共轭亚油酸对肿瘤细胞亚油酸代谢途径中限速酶的影响

目的采用体外细胞培养方法,研究不同浓度c9,t11-共轭亚油酸(c9,t11-CLA)对人胃腺癌细胞(SGC-7901)中亚油酸代谢途径的限速酶的影响。方法用200、100、50和25μmol／L浓度的c9,t11-CLA处理SGC-7901细胞24h,四甲基偶氮唑盐实验检测c9,t11-CLA对SGC-7901细胞增殖的抑制作用,采用逆转录聚合酶链反应检测c9,t11-CLA对SGC-7901细胞中亚油酸代谢途径的Δ6-脱氢酶、△5-脱氢酶、环氧合酶(COX)-1、COX-2和5-脂氧合酶(5-LOX)mRNA表达的影响。结果在200、100、50和25μmol／L浓度时,c9,t11-CLA对SGC-7901增殖的抑制率分别为54．3％、20．5％、10．5％、2．93％;均可下调COX-2mRNA的表达,上调Δ6-脱氢酶、COX-1mRNA的表达,但对Δ5-脱氢酶和5-LOXmRNA表达的影响不显著。结论c9,t11-CLA可通过调节Δ6-脱氢酶和COX的表达抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖,说明c9,t11-CLA通过影响亚油酸代谢途径中限速酶的基因表达而改变类二十碳烷酸的形成,推测c9,t11-CLA影响肿瘤细胞中亚油酸代谢途径的限速酶是其发挥抗癌活性的另一作用机制。     

Bel7402肝癌细胞中共轭亚油酸异构体通过不同机制下调COX-2表达

[目的]采用体外细胞培养方法,研究c9,t11-CLA和t10,c12-CLA对肝癌细胞Bel7402的COX-2表达的影响和机制。[方法]采用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和蛋白免疫印迹(Westernblot)方法检测c9,t11-CLA和t10,c12-CLA处理后的Bel7402细胞中COX-2 mRNA和蛋白质的表达以及PPARγ配体罗格列酮和GW9662对COX-2蛋白水平的影响。[结果]在100μmol/L的浓度下,c9,t11-CLA和t10,c12-CLA都可以降低COX-2mRNA和蛋白质的表达,罗格列酮可以下调COX-2蛋白水平,而PPARγ抑制性配体GW9662可以逆转c9,t11-CLA对于COX-2蛋白水平的下调作用,但是对于t10,c12-CLA的下调作用则没有影响。[结论]两种异构体对COX-2表达的下调作用很可能具有不同的机制。     

共轭亚油酸对人胃腺癌细胞中环氧合酶的影响

目的采用体外细胞培养方法,研究不同浓度c9,t11-共轭亚油酸(CLA)对人胃腺癌细胞(SGC-7901)的亚油酸代谢途径中限速酶-环氧合酶(COX)表达的影响.方法采用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和蛋白免疫印迹(Western blot)方法检测不同浓度c9,t11-CLA处理后的SGC-7901细胞中环氧合酶(COX)-1、(COX)-2mRNA和蛋白的表达.结果在200,100,50和25μmol/L浓度时,c9,t11-CLA均可下调COX-2 mRNA和蛋白的表达,与共轭亚油酸(CLA)浓度呈负相关;上调COX-1 mRNA的表达,并与CLA浓度呈正相关.结论 c9,t11-CLA的抗癌活性与其影响COX的表达有关.     

共轭亚麻酸在体外细胞中的代谢与整合研究

目的以富含石榴酸(共轭亚麻酸异构体之一,含量达75.5%)的石榴籽油为材料,研究共轭亚麻酸在体外培养的肝癌细胞系HepG2中的代谢和整合状况。方法以含10μmol/L石榴酸处理HepG2 24h后进行脂肪酸分析。结果细胞中出现新的代谢产物,进一步通过GC-MS确认代谢产物为9顺,11反-共轭亚油酸(c9,t11-18:2),c9,t11-18:2,含量占总脂肪酸的2.78%,石榴酸含量占总脂肪酸的0.67%。结论石榴酸代谢产物酸能在体外细胞内整合,且整合到细胞内的石榴酸大部分进一步代谢成为c9,t11-18:2。     

共轭亚油酸诱导人胃腺癌细胞(SGC-7901)凋亡的作用

目的 研究共轭亚油酸单体（c9,t11-CLA)诱导人体胃腺癌细胞（SGC－7901）凋亡作用。方法 采用细胞生长曲线,凋亡细胞的荧光显微镜、电镜观察,流式细胞光度术的检测以及P53蛋白表达方法。结果 显示出c9,t11-CLA对SGC－7901细胞有明显的抑制作用,并可诱导SGC－7901细胞产生凋亡,并随着c9,t11-CLA浓度的增加,细胞凋亡率逐渐增加;而P53蛋白表达则随着c9,t11-CLA浓度的增加呈逐渐降低的趋势。结论 这可能是c9,t11-CLA抑制肿瘤细胞机制之一。     

脂肪酸对成肌细胞增殖和分化的影响

目的研究不同种类的脂肪酸对成肌细胞增殖和分化的影响。方法采用不同浓度(200、100、50、25和12.5μmol/L)的棕榈酸(PA)、油酸(OA)和亚麻酸(LA)处理C2C12、L6和3T3-L1细胞,分别于不同时间(2、4、6和8d)MTT法检测细胞增殖;为了考察脂肪酸对成肌细胞分化的影响,分别在C2C12和L6细胞诱导分化前2d,分化第0、2和4d采用25μmol/L的PA、OA或LA处理细胞,油红O染色观察细胞转分化,姬姆萨染色和肌酸激酶(CK)测定观察细胞分化。结果 3种脂肪酸对细胞增殖的抑制作用及其时间-效应和剂量-效应随脂肪酸种类和细胞株不同而具有明显的差异。PA和OA比LA具有更显著的细胞增殖抑制作用,且OA对3种细胞的抑制作用没有明显的剂量依赖关系,而LA在100μmol/L以下时对C2C12和L6成肌细胞的增殖没有明显的时间-效应;与3T3-L1比较,C2C12和L6细胞增殖对脂肪酸的抑制作用更加敏感。在成肌细胞C2C12和L6诱导分化后用脂肪酸处理未观察到显著的作用,但在诱导分化前2d加入脂肪酸能显著影响成肌细胞的分化,LA处理使多核肌管数量和CK含量增加,促进向骨骼肌细胞的分化,而PA和OA处理使细胞内脂滴积累,多核肌管数量和CK含量下降,抑制向骨骼肌的分化而促进向脂肪细胞的转分化。结论脂肪酸暴露影响体外培养的成肌细胞的增殖和分化,其作用与脂肪酸种类、细胞类型和暴露时期有关。     

环氧合酶-2在c9,t11-共轭亚油酸抑制肿瘤细胞转移中的作用

目的 研究c9,t11-共轭亚油酸（c9,t11-CLA）抑制人胃腺癌细胞（SGC-7901）转移作用与亚油酸代谢途径中限速酶环氧合酶-2（COX-2）的关系。方法采用体外细胞培养方法,用COX-2的选择性抑制剂NS．398抑制SGC-7901细胞中COX-2的活性,再加入200、100、50和25μmol／L浓度的c9,t11-CLA,利用重组基底膜侵袭实验、黏附实验、趋向运动实验检测c9,t11-CLA抑制肿瘤细胞转移的作用与COX-2的关系。结果与NS-398组比较,NS-398＋100Ixmol／Lc9,t11-CLA和NS-398＋200μmol／L c9,t11-CLA对SGC-7901细胞的侵袭有明显的抑制作用,穿过膜的细胞数分别为48．7±1．5（F=14．309,P=0．000）和43．7±4．0（F=19．005,P=0．000）;NS-398＋200μmol／L c9,t11-CLA组能显著降低SGC-7901细胞对基质成分层粘连蛋白、纤维粘连蛋白和基质胶的黏附作用,所测吸光度值（A值）分别为0．052±0．011,0．058±0．008（F=3．063,P=0．021）和0．042±0．004（F=6．692,P=0．001;F=11．999,P=0．000）;NS-398＋200ixmol／L c9,t11-CLA对SGC-7901细胞的趋向运动能力无明显的抑制作用（F=1．380,P=0．276）,其中NS-398＋2001xmol／L c9,t11-CLA组细胞数为26．6±3．4。结论 c9,t11-CLA具有抑制SGC-7901细胞体外侵袭能力、黏附能力和趋向运动能力,这种抑制作用可能与COX-2途径有关。     

鱼油组分共轭亚油酸抑制肺腺癌干细胞成瘤的体内研究

目的:建立肺腺癌干细胞荷瘤动物模型,体内验证鱼油组分共轭亚油酸(CLA)抑制肺腺癌增殖及转移的作用和分子机制. 方法:采用新霉素和克隆挑选技术分别建立稳定表达绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)的A549和SPC-A-1细胞株,体外培养富集干细胞微球,建立肺癌干细胞原位荷瘤裸鼠模型,腹腔注射给予不同组分c9t11-CLA、tl0c12-CLA和混合组,定期检测裸鼠体重和肿瘤质量,研究终点采用小动物活体荧光成像技术分别观察肿瘤的转移情况.采用Western blotting检测肿瘤组织COX-2、CXCR4的蛋白表达水平. 结果:实验终点各组原发肿瘤重量,A549混合治疗组比各单药治疗组肿瘤质量显著降低(P＜0.001),而各CLA单药治疗组比,A549 control组肿瘤质量显著降低(P＜0.01),与SPC-A-1组结果相似.各组肿瘤转移情况:在动物活体荧光成像系统下,A549CSC和SPC-A-1 CSC空白对照组出现了全身多处转移;经c9,t1 1-CLA、t10,c12-CLA治疗显著减少转移位置和比率;而混合治疗组减少尤为明显.Western blotting检测OCT4、COX-2、CXCR4蛋白表达水平.在A549肺腺癌干细胞组,c9t11-CLA、t1oc12-CLA均不同程度地抑制OCT4、COX-2、CXCR4蛋白,混合治疗组抑制作用最强.在SPC-A-1肺腺癌干细胞组结果类似. 结论:c9,t1 1-CLA、t10,c12-CLA及其混合物能明显抑制肺腺癌干细胞荷瘤裸鼠原发肿瘤和转移灶的生长;CLA组分能明显抑制肿瘤组织OCT4、COX-2和CXCR4蛋白的表达.     

齐齐哈尔市售乳制品中反式脂肪酸的测定

目的了解市售乳制品中是否存在反式脂肪酸,并测定其存在的种类和含量。方法随机抽取市售的奶粉、纯牛奶和酸奶3种奶制品,采用气相色谱法外标法定量,分别对3种乳制品中反式脂肪酸组成进行测定。结果硬脂酸甲酯(C18∶0)、顺式油酸甲酯(C18∶1-9c)与反式油酸甲酯(C18∶1-9t),顺式亚油酸甲酯(C18∶2-9c,12c)与反式亚油酸甲酯(C18∶2-9t,12t)分离效果良好。3种乳制品中反式脂肪酸均有检出,反式脂肪酸含量为0.129~0.216 g/100 g。结论市售的奶粉和纯牛奶样品检出1种反式脂肪酸,酸奶样品检出2种反式脂肪酸。     

共轭亚油酸对人乳腺癌细胞生长的抑制作用

目的 研究共轭亚油酸（c9,t11-CLA)对人乳腺癌细胞（MCF－7）生长的影响。方法 采用细胞核分裂指数、细胞生长曲线、细胞集落形成试验、^3H-TdR掺入试验和软琼脂培养方法,所设剂量（μmol/L）为25,50,100,200,以96％乙醇为溶剂对照。结果 在细胞核分裂指数、细胞生长曲线和细胞集落形成试验中,可见c9,t11-CLA对MCF－7细胞生长有明显的抑制作用,其作用于MCF－7细胞8d后的抑制率（％）分别为27．18、35．43、91．05和92．86;在^3H-TdR掺入试验中,可见随着c9,t11-CLA剂量的增加,^3H-TdR掺入到MCF－7细胞中明显的减少,与阴性对照组相比差异有显性;由软琼脂培养试验结果可见,随着c9,t11-CLA剂量的增加,MCF－7细胞的集落形成逐渐降低,除了25 μmol/L剂量组外与阴性对照组相比差异有显性。结论 c9,t11-CLA对MCF－7细胞的生长有明显的抑制作用。     

Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid isomers on lipid metabolism in hamsters fed high-carbohydrate and high-fat diets

Dietary conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) have been reported to have a number of isomer-dependent effects on lipid metabolism including reduction in adipose tissue deposition, changes in plasma lipoprotein concentrations and hepatic lipid accumulation. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of individual CLA isomers against lipogenic and high 'Western' fat background diets. Golden Syrian hamsters were fed a high-carbohydrate rodent chow or chow supplemented with 17.25 % fat formulated to represent the type and amount of fatty acids found in a typical 'Western' diet (including 0.2 % cholesterol). Diets were further supplemented with 0.25 % (w/w) rapeseed oil, cis9, trans11 (c9,t11)-CLA or trans10, cis12 (t10,c12)-CLA. Neither isomer had a significant impact on plasma lipid or lipoprotein concentrations. The t10,c12-CLA isomer significantly reduced perirenal adipose tissue depot mass. While adipose tissue acetyl CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase mRNA concentrations (as measured by quantitative PCR) were unaffected by CLA, lipoprotein lipase mRNA was specifically reduced by t10,c12-CLA, on both background diets (P < 0.001). This was associated with a specific reduction of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c expression in perirenal adipose tissue (P = 0.018). The isomers appear to have divergent effects on liver TAG content with c9,t11-CLA producing lower concentrations than t10,c12-CLA. We conclude that t10,c12-CLA modestly reduces adipose tissue deposition in the Golden Syrian hamster independently of background diet and this may possibly result from reduced uptake of lipoprotein fatty acids, as a consequence of reduced lipoprotein lipase gene expression.     

Trans-10, cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid increases phagocytosis of porcine peripheral blood polymorphonuclear cells in vitro

Trans-10, cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid (t10c12-CLA) has been shown to alter immune function. PPARgamma has been shown to potentially play an important role in regulating inflammatory and immune responses by modulating the activity of monocytes and macrophages. Previous studies have indicated that the phagocytic capacity of porcine peripheral blood polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) was enhanced by the culture supernatant fraction from t10c12-CL-stimulated porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) but not by t10c12-CLA itself. In the present study, we examined the effects of t10c12-CLA on PPARgamma and TNF-alpha expression of porcine PBMC and the phagocytic capacity of PMN. t10c12-CLA increased TNF-alpha mRNA expression and production by PBMC. The phagocytic capacity of porcine PMN was enhanced by either culture supernatant fraction from PBMC treated with t10c12-CLA or recombinant porcine (rp) TNF-alpha. Anti-rpTNF-alpha polyclonal antibody inhibited the enhancement of PMN phagocytic capacity. t10c12-CLA also up regulated PPARgamma mRNA expression in porcine PBMC. Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, a PPARgamma antagonist, not only completely negated the t10c12-CLA-stimulating effects on TNF-alpha expression and production by porcine PBMC, but also decreased the enhancement of PMN phagocytic capacity by the t10c12-CLA-stimulated porcine PBMC culture supernatant fraction. These results suggest that t10c12-CLA has an immunostimulating effect on porcine PMN phagocytic capacity, which is mediated by TNF-alpha from PBMC via a PPARgamma-dependent pathway.     

Chronic but not acute treatment with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers (trans-10, cis-12 CLA and cis-9, trans-11 CLA) affects lipid metabolism in Caco-2 cells

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has profound effects on hepatic and adipocyte lipid metabolism, but little is known about its effects on intestinal lipid metabolism. We investigated the acute (22 h) and acute-after-chronic (22 h after 19 d) effects of trans-10, cis-12 CLA (t10,c12-CLA) and cis-9, trans-11 CLA (c9, t11-CLA) on triacylglycerol (TAG)-rich lipoprotein (TRL) metabolism, de novo TAG, phospholipid (PL) ((14)C-glycerol) and apolipoprotein B (apoB) ((35)S-methionine) synthesis and secretion, in the colon carcinoma (Caco-2) cell model of intestinal lipoprotein metabolism. Acute treatment with either CLA isomer did not affect TRL metabolism. However, chronic t10,c12-CLA and c9,t11-CLA supplementation followed by acute palmitic acid (PA) treatment increased the ratio of cellular to secreted de novo TAG (cTAG/sTAG) (P < or = 0.03) as a result of increased cellular de novo TAG levels. Chronic Caco-2 cell t10,c12-CLA supplementation, prior to the acute oleic acid (OA) treatment, significantly increased (P = 0.005) the ratio of cellular de novo TAG to de novo PL (cTAG/cPL), to a greater extent than that following chronic linoleic acid (LA) (P = 0.001) or c9,t11-CLA supplementation (P = 0.005). Again, this effect was attributed to increased cellular de novo TAG synthesis. Neither CLA isomer affected the ratio of secreted de novo TAG to de novo PL (sTAG/sPL). No effects on Caco-2 cell apoB synthesis and secretion were observed after acute or chronic CLA treatments. In conclusion, chronic t10,c12-CLA supplementation modulated intestinal TRL metabolism, by increasing cellular de novo TAG synthesis but had no effect on de novo TAG secretion in Caco-2 cells.     

Conjugated linoleic acid isomers and cancer

We reviewed the literature regarding the effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) preparations enriched in specific isomers, cis9, trans11-CLA (c9, t11-CLA) or trans10, cis12-CLA (t10, c12-CLA), on tumorigenesis in vivo and growth of tumor cell lines in vitro. We also examined the potential mechanisms by which CLA isomers may alter the incidence of cancer. We found no published reports that examined the effects of purified CLA isomers on human cancer in vivo. Incidence of rat mammary tumors induced by methylnitrosourea was decreased by c9, t11-CLA in all studies and by t10, c12-CLA in just a few that included it. Those 2 isomers decreased the incidence of forestomach tumors induced by benzo (a) pyrene in mice. Both isomers reduced breast and forestomach tumorigenesis. The c9, t11-CLA isomer did not affect the development of spontaneous tumors of the intestine or mammary gland, whereas t10, c12-CLA increased development of genetically induced mammary and intestinal tumors. In vitro, t10, c12-CLA inhibited the growth of mammary, colon, colorectal, gastric, prostate, and hepatoma cell lines. These 2 CLA isomers may regulate tumor growth through different mechanisms, because they have markedly different effects on lipid metabolism and regulation of oncogenes. In addition, c9, t11-CLA inhibited the cyclooxygenase-2 pathway and t10, c12-CLA inhibited the lipooxygenase pathway. The t10, c12-CLA isomer induced the expression of apoptotic genes, whereas c9, t11-CLA did not increase apoptosis in most of the studies that assessed it. Several minor isomers including t9, t11-CLA; c11, t13-CLA; c9, c11-CLA; and t7, c11-CLA were more effective than c9, t11-CLA or t10, c12-CLA in inhibiting cell growth in vitro. Additional studies with purified isomers are needed to establish the health benefit and risk ratios of each isomer in humans.     

The conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomer,t10c12-CLA,is inversely associated with changes in body weight and serum leptin in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Isomers of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) are found in beef, lamb and dairy products. Diets containing CLA reduce adipose mass in various depots of experimental animals. In addition, CLA delays the onset of diabetes in the ZDF rat model for obesity-linked type 2 diabetes mellitus. We hypothesize that there would be an inverse association of CLA with body weight and serum leptin in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this double-blind study, subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomized into one of two groups receiving either a supplement containing mixed CLA isomers (CLA-mix; 8.0 g daily, 76% pure CLA; n = 12) or a supplement containing safflower oil (placebo; 8.0 g daily safflower oil, n = 9) for 8 wk. The isomers of CLA in the CLA-mix supplement were primarily c9t11-CLA ( approximately 37%) and t10c12-CLA ( approximately 39%) in free fatty acid form. Plasma levels of CLA were inversely associated with body weight (P < 0.05) and serum leptin levels (P < 0.05). When levels of plasma t10c12-CLA isomer were correlated with changes in body weight or serum leptin, t10c12-CLA, but not c9t11-CLA, was inversely associated with body weights (P < 0.05) and serum leptin (P < 0.02). These findings strongly suggest that the t10c12-CLA isomer may be the bioactive isomer of CLA to influence the body weight changes observed in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Future studies are needed to determine a causal relationship, if any, of t10c12-CLA or c9t11-CLA to modulate body weight and composition in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, determining the ability of CLA isomers to influence glucose and lipid metabolism as well as markers of insulin sensitivity is imperative to understanding the role of CLA to aid in the management of type 2 diabetes and other related conditions of insulin resistance.     

Control of rat mammary epithelium proliferation by conjugated linoleic acid.

Past research showed that mammary gland morphogenesis in the pubescent rat was retarded by the feeding of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). A major objective of the present study was to examine the proliferative activity and the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins in the developing mammary epithelium of rats fed a mixture of CLA isomers (primarily as free fatty acid c9, t11-CLA and t10,c12-CLA) or a highly enriched natural source of c9,t11-CLA (as triacylglycerol in butterfat). In both experiments, the diets, with or without CLA, were started at weaning and continued for four weeks. The two CLA preparations were equally effective in suppressing bromodeoxyuridine labeling and the expression of cyclin D1 and cyclin A (determined by immunohistochemistry) in the terminal end buds and alveolar clusters of the mammary epithelium while it undergoes extensive ductal branching during pubescence. There was a trend of an increase, although not statistically significant, in the proportion of cells expressing the p16 and p27 cdk inhibitors. A separate experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of c9,t11-CLA (as a free fatty acid of > 90% purity) treatment on the rate of proliferation of the mammary epithelium as the animal matured from weanling to adult. The bromodeoxyuridine labeling data indicated that the mammary epithelium appeared to lose its sensitivity to CLA control of proliferation as it completely filled the fat pad and became quiescent. These observations suggest that the responsiveness of mammary epithelial cells to CLA intervention may be dependent on their proliferative status.     

CLA-enriched diet containing t10,c12-CLA alters bile acid homeostasis and increases the risk of cholelithiasis in mice

Mice fed a mixture of CLA containing t10,c12-CLA lose fat mass and develop hyperinsulinemia and hepatic steatosis due to an accumulation of TG and cholesterol. Because cholesterol is the precursor in bile acid (BA) synthesis, we investigated whether t10,c12-CLA alters BA metabolism. In Expt. 1, female C57Bl/6J mice were fed a standard diet for 28 d supplemented with a CLA mixture (1 g/100 g) or not (controls). In Expt. 2, the feeding period was reduced to 4, 6, and 10 d. In Expt. 3, mice were fed a diet supplemented with linoleic acid, c9,t11-CLA, or t10,c12-CLA (0.4 g/100 g) for 28 d. In Expt. 1, the BA pool size was greater in CLA-fed mice than in controls and the entero-hepatic circulation of BA was altered due to greater BA synthesis and ileal reclamation. This resulted from higher hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) and ileal apical sodium BA transporter expressions in CLA-fed mice. Furthermore, hepatic Na(+)/taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) (-52%) and bile salt export pump (BSEP) (-77%) protein levels were lower in CLA-fed mice than in controls, leading to a greater accumulation of BA in the plasma (+500%); also, the cholesterol saturation index and the concentration of hydrophobic BA in the bile were greater in CLA-fed mice, changes associated with the presence of cholesterol crystals. Expt. 2 suggests that CLA-mediated changes were caused by hyperinsulinemia, which occurred after 6 d of the CLA diet before NTCP and BSEP mRNA downregulation (10 d). Expt. 3 demonstrated that only t10,c12-CLA altered NTCP and BSEP mRNA levels. In conclusion, t10,c12-CLA alters BA homeostasis and increases the risk of cholelithiasis in mice.