六千年前河南淅川下王岗人群下颌骨形态的观察对比

目的:分析河南淅川下王岗人群下颌骨第3磨牙、颏形、舌骨沟桥、舌骨沟、下颌前翘、摇椅式下颌等性状的表现特点,并通过对比探讨相关的时代变异。方法:对44例下王岗下颌骨的这些性状特点进行分类和记录,并对比全新世其他人群这些性状的表现特点。结果:下王岗第3磨牙正常的比例为63.6%,颏形主要表现为圆形(68.2%),舌骨沟桥出现率为6.8%,下颌前翘出现率为18.2%,摇椅式下颌出现率仅2.3%。下王岗与其他人群对比中,颏形的表现及摇椅式下颌出现率有显著差异。结论:下王岗人群第3磨牙"正常"率可能代表了新石器时代早期人群相应的表现特点;不同人群中颏形、摇椅式下颌的相应出现率差异显著,可能主要源于观测标准的把握上不同观测者间差异很大,这一定程度上反映了传统形态分类及观测方法的弊端,包括颏形在内的轮廓形状研究中几何形态测量方法更有优势。     

中国全新世女性颞下颌关节尺寸的时代变化*

目的：研究中国全新世女性颞下颌关节测量性状的时代变异问题。方法：对中国北方地区新石器时代 （47 例）、青铜铁器时代（112 例） 和近代（26 例） 成年女性13 项颞下颌关节测量性状进行测量, 并运用 SPSS19.0 软件对各时代测量性状数据进行平均值计算和不同时代间差异的假设检验。结果：髁突、冠突在全新世 厚度变薄,髁突的变薄主要在新石器- 青铜铁器时代,冠突的变薄主要在青铜铁器- 近代。髁突面积在全新世缩小, 尤其在青铜铁器时代- 近代缩小的幅度更大。下颌窝深度在全新世变化不大。髁突面积/ 下颌窝面积缩小,其变化 主要发生在新石器- 青铜铁器时代。结论：全新世女性颞下颌关节仍在进化,女性颞下颌关节的演变特点与男性 颞下颌关节有相似之处,也有差异。     

下颌骨若干测量性状的时代间比较

目的 分析全新世人群下颌骨若干测量性状及性别差异率的时代间变化。方法 以中国考古遗址520例下颌骨为研究材料,用SPSS18.0软件进行同一时代内男女测量性状的比较,不同时代间测量性状、测量指数的比较（独立样本t检验）,并计算了性别差异率、测量指数时代变化率。结果 不同时代男性颏孔、下颌孔横径的比较中,现代人群最大,而女性颏孔、下颌孔不同时代间差异不显著。相比新石器时代与青铜铁器时代,颏孔、下颌孔横径的性别差异率在现代人群中最大。截面周长比指数、颏孔垂直位置指数在不同时代间的大小关系都为：新石器>青铜铁器>现代。结论 相比新石器时代与青铜铁器时代,下颌骨大多测量性状在现代人群中的性别差异率最大。新石器时代以来,下颌第一磨牙（M₁）处的下颌体粗壮程度相对下颌第一前磨牙（P₃）处而言在降低,颏孔垂直位置在持续上升。     

新石器时代至近代成年男性下颌骨颏孔、下颌孔大小的变化

目的 探讨中国全新世人群颏孔、下颌孔尺寸的变异.方法 用游标卡尺对中国北方地区新石器时代(54例)、青铜铁器时代(186例)和近代(92例)共332例成年男性颏孔、下颌孔大小进行测量,然后用SPSS13.0软件进行数据分析.结果 近代颏孔、下颌孔较大,新时器时代、青铜器时代的颏孔下颌孔较小.结论 从新石器时代经过青铜铁器时代到近代,颏孔、下颌孔有增大的趋势.这种变化主要发生于青铜铁器时代至近代,与下颌骨变小的时段一致.     

现代人下颌颏形的变异及与化石人类的比较

目的分析中国现代人群颏形的表现特点及时代变异。方法将颏形分为3种类型,方形、圆形、尖形,比较不同时代间(新石器时代54例,青铜铁器时代197例,近代113例)各个类型出现率的差异。结果新石器时代颏形主要为圆形和方形,青铜铁器时代圆形颏形占绝对优势,近代主要为圆形。中国晚期智人颏形为圆形和尖形。结论颏形不同时代间有差异,颏形的变化可能与下颌骨尺寸、下颌前部形态的时代变异有关。     

中国近代人群颏孔、下颌孔位置的变异

目的:对比分析颏孔、下颌孔的水平位置、垂直位置在不同时代间的表现特点及变化.方法:通过对中国新石器时代(55例)、青铜铁器时代（208例）和现代(113例)共376例成年男性下颌骨上颏孔、下颌孔位置的观测、记录,然后用SPSS软件进行数据分析.结果:从新石器时代以来,颏孔的垂直位置在上升.颏孔的水平位置变化为,在新石器-青铜铁器时代体现为前移,在青铜铁器-现代则体现为后移.下颌孔水平位置在新石器-青铜铁器-现代没有明显变化,垂直位置在现代人中较高.结论:颏孔、下颌孔的位置在不同时代人群中有所不同.     

中国全新世人群下颌骨几项观察性状的变异

目的 探讨中国现代人群（新石器时代56例,青铜铁器时代210例,近代113例）下颌骨几项观察性状的表现及时代变异特点。方法 将下颌角外翻、咬肌粗隆、翼肌粗隆、颏棘等分为几个类型,统计各个类型在不同时代间的出现率并比较时代间的差异。结果 青铜铁器时代下颌角外翻程度最大;咬肌粗隆、翼肌粗隆表现为显著的比例,在所比较的3个时代间都为新石器>青铜铁器>近代;颏棘的在不同时代间差异不明显。结论 咬肌粗隆、翼肌粗隆在全新世随时代而变弱,可能反映了咬肌、翼肌在全新世期间减弱,支持“咀嚼压力在全新世期间减弱”的观点。     

全新世中国人群下颌骨尺寸性别差异的时代比较

目的:分析全新世人群下颌骨尺寸性别差异率的时代间变化,并对比探讨男女下颌骨尺寸的时代变化率。方法:以中国考古遗址520例下颌骨为研究材料,用SPSS 18.0软件进行同一时代内男女测量性状的比较、不同时代间测量性状的比较,同时计算了性别差异率、时代变化率。结果:下颌骨高度方面的性别差异率大于下颌骨长、宽方面的差异率,提示下颌骨尺寸的性别差异主要体现在高度方面。相比新石器与青铜铁器时代,下颌角度、下颌高度方面的性别差异率在现代人群中表现最明显。结论:新石器时代至现代女性下颌骨的变化率大于男性,女性随时代减小的更明显,可能与食物结构、气候等变化有关。     

全新世女性颏孔、下颌孔的位置特征及时代间比较*

目的：探讨全新世女性群体颏孔位置、颏孔开口方向、下颌孔位置等在不同时代的表现特点,并探讨可能 存在的时代间变异。方法：对中国全新世201 例女性下颌骨的颏孔、下颌孔的体质特征进行分类和记录,然后用 SPSS 19.0 软件进行出现率统计及时代间差异显著性检验。结果：所比较的性状在不同时代间的表现特点具有一 定相似性：颏孔位置主要在下颌第2 前臼齿（P4）下面,颏孔开口方向主要为“后上”,下颌孔位置（ 水平方向） 主要为“下颌支中点之后”,下颌孔位置（ 垂直方向）主要为“齿槽面之上”。同时,不同时代间也存在一些差异, 近代人群颏孔位置相对靠后、下颌孔位置相对较高。结论：从青铜铁器时代到近代,女性的颏孔位置有相对后移 趋势;这些变化可能与该时段内下颌骨尺寸变小有一定的相关性。下颌孔位置时代间差异较小。     

中国现代人群下颌第三磨牙萌出情况的比较

目的探讨中国现代人群下颌第三磨牙(M3)的萌出特点。方法将第三磨牙分为3种类型,正常、半退化、缺失,然后比较不同时代间(新石器时代55例,青铜铁器时代191例,近代112例)各个类型出现率的差异。结果 M3正常的出现率随时代而降低,缺失的出现率随时代而升高,半退化的出现率随时代而升高。结论 M3正常的出现率随时代而降低,可能与下颌骨尺寸随时代的持续减小有关。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.