空肠移植重建咽食管肠咽吻合口并症的处理

采用空肠移植重建食管治疗咽食管化学性烧伤后狭窄１３例。其中４例术后发生肠咽吻合口并发症：１例因吻合口狭窄和喉部损伤严重，复复发生吸入性肺炎而于术后３周应用自体喉气管移植，成功地重建食管通道；３例吻合口高于喉上口者，发生咽下困难，均再次行吻合口成形术，术后恢复了吞咽或语言功能。     

食管严重烧伤171例的外科治疗

目的探讨食管严重烧伤后瘢痕狭窄的预防及治疗效果。方法分析我科1976年4月至2007年6月外科治疗171例食管严重烧伤患者临床资料。其中37例Ⅱb度烧伤患者1个月内采用食管腔内置管预防瘢痕狭窄；108例已形成瘢痕狭窄者采用胃或结肠重建食管80例，胃重建28例；颈部食管局限性烧伤狭窄和术后吻合口狭窄者29例，采用颈阔肌皮瓣修复。结果37例食管腔内置管者中32例痊愈；结肠重建80例，术后死亡6例，颈部吻合口瘘14例，吻合口狭窄4例；胃重建28例，发生吻合口狭窄2例；颈阔肌皮瓣修复29例，无术后死亡，肌皮瓣全部存活，能正常进食。结论食管腔内置管是食管烧伤早期预防狭窄的有效方法；广泛食管瘢痕狭窄可旷置食管行结肠重建，狭窄食管位于主动脉弓以下者可切除狭窄食管用胃重建；局限性颈部食管狭窄或吻合口狭窄颈阔肌皮瓣修复是较理想的方法。     

食管良性狭窄的外科治疗

１９７２年１１月至１９９３年８月对８８例食管良性狭窄患者行手术治疗，其中年龄最小１８个月，最大６３岁。烧伤至手术时间最短１３天，最长１０年，平均１２０天。手术方式：胸肌后横结肠代食管８５例，胃代食管２例，１例横结肠加部分降结肠，术前胃造瘘５例。无手术死亡，除１例术后加年因吻合口狭窄拒绝手术死亡外，余均正确生存，作者对食管重建替代物、手术时机、瘢痕是否切除及吻合口平面等问题进行了讨论。     

带血管的前臂游离皮管修复颈部食管缺损

１９９４年我们收治１例胃、食管化学灼伤后多次手术仍然高位食管闭塞缺损的病例，经微血管吻合的前臂游离皮管修复后病人能经口进食，现报告如下。病人女，４８岁。误服浓硫酸行胃部分切除手术后２～３年间，因食管灼伤后狭窄进食困难，先后行结肠代食管术、胃造瘘术、颈...     

咽食管瘢痕狭窄结肠咽吻合术的应用

１９８２年３月至１９９６年７月我们为１１例咽下及高位食管瘢痕狭窄病人施行了结肠咽（梨状窝）吻合术，取得良好效果，现报告如下：临床资料全组１１例中男８例，女３例；年龄１１～４２岁。均为咽及食管化学烧伤病人。５例因不能进流质饮食行空肠造瘘术，另６例食管钡...     

食管腐蚀性瘢痕狭窄的外科治疗

为了观察食管腐蚀性瘢痕狭窄的外科治疗效果，自1980年至1995年间我们为14例食管腐蚀性瘢痕狭窄病人行结肠移植咽下食管斜切口吻合。结果，吻合口瘘1例，换药2周治愈；吻合口狭窄2例，全组无手术死亡。术后随访10年生存11例，全部进食良好，吞钡检查吻合口正常。我们认为结肠移植咽下食管斜切口吻合治疗食管腐蚀性瘢痕狭窄效果满意。     

食管腐蚀伤后瘢痕性狭窄的外科治疗

１９７６年３月至１９９６年４月，我们共收治食管腐蚀伤病人３０例，其中１０例伤后严重狭窄者行外科治疗，取得了效果良好，现报道如下。临床资料本组１０例均为吞服强碱致伤者，其中男６例，女４例。年龄１３～３０岁。食管钡餐透视见广泛狭窄６例，全食管狭窄４例。伤...     

食管腐蚀伤的外科治疗

目的总结食管腐蚀伤的外科治疗经验。方法149例食管腐蚀伤患者,除7例行保守治疗外,其余142例采用外科手术治疗(其中11例在我科行2次手术)。采用改良食管腔内置管28例,于腐蚀伤后6个月行食管重建术96例(结肠代食管71例、胃代食管25例),颈阔肌皮瓣修复颈段食管局限性狭窄或吻合口狭窄17例,其他手术12例。结果7例保守治疗的患者中死亡2例,余5例Ⅰ度烧伤患者未形成瘢痕狭窄。手术治疗142例中,行结肠代食管术患者死亡5例,发生颈部吻合口瘘14例,颈部吻合口狭窄8例,脓胸1例。改良食管腔内置管28例,23例成功,再狭窄5例经再次手术或食管扩张治愈。存活患者均恢复正常进食。结论改良食管腔内置管可预防食管瘢痕狭窄;食管狭窄位于主动脉弓平面及以上时,旷置瘢痕食管行结肠代食管术,而位于主动脉弓平面以下时,切除瘢痕食管采用胃代食管术重建食管;颈阔肌皮瓣可用于修复颈段食管狭窄或吻合口狭窄。     

空肠移植重建咽食管肠咽吻合口并发症的处理

采用空肠移植重建食管治疗咽食管化学性烧伤后狭窄13例。其中4例术后发生肠咽吻合口并发症:1例因吻合口狭窄和喉部损伤严重,反复发生吸入性肺炎而于术后3周应用自体喉气管移植,成功地重建食管通道;3例吻合口高于喉上口者,发生咽下困难,均再次行吻合口成形术,术后恢复了吞咽或语言功能。     

结肠或胃重建食管治疗食管烧伤后瘢痕狭窄100例

目的 总结结肠或胃重建食管治疗食管烧伤后瘢痕狭窄的临床经验及疗效。方法回顾分析100例应用结肠或胃重建食管烧伤后食管瘢痕狭窄的临床资料。74例未切除瘢痕段食管，结肠经胸骨后隧道上提至颈部或咽部吻合；26例经胸切除瘢痕段食管，行食管胃胸内吻合23例，颈部吻合3例。结果结肠重建食管死亡5例（6．8％），术后发生颈部吻合口瘘14例（18．9％），吻合口狭窄5例（6．8％）。26例胃重建食管者无死亡，术后发生吻合口狭窄2例，脓胸1例。结论食管烧伤后高位的广泛狭窄可旷置瘢痕段食管采用结肠重建，中下段病变能在主动脉弓下吻合者可切除瘢痕段食管用胃重建，提高外科技术可明显降低结肠重建食管的并发症。     

食管腐蚀性烧伤后严重狭窄的外科治疗

目的探讨食管腐蚀性烧伤后狭窄的外科治疗经验及胃或横结肠代食管重建手术的应用价值。方法对98例食管腐蚀性烧伤后狭窄的患者中72例广泛食管狭窄、病变超过食管中段以上者采用横结肠代食管、保留结肠左动脉升支、胸骨后顺蠕动吻合,其中横结肠咽腔吻合18例,横结肠食管颈部吻合54例,胸段食管旷置不切除;26例狭窄位于中下段,经胸切除瘢痕段食管用胃重建食管,胃食管胸内吻合。结果结肠食管重建72例中,术后死亡4例（5．56％）,发生颈部吻合口瘘14例（19．44％）,后期出现颈部吻合口狭窄7例,经治疗后均痊愈。胃重建食管26例无手术死亡,术后发生胸内吻合口狭窄3例,经扩张治愈。结论食管腐蚀性烧伤后狭窄在伤后20～24周可积极采取食管重建术,根据食管狭窄段严重程度及位置决定是否行狭窄段食管切除、选择食管重建替代物及吻合的位置。可采用横结肠食管颈部吻合或结肠咽腔吻合术,胸内胃食管吻合术。     

食管化学烧伤后狭窄的手术治疗

目的 探讨食管化学烧伤后狭窄的外科治疗及横结肠代食管手术的应用价值。方法 106例食管化学烧伤后狭窄的病人均采用横结肠代食管手术、保留结肠左动脉升支、胸骨后顺蠕动吻合，除横结肠咽腔吻合32例外，均横结肠食管颈部吻合。结果 无手术死亡。手术后发生颈部吻合口瘘12例、吻合口狭窄8例、气管切开3例，经治疗后均痊愈。结论 食管化学烧伤后应积极采取胸骨后横结肠代食管术，行横结肠食管颈部吻合或结肠咽腔吻合都是适宜的。     

Is it necessary to resect the diseased esophagus in performing reconstruction for corrosive esophageal stricture?

OBJECTIVE: The incidence of carcinoma of the esophagus among patients with chronic esophageal stricture caused by ingestion of corrosive agents is reported to be significantly higher than that of the general population. The question of whether or not a resection of the diseased esophagus should be included in the surgical reconstruction procedure of the undilatable esophageal stricture continues to be a controversial. METHODS: During the 12 year period from 1988 to 1999, a total of 54 consecutive patients with caustic stricture of the esophagus were treated in our department. We retrospectively reviewed these cases and analyzed the incidence of cicatrical carcinoma among the patients and the risk of esophagectomy according to the procedures performed. RESULTS: We found seven cases of esophageal cancer among these patients. There was no significant increase in mortality or morbidity related to esophagectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the high incidence of cicatrical carcinoma from the stricture sites as well as the possible chance of hidden malignancy, we concluded that the simultaneous resection of the esophagus with reconstruction for patients with chronic intractable caustic stricture would give the patients a better probability of being completely cured of the disease.     

儿童食管腐蚀伤的外科治疗

目的　探讨儿童食管腐蚀伤后瘢痕狭窄的预防和治疗措施。　方法　 1988年 5月～ 2 0 0 0年 5月收治食管腐蚀伤儿童 32例 ,早期采用食管扩张 3例 ,食管腔内置管 8例 ;后期采用结肠代食管 14例 ,胃代食管 5例 ,颈阔肌皮瓣修复 2例。　结果　全组手术治愈 31例 ,死亡 1例 ;术后发生并发症 9例 ,其中吻合口瘘 6例 ,吻合口狭窄 2例 ,颈部瘘 1例 ,均治愈。 2 8例随访 1～ 12年 ,均恢复进普通饮食 ;3例失访。　结论　早期食管腔内置管对预防食管腐蚀伤后瘢痕狭窄有明显疗效 ,结肠代食管术是后期食管重建的主要手段 ,主动脉弓以下瘢痕食管可切除用胃重建 ,颈阔肌皮瓣修复术是治疗颈部局限性食管狭窄的理想方法     

Esophageal reconstruction for hypopharyngoesophageal strictures after corrosive injury.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the surgical outcome of patients with caustic stricture of the hypopharyngoesophagus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: During a 25-year period, we performed esophageal reconstruction in 152 patients with diffuse or multiple caustic esophageal stricture. Of them, esophageal substitute was pulled up and anastomosed to the hypopharynx in 50 (33%) patients, and anastomosed to the cervical esophagus in the other 102 (67%) patients. Patients whose esophageal substitute anastomosed to the hypopharynx were enrolled to the present study. Among these 50 study patients, 13 underwent ablation of damaged organs and feeding jejunostomy in acute stage of corrosive injury, and the remaining 37 patients were initially organ preserved with or without feeding gastrostomy or jejunostomy. Six patients had respiratory distress caused by laryngotracheal stricture. The ileocolon (28/50) was commonly used as an esophageal substitute in reconstruction and most substitutes (43/50) went through the substernal route. RESULTS: There was one operative death. Eight (16%) patients had major early postoperative complications. Six patients underwent revision for late stenosis of hypopharyngeal anastomosis, and one redoing reconstruction using the jejunum because of failure of the transplanted ileocolon. Postoperatively, swallow function and maintaining body weight were considered good in 42 patients (84%) after an average of 8 months follow-up. Five of six patients who underwent concomitant tracheostomy or laryngosurgery for laryngotracheal stricture got unsatisfactory result. The surgical outcome of the study patients was worse than that in patients with esophageal substitute anastomosed to a healthy cervical esophagus. In the later group of patients, 95/102 (93%) had good swallow function and only 7/102 (6.8%) had major early complications. CONCLUSION: Caustic stricture of the hypopharyngoesophagus is a challenging reconstructive problem. A successful reconstruction requires a correct hypopharyngeal opening and anastomosis, a good esophageal substitute, and a patent esophageal route and airway.     

Redoing reconstruction of the esophagus using remnants of the ileo-left colon aided by microvascular anastomosis

Theoretically, the jejunum, fasciocutaneous or myocutaneous flap is recommended as an esophageal substitute in redoing reconstruction of the esophagus after a second incidence of corrosive injury. However, other esophageal substitutes should also be considered. We present a case of a 42-year-old woman who underwent esophageal reconstruction using an ileocolon graft for corrosive esophageal stricture ten years before. The patient ingested caustic drain cleaner again and underwent resection of the ileocolon graft secondary to corrosive necrosis. Two and a half months after the second incidence of corrosive injury, reconstruction of the esophagus was again performed using a graft of remnant ileo-left colon aided by microvascular anastomosis. The patient was able to swallow a regular diet after the procedure. Remnant ileo-left colon is a good alternative esophageal substitute in cases of repeated corrosive injury.     

A new instrument for insertion of anvil head for circular stapled anastomosis]

Difficulty associated with the insertion of the anvil head into the esophageal stump, caused by narrowing of the cervical esophagus, is a big problem for staple anastomosis during esophageal reconstruction. Postoperative cervical stricture also has been a major complication of esophagogastric anastomosis using a circular stapler. The stricture results from esophageal laceration caused by the anvil insertion. To avoid these complications, we designed a new retractor with triple-flap arms, which spreads out in a concentric circle from 20 mm to 35 mm in diameter. This instrument is useful for gently expanding the cervical esophagus without lacerations, and facilitates an anvil insertion into the stump of esophagus. In the 8 patients in whom this instrument was applied for dilation, none of the patients suffered from any stricture. Our clinical result indicates the usefulness of this new instrument for avoiding esophageal laceration and preventing stricture of esophageal anastomosis performed by circular stapler.     

Pharyngoesophageal caustic stricture: Treatment by pharyngogastrostomy compared to colon interposition combined with free bowel graft

Four cases of combined hypopharyngeal and cervical esophageal stricture secondary to caustic ingestion are presented. Although gastropharyngostomy has rarely been used for treatment of patients with caustic stricture of the pharynx and cervical esophagus, we believe that it is a useful procedure and has several advantages over use of the colon. We prefer total esophagectomy and posterior mediastinal transposition of the stomach to the neck followed by gastropharyngostomy in those patients who have minimal stomach involvement.     

横结肠代食管术治疗小儿食管化学烧伤后瘢痕狭窄

目的 了解横结肠代食管术治疗小儿食管严重化学烧伤后瘢痕狭窄的应用价值.方法 回顾分析1972年11月-2008年9月笔者单位收治的46例食管严重化学烧伤患儿的临床资料.患儿均采用保留左结肠动脉升支、经胸骨后隧道顺蠕动方向间植横结肠的方法重建食管,其中行颈食管-横结肠吻合32例、咽-横结肠吻合14例.结果 46例患儿术后无一例死亡,其中7例出现并发症:颈部吻合口瘘4例、吻合口狭窄2例、术后呼吸困难1例.均经再次处理后痊愈.39例患儿随访1～26年,生长、发育、进食情况与同龄儿童无异.结论 左结肠动脉升支供血、横结肠顺蠕动方向、经胸骨后径路作结肠与下咽或颈食管吻合术,是治疗小儿食管化学烧伤后瘢痕狭窄的较佳方法.