印结合Union Plate跨弓状缘髋臼解剖钢板在复杂髋臼骨折中的应用

目的探讨术前在3D打印模型上规划后柱螺钉用于髋臼骨折内固定的可行性和安全性,评价这种联合技术对复杂髋臼骨折治疗的早期临床结果。方法回顾性分析华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院自2018年6月至2019年8月行复杂髋臼骨折的15例患者资料,根据CT数据行骨盆3D打印,得到1∶1(含髂血管)仿真模型,术前在三维模型上模拟手术固定,并规划后柱拉力螺钉,将螺钉消毒以备术中使用。术中采用高位髂腹股沟入路,并使用Union Plate跨弓状缘髋臼解剖钢板+后柱拉力螺钉进行固定。结果全部患者的手术均按照术前计划顺利进行,平均手术时间172 min(150~290 min),术中平均出血量620 m L(200~1 500 mL);所有后柱螺钉均成功置入,术中透视螺钉位置、长度良好。术后根据Matta标准评价骨折复位情况。其中优9例,良6例,优良率100%。按照Matta改良的Merle d'Aubigne和Postel评分评价髋关节功能,其中优8例,良5例,可2例,优良率为86.7%。围术期出现闭孔神经麻痹1例,随访3个月好转;未观察到切口感染、血栓形成、螺钉松动或断裂等并发症。结论通过术前3D打印模拟手术、规划后柱拉力螺钉,结合跨弓状缘髋臼解剖钢板治疗复杂髋臼骨折置钉成功率高,安全性好,个体化强,效果可靠。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.