磁共振胰胆管成像在成人活体右半供肝术前胆道评估中的应用

目的 探讨磁共振胰胆管成像( MRCP)在成人活体右半供肝术前胆道评估中的应用.方法 76例活体肝移植供者,均切取右半肝用于移植.脂肪餐后进行术前MRCP检查,比较MRCP胆管分型与术中胆道造影胆管分型的一致性;在MRCP图像上测量右后肝管汇入部距左右肝管汇合部的距离及相应右后肝管的直径,对相应胆管测量长度及直径与术中胆道重建方式进行二分类Logistic回归分析,并得出术中胆道是否成形的ROC曲线及其长度临界值.结果 MRCP胆管分型与术中胆道造影胆管分型的符合率为97.4％.MRCP所测右后肝管汇入部距左右肝管汇合部的距离和胆管分型是术中胆道重建方式的重要影响因素,而右后肝管直径对术中胆道重建方式的选择无影响.胆道解剖结构变异或Ⅰ型胆管(MRCP分型)中右肝管长度≤4.2mm时,95％的供肝胆道断端数多于1支,且95％行胆道成形术;Ⅲ、Ⅳ型胆管(MRCP分型)所测胆管长度为3.8mm,是选择胆道成形术的分界点.结论 MRCP胆管分型能准确反映胆道解剖结构,MRCP右后肝管汇入部距左右肝管汇合部距离测量值可以指导术中胆道重建方式的选择.     

MRCP诊断先天性胆管扩张症的临床评价

目的 评价MRCP诊断先天性胆管扩张症的应用价值。方法 26例先天性胆管扩张症患儿术前行MRCP检查,并均接受扩张胆管切除,肝总管空肠Roux-Y吻合手术,术中再进行胆道穿刺造影,将两者所显示的胆管扩张程度,形态和胆胰管合流异常的结果进行对比分析。结果 MRCP显示胆总管囊性扩张17例,其余9例为梭形扩张,肝内、外胆管显像与术中胆道造影一致,7例显示出胰胆管合流异常,显示率26.9%,术中造影24例显示胰胆管合流异常,显示率92.3%,结论 MRCP可作为诊断先天性胆管扩张症优先选择方法。     

成人间活体肝移植94例报告

目的 探讨成人间活体肝移植供者评估、手术方式的选择及术后并发症分析.方法 收集2007年1月至2010年8月同一外科组施行的94例成人间活体肝移植的临床资料.受者年龄18 ～76岁,供者年龄19 ～60岁.94例活体肝移植手术方案包括:左半肝供肝移植2例,右半肝供肝移植92例,44例切取肝中静脉例,48例不切取肝中静脉.分析供受者术前评估、术后并发症及存活情况.结果 所有供者均恢复良好出院,供者并发症发生率为7.4％.随访截止于2011年5月31日,中位随访时间为37个月,死亡8例.供者1年存活率为95.7％,移植物存活率为94.7％.1例发生小肝综合征;1例因急性肝坏死行再次肝移植;24例(25.5％)经胆道造影或磁共振胰胆管成像检查发现胆道吻合口狭窄,但其中9例(9.6％)表现为肝功能异常.结论 活体肝移植是治疗终末期肝病的有效方法,精确的术前评估、合理手术方式选择,采用左半肝或右半肝供肝、含或不含肝中静脉的活体肝移植,在成人间活体肝移植中均能有效的保证供受者安全.     

精准肝脏外科理念在儿童活体肝移植供肝切取术中的临床价值

目的 探讨精准肝脏外科理念在儿童活体肝移植供肝切取术中的临床价值.方法 回顾性分析2012年12月至2014年1月上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院收治的58例儿童活体肝移植供者的临床资料.术前对供者行CT等检查,将二维影像学数据进行三维重建,评估供者肝内胆管和血管情况,并对肝左动脉和肝左静脉解剖结构进行分型,测算供者标准肝脏体积、拟切取肝脏体积和受者标准肝脏体积,模拟手术操作,制订手术方案.采取精准肝切除切取供肝.采用门诊和电话方式进行随访,随访时间截至2014年4月.结果 58例儿童活体肝移植供者术前CT血管造影检查示肝左动脉Ⅰ型28例、Ⅱ型10例、Ⅲ型20例、无Ⅳ型供者;肝左静脉Ⅰ型35例、Ⅱ型23例.三维重建预测拟切取肝脏体积为(243±65) mL.58例供者均成功完成供肝切取术,其中7例为左半肝切取,51例为肝左外叶切取.2例供者行胆囊切除.术中实际切取肝脏体积为(255±59) mL,拟切取肝脏体积平均误差率为4.94％.移植物质量与受者体质量比为3.3％±1.0％.手术时间为(260±89)min,术中出血量为(181±35)mL,仅1例供者术中输RBC 2 U.供者术后胃肠功能恢复时间为(2.0±1.1)d,术后拔除引流管时间为(3.0±1.2)d,术后住院时间为(7±3)d,出院时所有供者血清WBC、Hb、ALT、AST、TBil、DBil、AIb等指标水平正常.2例供者术后发生并发症,分别为切口少量渗血和脂肪液化,均经对症治疗后痊愈.58例儿童活体肝移植供者术后均获得随访,中位随访时间为8.7个月.供者恢复良好,随访期间无并发症发生.结论 精准肝脏外科理念应用于儿童活体肝移植供肝切取术,切取准确率高、供者肝功能损害小、术后并发症少、恢复快.     

活体肝移植供者术前磁共振胰胆管成像检查中脂肪餐的应用

目的 评价脂肪餐后磁共振胰胆管成像(MRCP)在活体肝移植(LDLT)供者术前胆道系统评估中的应用价值.方法 具有术中胆道造影(IOC)资料的LDLT供者50例.术前供者脂肪餐(进食2个油煎鸡蛋)前后分别行MRCP,比较脂肪餐前后二级胆管的显示情况及直径差异;脂肪餐后MRCP显示胆道分型的结果与相应术中IOC结果相比较,计算脂肪餐后MRCP评估正常与变异胆管的准确度、敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值.结果所有供者中,脂肪餐前MRCP显示的二级胆管82%能满足评估要求,脂肪餐后MRCP显示的二级胆管100%能满足评估要求,脂肪餐前后MRCP显示二级胆管的图像质量和直径的差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);以相应术中IOC为参考标准,脂肪餐后MRCP准确评估胆管解剖结构分型49例(98%),显示正常与变异解剖结构的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为98%、94.7%、100%、100%、96.9%.结论 脂肪餐后MRCP对二级胆管结构显示明显改善,完全能够满足临床LDLT供者术前胆道系统评估的需要,可以作为常规MRCP的有益补充.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the applications of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) after fat meal in the preoperative evaluation of biliary anatomy of living liver donors.Methods Fifty cases of the preoperative donors for living liver transplantation were included and all had the corresponding intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) information. The MRCP of the donors for living liver transplantation was performed before and after fat meal (two fried eggs). The visualization and diameter of the secondary bile duct were analyzed before and after the fat meal. The results of the biliary branching pattern by MRCP after fat meal were compared with the corresponding IOC results. The accuracy, sensitivity,specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of MRCP after the fat meal in distinguishing normal and any type of variant biliary anatomy were calculated. Results In all cases,82% of the 50 cases in MRCP before the fat meal could meet the diagnosis needs of the preoperative evaluation,and 100% of the 50 cases in MRCP after the fat meal could meet the diagnosis needs. There was significant difference in the demonstration quality and diameter of the secondary bile duct in MRCP before and after the fat meal (P＜0. 05). MRCP showed accurate anatomy of the biliary system, using IOC as the reference standard, in 49(98%) subjects. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of MRC in distinguishing normal and any type of variant biliary anatomy were 98%,94. 7%, 100%, 10% and 96. 9%,respectively. Conclusion The MRCP after fat meal can clearly demonstrate the secondary bile duct and perfectly meet the needs of the preoperative evaluation of the living liver transplantation. The MRCP after fat meal and routine MRCP should be considered complementary to one another in order to avoid complications in living liver transplantation donors.     

复杂肝内胆管结石60例诊治分析

目的 探讨复杂肝内胆管结石合理的诊断与治疗方式。方法 回顾性分析上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院2011年1月至2015年10月手术治疗60例复杂肝内胆管结石的影像学资料、手术方式、并发症与疗效。结果 根据肝胆管结石病分型,Ⅰ型（区域型）44例,Ⅱ型（弥漫型）16例,E型（附加型,合并肝外胆管结石）28例。肝功能Child分级59例为Child A级,1例为Child B级。术前单用CT诊断灵敏度为86.7%,单用MRI+磁共振胰胆管造影（MRCP）诊断灵敏度93.9%。术前用CT+MRI诊断灵敏度为97.2%。60例均行肝叶或肝段切除术,其中12例合并高位胆管狭窄行胆肠吻合。手术并发症发生率25%。无术后肝功能衰竭和围手术期死亡病例。术毕联合应用B超和胆道镜检查,残石率为0（0/25）,明显低于单用胆道镜取石探查组的20%（7/35）。55例获得3个月至5年的随访,随访率91.6%,其中优良率达96.2%,残石率11.7%,复发率9.61%。结论 联合B超、上腹部CT和MRI+MRCP能提高肝内胆管结石的检出率,术中联合运用胆道镜与术中B超能降低残石率,解剖性肝切除能降低残石率与结石复发率。     

婴幼儿亲属活体部分供肝肝移植中的供、受者安全性分析

目的 探讨婴幼儿亲属活体部分供肝肝移植中的供、受者的安全性.方法 2006年9月至2009年11月,行婴幼儿亲属活体部分供肝肝移植者8例,受者原发病均为先天性胆道闭锁.供者术前常规行三维CT观察和计算全肝及肝叶(段)体积及形状,磁共振胰胆管造影术(MRCP)了解胆道情况.根据婴幼儿受者腹腔容积切取合适肝叶(段)行肝移植术.受者术后给予抗排斥反应和预防感染等治疗;供者术后给予保肝和抑酸治疗.分析供、受者术前、术中及术后情况.结果 8对供、受者手术均获成功.6例供肝为左外侧叶,1例为S3肝段,1例为减体积S3肝段,供肝重量为(235.9±53.6)g(148～302 g),供肝重量与受者体重比(GW/RW)为(2.65±0.48)%(2.11%～3.36%).对供、受者随访3～40个月(中位数18个月),8例供者均存活,发生并发症2例(25%).8例受者中,死亡1例(12.5%),其他受者发生并发症13例次.结论 术前对供、受者行精确评估,切取合适供肝行肝移植术,术中精细操作,术后精心治疗可最大程度保证供、受者的安全.     

应用MRCP对63例肝移植术后胆道并发症的临床分析

目的评价MRCP在诊断原位肝移植术后胆道并发症中的临床应用价值。方法分析63例肝移植术后怀疑有胆道并发症患者的MRCP图像,并与手术、胆道造影、临床随访证实结果进行对照。所有病例均在高场强1.5T磁共振上进行。MRCP采用两种不同的成像方法:厚层块T2加权成像和薄层块多层T2加权成像。结果MRCP诊断移植术后胆道并发症的敏感性为95.3%(41/43),阳性预测值97.6(41/42),假阴性率为4.54%(2/44),假阳性率为2.27%(1/44)。总诊断准确率为95.2%(60/63)。MRCP作为唯一的诊断方法能为96.8%(61/63)的患者提供特异性诊断结果,仅2例患者需要ERCP和PTHC检查3.2%(2/63)。直接胆道造影作为一项治疗手段应用于22.2%(14/63)的患者中。结论MRCP是评价肝移植术后胆道并发症的有效影像学方法。     

多层CT在肝移植术后胆道并发症中的诊断价值

目的 探讨多层CT在肝移植术后胆道并发症中的诊断价值.方法 44例肝移植术后胆道并发症病人接受多层CT动态增强扫描,并于1周内行胆道造影检查(cholangiography,CP).以CP结果为对照,分析多层CT诊断肝移植术后胆道并发症的能力.CT对胆道系统的评价以动态增强门静脉晚期图像为基础,并结合胆道系统多平面重建进行分析.结果 CP证实肝外胆管(胆总管和肝总管)狭窄23例,左、右肝管狭窄24例,肝内胆管狭窄27例.CT诊断肝外胆管狭窄的敏感度、特异度、正确率、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为91.3%、83.3%、87.8%、87.5%、88.2%;诊断左、右肝管狭窄的敏感度、特异度、正确率、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为83.3%、88.2%、85.4%、90.9%、78.9%;诊断肝内胆管狭窄的敏感度、特异度、正确率、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为74.1%、92.7%、80.5%、95.2%、65.0%.CT发现4例肝内胆汁瘤及2例肝脓肿,而CP仅发现其中2例胆汁瘤,另4例因严重胆管狭窄和胆泥阻塞在CP上未能显影.CP证实3例吻合口胆漏,CT仅显示肝门区和腹腔积液,对漏口位置不能显示.CP证实33例肝内外胆管结石或胆泥,CT诊断的敏感度、特异度、正确率、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为72.7%、100.0%、78.1%、100.0%、47.6%.此外,CT检查正确诊断1例弥漫性肝内胆管狭窄病人的急性活动性胆道出血.结论 多层CT可作为诊断肝移植术后胆道并发症的常用检查方法,对诊断胆管狭窄、胆漏、胆管结石或胆泥以及肝实质病变、急性胆道出血具有重要价值.     

儿童先天性胆管扩张症的诊断与治疗

目的:探讨儿童先天性胆管扩张症(CBD)的临床、病理、影像特点及治疗.方法:回顾性分析58例经影像学检查、手术和病理证实CBD患儿的临床资料.结果:58例均出现临床症状,主要表现为腹痛、黄疸、腹部肿块,部分患者合并发热、呕吐症状.CT(45例)、超声(40例)、MRCP(17例)检查均显示胆管扩张;11例MRCP诊断为胰胆管合流异常(PBM).57例成功进行术中胆道造影,影像和手术分型:Ⅰ型43例,其中囊状35例,8例表现为梭型或柱形;Ⅱ型2例;Ⅳ型13例;未发现Ⅲ型患者.58例患儿术后病理显示CBD囊壁纤维组织增生,囊肿壁内衬上皮部分或全部脱落,40例囊壁伴有炎症,39例慢性胆囊炎.53例行一次性囊肿切除肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术,5例先行胆道外引流后二次肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术,术后短期均无严重并发症发生.随访1～9年,患儿无胆道梗阻、胆管炎、肠梗阻和胆道肿瘤发生.结论:超声检查、术中造影、CT和MRCP均对儿童CBD诊断有一定价值;MRCP为CBD合并PBM首选诊断方法;儿童CBD的治疗应早期采用肝管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术.     

Preoperative evaluation of biliary anatomy of donor in living donor liver transplantation by conventional nonenhanced magnetic resonance cholangiography

Detailed preoperative evaluation of the biliary anatomy of the donor in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) can minimize postoperative morbidity in the recipient and maximize safety for the donor. We prospectively evaluated the diagnostic accuracy and clinical usefulness of nonenhanced conventional magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC) for depicting the biliary anatomy of LDLT donors. MRC and intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) examinations of 111 donors were performed between August 2005 and February 2006. We observed the classical branching pattern of the biliary system in 67 subjects (60.4%), with the remaining 44 subjects (39.6%) showing anatomical variations. MRC showed accurate anatomy of the biliary system, using IOC as the reference standard, in 98 (88.3%) subjects. MRC had a sensitivity in differentiating normal from variant anatomy of 95.5%, specificity of 95.2%, a positive predictive value of 96.8% and a negative predictive value of 93.3%. The agreement between MRC and IOC findings, as evaluated by kappa-value (0.865) was statistically significant (P<0.001). In conclusion, the diagnostic accuracy of conventional nonenhanced MRC is sufficient for this method to be used for the preoperative evaluation of biliary anatomy in LDLT donor candidates.     

The role of Intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) and methylene blue tests in reducing bile leakage after living donor hepatectomy

AimLiver transplantation remains the only curative treatment in end stage liver disease. Biliary complications remain the most common major morbidity causes in hepatic resection. We aimed to determine and eliminate the bile leakage in donor hepatectomy of LDLT.Material and methodsThis study was conducted retrospective and one center study. The study population included 110 consequential liver donors with major liver resection (more than three segments). The population was divided into three groups for data analyses. Primary study groups included 40 donors subjected to methylene blue test starting in April 2013 and 40 donors subjected to intraoperative cholangiography started in March 2014.ResultsA total of 110 liver donors (42.7% women) were included in the study. Postoperative biliary complications were less in methylene blue and intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) groups. Bile leakage was significantly higher in control group (23.3%) compared to methylene blue (5%) and IOC groups (2%) Average duration of hospital stay and duration of operation were significantly higher in control group compared to methylene blue and IOC groups.ConclusionIn our study we conducted to establish biliary leakage in living donor hepatectomy which intraoperative cholangiography test was used to determine. Many intraoperative methods have been introduced to prevent biliary leakage and development of complications. We have showed that IOC test used in the present study could be easily applied in both living liver donor hepatectomy and other major hepatectomy cases. IOC test reduced postoperative biliary leakage incidence and did not increase incidence of other complications.     

Safety of donor right hepatectomy for adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation

The purpose of this study was to ascertain the usefulness of preoperative evaluations of donors by computed tomography (CT) volumetry and CT cholangiography for prevention of unexpected liver failure and biliary complications after donor right hepatectomy for adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation. Fifty-two donors who underwent right hepatectomy without the middle hepatic vein were enrolled in this study. The values of graft weight (GW) were significantly correlated with those of estimated graft volume (GV; P < 0.0001). GW was predicted by the following formula: GW = 155.25 + 0.658 x GV; r(2) = 0.489. CT cholangiography revealed anatomical variants of biliary structure in one-third of the donors and also clearly showed one or two small biliary branches from the caudate lobe to the right hepatic ducts or the confluence in 58% of the donors. Biliary leakage, which was treated by conservative therapy, occurred in only one donor (1.9%). No donors received homologous blood transfusion. Hyperbilirubinemia (serum total bilirubin >5 mg/dl) occurred in 5.8% of the donors during their early postoperative periods. Precise evaluations of liver remnant volume by CT volumetry and biliary variation by CT cholangiography are essential for performing safe donor hepatectomy, preventing hepatic insufficiency and minimizing the risk of biliary tract complications.     

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目的：分析10例活体肝移植术中的血管变异，总结其外科处理经验，进一步提高手术成功率，减少并发症。方法：2001年1月至12月，行活体肝移植10例，其中左半肝8例，左外叶1例，右半肝1例，供肝者均为其母，经术中B超及胆管造影以确定肝切线。供体单支肝动脉分支与受体肝动脉吻合，两支肝动脉分别与受体肝左、右动脉吻合。门静脉分支与受体门静脉主干吻合。供体肝静脉与受体下腔静脉行端侧吻合。胆管重建均采用肝管分支与受体胆总管端端吻合，置T管引流。结果：10例活体肝移植，1例因肝动脉血栓形成，术后5天需次肝移植；1例发生排斥；其余8例均康复出院，5例已上学。结论：活体肝移植术中血管重建技术是其重要环节，术前和术中了解供受体解剖变异并正确处理，可减少术后血管和胆道的并发症。     

Biliary complications in living liver donors

With the increasing use of living donor liver transplantation (LDLT), the morbidity and mortality of the donors have thus become inevitable problems associated with this procedure. The most common postoperative complications among donors for LDLT involve the biliary tract. The incidence of biliary complications in donors tends to be about 5% based on recent publications. Anatomical variations in the biliary tract, higher predonation alkaline phosphatase levels, and intraoperative blood transfusions are also risk factors for biliary complications in the donors after donation. Donors with biliary complications often show unspecific symptoms and most of the biliary complications can be normally treated by nonsurgical methods. Interventional procedures such as percutaneous placement of a peritoneal drain, percutaneous/endoscopic biliary drainage, and combinations of balloon dilatation and/or stenting are effective in the treatment of bile leakage and biliary stricture. A clear understanding of the biliary anatomy of each donor and refined surgical techniques will help to minimize risk of biliary complications for living liver donors.     

儿童劈离式肝移植的胆管分型与重建

目的  探讨儿童劈离式肝移植左肝内胆管（LHD）的解剖分型、胆道重建方式及其与术后胆道并发症的关系。方法  回顾性分析75例儿童劈离式肝移植受者的临床资料。供肝劈离前采用碘普罗胺注射液经胆总管逆行造影,根据二、三、四段肝内胆管走向确定供肝LHD的解剖分型,总结不同LHD分型的胆道重建方案,分析儿童劈离式肝移植术后胆道并发症的发生及治疗情况。结果  75个供肝中,LHD解剖分型为Ⅰ型57例（76%）、Ⅱ型9例（12%）、Ⅲ型4例（5%）、Ⅳ型5例（7%）。75例儿童受者的胆道重建方案包括左肝管-空肠Roux-en-Y吻合69例（Ⅰ型53例、Ⅱ型8例、Ⅲ型4例、Ⅳ型4例）,胆总管-空肠Roux-en-Y吻合1例（Ⅳ型）,左肝管-胆总管端端吻合5例（Ⅰ型4例、Ⅱ型1例）。术后6例发生胆道并发症,发生率为8%,其中胆道吻合口狭窄3例,胆道吻合口胆漏2例,肝断面胆漏1例。发生在Ⅰ型4例,发生在Ⅲ型2例,LHD经典型与解剖变异型的胆道并发症发生率差异无统计学意义（均为P > 0.05）。3例胆道吻合口狭窄受者中,2例行经皮经肝胆道引流术（PTCD）,1例行再次胆肠吻合术;2例胆道吻合口胆漏受者均行PTCD;1例断面胆漏受者予局部引流。6例患儿治疗后均存活。结论  供肝中24%存在LHD的解剖变异,其中Ⅱ型最多,为12%。供肝劈离前常规胆道造影和精细的胆道吻合技术可以有效降低胆道并发症的发生率。术后胆道并发症的发生与LHD解剖分型无明显相关性。     

Safety of donor in adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation using right lobe graft

BACKGROUND: The growing gap between the number of patients awaiting liver transplantation and available organs has continued to be the primary issue facing the transplant community. To overcome the waiting list mortality, living donor liver transplantation has become an option, in which the greatest concern is the safety of the donor, especially in adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation (A-A LDLT) using a right lobe liver graft. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the safety of donors after right lobe liver donation for A-A LDLT performed in our center. METHODS: From January 2002 to March 2006, 26 patients underwent A-A LDLT using right lobe liver grafts in our center. Seven donors were men and 19 were women (range, 19-65 years; median age, 38 years). The right lobe liver grafts were obtained by transecting the liver on the right side of the middle hepatic vein without interrupting the vascular blood flow. The mean follow-up time for these donors was 9 months. RESULTS: These donor residual liver volumes ranged from 30.5% to 60.3%. We did not experience any donor mortality. Two cases (7.69%) experienced major complications: intra-abdominal bleeding and portal vein thrombosis in one each and three (11.54%), minor ones: wound steatosis in two, and transient chyle leak in one. All donors were fully recovered and returned to their previous occupations. CONCLUSIONS: A-A LDLT using a right lobe liver graft has become a standard option. The donation of right lobe liver for A-A LDLT was a relatively safe procedure in our center.     

超声检查在活体肝移植受体术后胆道并发症诊断中的应用

目的 探讨超声检查在活体肝移植术后胆道并发症诊断中的临床应用。方法 对21例成人右半肝活体移植受体术后进行超声检查,观察移植肝及其胆道声像图表现,与经皮经肝穿刺胆道造影引流(PTCD)等影像学结果相对比。结果 21例病例经PTCD及临床随访证实为胆管吻合口狭窄5例,胆泥1例,胆漏1例。超声检查能够诊断并与之相符5例,为4例吻合口狭窄及1例胆泥,胆漏病例可见肝周积液。其中4例胆管吻合口狭窄病例超声诊断时间均明显早于临床出现黄疸或血清胆红素升高的时间。结论 在活体肝移植术后胆道并发症的诊断中,超声检查操作简便、无创、可重复性强、准确性较高,可早期诊断胆管并发症,具有重要的临床应用价值。