脱细胞绵羊带瓣静脉支架材料的制备及其免疫原性评价

目的:制备脱细胞绵羊带瓣静脉支架材料,通过探讨其对BALB/c小鼠体液免疫和细胞免疫的影响,以此评价该脱细胞基质的免疫原性,进而为脱细胞组织工程支架的安全性提供实验依据.方法:正常成年绵羊带瓣股静脉2cm长的片段,联合使用弱碱、非离子去垢剂及核酶进行脱细胞处理.H-E染色观察细胞组分残留及细胞外基质完整性.免疫组织化学...     

不同方法制备脱细胞猪主动脉瓣膜支架的组织结构

背景：理想的脱细胞方法要求既能完全去除供体细胞,降低免疫原性,又能保留天然瓣膜的胶原纤维、弹力纤维等细胞外基质成分,以保持足够的机械强度。 目的：采用不同洗剂制备脱细胞猪主动脉瓣膜支架,对比其组织结构,探讨最为有效的脱细胞瓣膜支架制备方法。 方法：20个新鲜猪主动脉瓣膜随机分为新鲜对照组、去污剂组、酶消化组和去污剂-酶消化组,后3组分别使用Triton X-100、胰蛋白酶以及二者联合的方法制备脱细胞瓣膜支架,对比支架大体形态、苏木精-伊红染色、Mallory-Heidenhain染色和电镜下超微结构的不同。 结果与结论：经脱细胞处理后,去污剂组瓣叶柔软、光滑,苏木精-伊红染色少量核物质存留、纤维排列规整,Mallory-Heidenhain染色胶原纤维和弹性纤维相交错,电镜下呈波浪状排列、原纤维横纹清楚;酶消化组瓣叶局部塌陷,苏木精伊红染色细胞完全去除、纤维排列较紊乱,Mallory-Heidenhain染色胶原纤维和弹性纤维呈网状排列,电镜下纤维部分断裂、原纤维横纹存在;去污剂-酶消化组瓣叶柔软、光滑,苏木精伊红染色细胞完全去除、纤维完整,Mallory-Heidenhain染色胶原纤维和弹性纤维平行排列,电镜下纤维完好,但排列稀疏,原纤维横纹清晰。说明3种方法均可有效去除供体细胞,保持纤维结构相对完整,在完全清除供体细胞并保持纤维支架完整性方面,Triton X-100联合胰蛋白酶的方法更为有效。     

灌注法制备离体大鼠心脏脱细胞基质

目的 探索制备离体大鼠心脏脱细胞生物支架材料的新方法,为心脏组织工程研究提供三维立体天然支架.方法 取30只成年SD大鼠心脏,运用冻融加化学萃取的组织工程学方法 (胰蛋白酶、十二烷基硫酸钠和曲拉通X-100)处理离体大鼠心脏,同时观察心脏大体形态及颜色变化,并对脱细胞支架进行基因组DNA分析;HE染色,免疫荧光法,扫描和透射电镜进一步检测鉴定脱细胞支架的生物学特征.结果 心脏脱细胞支架外观透明,包膜完整,维持心脏三维立体结构,肉眼可见心脏内脉管系统;脱细胞支架DNA残留量不及对照组的3%;HE染色、扫描和透射电镜结果 显示,心脏脱细胞生物支架去细胞彻底,细胞外基质网状结构保留完整;免疫荧光结果 表明,胶原、弹性蛋白等细胞外支架成分保留较完整,未见明显细胞核成分残留.结论 运用冻融加化学萃取法所制备的离体心脏脱细胞生物支架去细胞彻底,细胞外基质保留较完整,是较为理想的心脏三维立体生物支架材料.     

经液氮保存具有活性的同种生物瓣脱细胞支架的制备

目的为体外构建组织工程瓣提供脱细胞的同种生物瓣支架材料,并建立相应的技术方法。方法选取经液氮保存、具有活性的同种生物带瓣管道作为实验材料,用含十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)的Tris低渗缓冲液脱去同种带瓣管道存在的细胞;固定剂固定后,分别行HE染色、胶原纤维和弹力纤维染色的光镜和扫描电镜观察、摄片。结果用质量浓度为0.03%SDS的Tris低渗缓冲液与同种瓣膜共同孵育48h,完全脱去了表面的内皮细胞(ECs),又较完整地保留了胶原纤维和弹力纤维等细胞外基质主要成分,其形态学结构在脱细胞前后无明显改变;瓣叶中心部位有部分成纤维细胞存留。而对于脱主动脉壁细胞,质量浓度为0.1%SDS更合适。结论质量浓度为0.03%～0.1%SDS的低渗缓冲液对制备脱细胞的同种生物瓣支架效果较佳,有利于同种瓣再内皮化时种植细胞的粘附和扩增,可进一步应用于组织工程瓣体外构建的研究。     

心脏脱细胞支架的制备及其生物相容性

目的:优化心脏脱细胞支架的制备方法,评价所制备的脱细胞支架的基本生物学特征。方法:联合应用十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚(Triton X-100)对大鼠心行逆行主动脉灌流制备心脏脱细胞支架。同时,将间充质干细胞(MSCs)接种到支架上构建细胞支架复合体,采用H-E染色及扫描电镜分别对制备支架及复合体进行评价。结果:心脏脱细胞支架大体呈半透明囊状。组织学染色及扫描电镜观察示支架呈多孔网状或束状结构,未见细胞核残留。荧光显微镜观察示MSCs沿支架纤维黏附生长,未见明显坏死细胞。结论:本研究运用灌流法成功制备脱细胞彻底且细胞外基质保留较完整的心脏脱细胞支架,既拥有天然三维结构且具有良好的生物相容性。     

生物交联剂京尼平交联牛心包生物支架材料的性能

脱细胞牛心包膜因其具有优良特性而成为组织工程生物瓣膜中理想的支架材料.采用冻融+表面活性剂法对牛心包组织进行脱细胞处理后,用戊二醛或京尼平对其进行表面修饰固定.通过HE染色及扫描电镜观察脱细胞效果,并对交联组织进行厚度检测、含水量和接触角测试、力学检测、交联指数和差示扫描量热(DSC)测定、体外降解、溶血试验以及细胞毒性试验,判断两种交联方法对脱细胞牛心包基质的影响,从而选择出交联脱细胞组织的最好方法.结果显示,冻融+表面活性剂法脱除细胞彻底,戊二醛或京尼平交联后组织厚度明显增加分别约20%,25%,亲水性良好,力学特性稳定,交联指数都高达90%,且28 d降解率分别为5%和3%,交联后组织稳定性高.但京尼平组溶血率(0.37%)远小于戊二醛组溶血率(13.77%),且细胞毒性很低.作为瓣膜组织工程支架材料,京尼平交联脱细胞牛心包膜比戊二醛交联效果具有更好生物相容性,交联效果好,是较好的交联方法.     

比较两种方法制备脱细胞小血管支架

目的:比较0.5%Triton X-100 0.05%NH4OH和酶法制备脱细胞小血管支架的效果.方法:分别用含0.5%Triton X-100 0.05%NH4OH处理3 d或1.0H Triton X-100 0.125%胰蛋白酶 Dnase Rnase孵育48 h,脱去犬股静脉中的细胞成分,50Co辐照消毒,血清浸泡24 h,将平滑肌细胞和内皮细胞接种到脱细胞支架中;进行H-E染色、胶原纤维和弹力纤维染色,扫描电镜观察及力学检测.结果:0.5%Triton X-100 0.05%NH4OH法完全地脱去了血管细胞;细胞外基质较完整地保留下来,其形态结构与脱细胞前无明显改变;见种植细胞在支架内生长良好,连成片,支架具有良好的生物相容性;力学结果显示其弹性回复率和最大断裂强度好于酶组.结论:两种方法比较,0.5%Triton X-100 0.05%NH4OH法简便易行,成本低,脱细胞效果好,组织相容性佳,对力学性状影响小,是比较理想的制备脱细胞小血管支架的方法.     

脱细胞猪小肠黏膜下层的组织相容性

目的:制备脱细胞猪小肠黏膜下层(SIS),研究其用作组织工程支架材料的组织相容性。方法:0.1%十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)处理新鲜猪SIS 30min制备脱细胞SIS,H-E、4,6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚(DAPI)及天狼星红染色观察脱细胞前后SIS的生物学特性,将其植入SD大鼠背部皮下,检测其组织相容性,对照组SD大鼠植入未脱细胞的正常SIS作为阳性对照。结果:脱细胞SIS呈白色、半透明的膜状物,具有良好的弹性及柔韧性;H-E、DAPI及天狼星红染色光学显微镜观察结果显示脱细胞SIS无细胞及DNA残留,组织结构保留完整,胶原纤维间孔隙率增加;皮下埋植术后全部动物存活,各时间段脱细胞SIS植入组大鼠创口周围皮肤愈合良好,无红肿、渗出等炎症反应。组织学观察脱细胞SIS植入早期结构完整;随着植入时间的延长,脱细胞SIS逐渐降解,结构松散。脱细胞SIS植片周围炎症细胞数明显少于正常SIS植入组。结论:脱细胞猪SIS植入SD大鼠体内具有良好的组织相容性,未引起明显的炎症反应,是一种理想的组织工程支架材料。     

软骨脱细胞细胞外基质多孔支架与山羊髓核细胞生物相容性研究

目的 制备软骨脱细胞细胞外基质多孔支架,并探讨其与山羊髓核细胞的生物相容性.方法 猪关节软骨经研磨、脱细胞、冷冻干燥技术等处理制成三维多孔支架;从山羊腰椎间盘中分离出髓核细胞,培养后获取P1代细胞;四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)检测支架浸提液毒性;将髓核细胞以5×106/ml的密度接种在支架上体外培养48 h,通过倒置显微镜、HE染色、死活细胞染色(LIVE/DEAD染色)、扫描电镜观察细胞在支架上的黏附及活性.结果 软骨脱细胞基质多孔支架在敷水状态下光滑透明,分离的髓核细胞呈典型的软骨细胞样形态;MTT检测各组间增殖,其差异不具有统计学意义(P＞0.05);倒置显微镜、电镜观察髓核细胞呈球状或短梭形均匀地贴附在支架内部,HE染色观察可见髓核细胞均匀分布在支架内部,LIVE/DEAD染色显示全部为绿色荧光(活细胞),未见红色荧光(死细胞).结论 软骨脱细胞基质多孔支架在组成上与髓核组织相似,与山羊髓核细胞具有良好的生物相容性,可以作为髓核组织工程的支架材料.     

人体脱细胞脂肪组织的制备及组织学评价

目的 通过为人体吸脂来源的脂肪组织脱细胞,评估脱细胞脂肪组织的组织学成分,探讨其作为组织工程支架材料的可能性。 方法 采用改良的脱细胞方法为5例人吸脂来源的脂肪组织脱细胞,观察制备过程的大体形态,对脱细胞脂肪进行HE染色、Masson染色、Gomori染色、油红O染色、DAPI染色,并对脱细胞组织中残留的DNA、胶原蛋白及糖胺聚糖含量进行定量检测。 结果 本实验制备的脱细胞脂肪,外观呈不透明的乳白色,无固定形态。HE染色和DAPI染色无可见细胞成分残留,Masson染色可见胶原纤维,Gomori染色可见网状纤维存在,油红O染色无可见脂质残留。组织中残留的DNA含量微小,胶原和糖胺聚糖含量均有所保留。结论 应用结合物理化学和酶学的脱细胞方法,可以为人体的吸脂来源脂肪组织脱细胞,得到的脱细胞组织去除了脂肪组织中的细胞及脂质成分,保留了脂肪组织细胞外基质的组成成分。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.