肩袖部分撕裂的关节镜治疗

目的评估应用肩关节镜下冈上肌肌腱肱骨大结节止点重建术治疗EllmanⅢ级肩袖部分撕裂的临床疗效。方法本组15例(15侧),术前MRI提示肩袖损伤,术中关节镜均证实肩袖部分撕裂超过6 mm,其中关节侧9例(右肩6例,左肩3例),滑囊侧6例(右肩4例,左肩2例),全部滑囊侧及6例关节侧肩袖撕裂合并肩峰撞击征。全部病例均行关节镜下肩袖清创、带线锚钉冈上肌肌腱肱骨大结节止点重建,撞击征阳性病例同时行肩峰成形术。结果平均随访30个月(20～44个月),应用JOA评分标准进行肩关节功能评价,术前平均61.3分,术后94.5分(P0.01)。JOA评价体系中疼痛、功能、活动范围及肩关节提升部分明显优于术前,而外展力量、外旋及内旋部分评分则改善不明显。随访期末按JOA评价标准:优12例,良2例,可1例,术前存在肩峰撞击征的12例,末次随访评价撞击试验阴性。结论关节镜下冈上肌肌腱肱骨大结节止点重建术是治疗EllmanⅢ级肩袖部分撕裂的有效方法。     

肩峰下撞击征的治疗进展

肩峰下结构与典型滑膜关节的结构非常相似,其中喙突、喙肩韧带、肩峰构成的穹隆状结构类似臼窝;肱骨大结节类似关节突;位于肩峰和喙肩韧带、冈上肌之间的肩峰下滑囊类似关节滑囊;冈上肌肌腱在肩峰与肱骨大结节间穿过,肱二头肌长头腱在其深面穿越肱骨头上方。因此,肩峰下结构又被称为“第二肩关节”。肩峰前外侧形态异常、骨赘形成,肱骨大结节骨赘形成,肩锁关节增生以及其它可能导致肩峰－肱骨头间距减小的原因均可造成肩峰下结构的挤压与撞击,即由于与肩峰底面的前 1/3、喙肩韧带和肩锁关节下面的反复异常碰撞,滑囊、肩袖及肱二头…     

犬肩袖损伤愈合模型的研究

目的比较研究不同肩袖损伤类型以及采用不同方法修复后的肩袖愈合差异,探讨能准确模拟临床肩袖损伤修复术后恢复进程的动物模型。方法取12只成年雄性比格犬,体质量10~15 kg,根据处理方法不同随机分为3组(n=4),分别制备急性肩袖损伤+Mason-Allen缝合修复(A组)、巨大肩袖损伤+Mason-Allen缝合修复(B组)及巨大肩袖损伤+Mason-Allen缝合并自体半腱肌扩张部修复(C组)动物模型;3组修复后均外固定架制动。术后观察各组动物一般情况;于术后6周取材大体观察冈下肌肌腱末端愈合情况,生物力学测试极限负荷,组织学观察肌腱细胞及纤维改变,比较肩袖修复程度。结果术后各组动物均存活至实验完成,切口均愈合良好,无感染发生。大体观察示,A组冈下肌肌腱末端瘢痕组织明显多于正常肌腱组织;B组冈下肌肌腱末端未见明显肌腱组织;C组冈下肌肌腱虽然部分覆盖瘢痕组织,但仍可观察到肌腱及其大致走向。A、B、C组极限负荷分别为(223.75±24.28)、(159.25±34.87)、(233.25±14.24)N,B组显著低于A、C组(P0.05),A、C组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。组织学观察示,A组肌腱纤维排列大致正常;B组肌腱纤维排列较紊乱,并且肌腱细胞明显少于A组;C组肌腱纤维排列整齐,且肌腱细胞多于B组。结论 Mason-Allen缝合联合自体半腱肌扩张部修复犬巨大肩袖损伤能获良好修复效果;制动模型可较好模拟临床肩袖损伤愈合过程,可作为相关研究的理想动物模型。     

肩袖损伤修复的生物治疗现状及进展

肩袖是冈上肌、冈下肌、小圆肌和肩胛下肌四块肌肉及其肌腱组成的复合体.它们环绕肱骨头上端,共同协调肩关节运动.在年龄、创伤、劳损等外在因素以及肌腱退变、血运不足、肩峰下撞击等内在因素作用下,肩袖易发生损伤,尤其是肌腱撕裂,进而引发肩部疼痛、力量减弱、活动范围减少.肩袖撕裂通常需手术修复,术后大部分疼痛减轻,肩关节功能改善...     

肩峰下激素局部注射治疗大鼠肩袖损伤

目的 通过测定Ⅲ型胶原的动态变化观察肩峰下激素局部注射对大鼠肩袖损伤修复的影响.方法 将36只SD大鼠随机分成4组:正常肩袖组6例(A组);肩袖损伤组6例(B组);正常肩袖+皮质激素治疗组12例(C组);肩袖损伤+皮质激素治疗组12例(D组).B、D组使用大鼠双侧冈下肌腱滑膜面建模,切开冈下肌腱全厚层的50%,宽约5 mm.C,D组肩峰下滑囊注射0.05 ml皮质激素(得保松).分别于3、6周取冈下肌腱标本进行苏木素-伊红(HE)染色、Masson染色检查以及免疫组织化学染色测定Ⅲ型胶原的表达.结果 组织形态学:激素治疗肩袖损伤后3周可见胶原纤维排列紊乱,胶原索断裂和坏死;6周后略好转.Ⅲ型胶原:(1)肩袖损伤后Ⅲ型胶原表达升高(P＜0.05);(2)激素在治疗肩袖损伤后3周Ⅲ型胶原明显较正常组和肩袖损伤组高(P＜0.01);(3)激素治疗肩袖损伤后6周,Ⅲ型胶原表达仍高;(4)正常肩袖激素治疗后3周Ⅲ型胶原表达明显增高,但在6周后恢复到正常水平(P＞0.05).结论 激素在治疗肩袖损伤时能通过刺激Ⅲ型胶原的表达促进肩袖修复,但肌腱的组织学结构和强度发生显著变化.即使正常的肩袖组织,在激素局部注射后也会产生暂时性的肩袖损伤修复反应.     

肩袖撕裂的病因探讨

Ｃｏｄｍａｎ提出冈上肌离大结节止点１ｃｍ处为乏血管区，此区是造成肩袖撕裂的主要原因。ＮｅｅｒⅡ则提出９５％的肩袖撕裂是由肩峰下撞击引起。作者对３５例肩袖撕裂的病人进行了临床与手术的观察，发现肩袖撕裂的部位主要分布于冈上肌，占９７．１％。３５例中撞击征病人１０例。Ｃｏｄｍａｎ的乏血管区不仅存在于冈上肌，亦存在于肩袖其它肌腱，故乏血管区不是引起肩袖撕裂的主要原因。撞击征亦不是，只占全部撕裂总数的２８．６％。作者认为引起肩袖撕裂的内在因素包括肩袖肌腱的乏血管区和冈上肌的特殊位置和功能，外在因素包括肩关节反复应用，肩峰下撞击和不同程度的肩部外伤。     

肩袖损伤的诊断和治疗进展

肩袖是附着于肱骨大结节的冈上肌、冈下肌、小园肌和附着在肱骨小结节上的肩胛下肌构成的袖口状组织,包裹于肱骨上。其上方为肩峰、肩锁关节、喙肩韧带构成的喙肩弓,两者之间为肩峰下滑囊。肩袖在肩关节运动中起支持、稳定肩肱关节的作用,维持肱骨头与关节盂的正常支点关系。肩袖损伤是一种多发病。据Depalm a等人[1]通过尸体解剖发现,50~60岁死亡人群中30%的人有肩袖损伤,70岁以上死亡者中有90%~100%有肩袖损伤。说明肩袖损伤广泛存在于社会人群中。外伤性肩袖破裂临床常见于青壮年,尤其岗上肌全层撕裂与肩峰过度外侧伸展时损伤有关[2]。…     

肩袖损伤的诊断与治疗

肩袖主要包括冈上肌、冈下肌、肩胛下肌、小圆肌。冈上肌是肩关节外展的启动肌,通过下压肱骨头和三角肌协同完成肩关节外展。因此冈上肌损伤时应尽可能进行修复。肩袖损伤的影像学检查主要有肩关节正位,冈上肌出口位。肩关节正位可检查大结节与肩峰有无硬化增生,通过测量肩峰下到肱骨头的距离粗略估计有无肩袖损伤,如二者之间的距离6 mm提示肩袖撕裂。冈上肌出口位可观察肩峰形态,并进行分类。Ⅰ型肩峰为平坦型,Ⅱ型为弧形,Ⅲ型为钩状肩峰。钩状肩峰发生肩袖撕裂的几率较高。肩峰指数大的患者容易发生肩袖撕裂,肩峰指数小的患者容易发生盂肱关节炎。肩关节核磁检查是诊断肩袖损伤的重要手段。通过肩关节核磁检查可观察肌肉萎缩、脂肪浸润情况。对于肩关节术后功能恢复效果的预测,脂肪浸润比肩袖回缩和撕裂的大小更有意义。肩袖损伤的临床表现多样,主要有肩痛、力弱、肩关节活动受限。在区别肩袖损伤和冻结肩时,有一个重要的体征是前者主动活动范围小于被动活动范围,而冻结肩的患者主被动活动均受限。肩袖损伤的治疗包括保守治疗和手术治疗。保守治疗的方法主要有休息,避免诱发疼痛的动作,抗炎止痛以及康复对症药物。而对于保守治疗症状无缓解,或者创伤性撕裂的患者应尽早手术。手术治疗肩袖退变性损伤时,如果肩袖损伤厚度50%且力量无明显降低,可行滑膜清理、肩峰下减压;如果肩袖损伤厚度50%,可行肩袖修复±肩峰下减压。对于PASTA损伤,应尽早手术修复。文献报道,单排固定肩袖时,可覆盖46%的足印面积,经骨缝合可覆盖71%,而双排固定可覆盖100%足印区。因此双排缝合从理论上来讲更符合肩关节的生物力学特点。对于不可修复的前上肩袖损伤,可通过胸大肌移位术重建肩袖肌力平衡,而后上肩袖损伤可通过背阔肌或大圆肌移位重建肩袖肌力平衡。对于诊断明确的肩袖撕裂不会自行愈合,经过短时间的保守治疗无效者,建议尽早手术治疗。     

肱骨外展动作中肩袖生物力学的有限元分析

目的构建肩关节有限元模型，用于分析肩袖生物力学。 方法采集1名26岁健康男性志愿者右肩CT、MRI数据，构建肩关节有限元模型，包含肩胛骨、肱骨、锁骨，以及肩袖肌群（冈上肌、冈下肌、小圆肌、肩胛下肌）。模拟肱骨在肩胛骨平面外展，分析肩袖肌肉应力变化。 结果肱骨在肩胛骨平面外展0°~30°过程中，各组肌腱与肱骨头连接处的应力均增大。冈上肌腱应力变化速率较快；肩胛骨前方的肩胛下肌对比肩胛骨后方的冈下肌-小圆肌，两组肌腱的应力变化较为同步。当肱骨在肩胛骨平面外展30°时，冈上肌腱、肩胛下肌腱及冈下肌腱-小圆肌腱与肱骨头连接面的平均应力分别为7.894 8、4.721 7、3.768 8 Mpa，冈上肌腱关节面与滑囊面结点平均应力分别为7.931 4、4.099 0 Mpa。冈上肌腱的关节面与滑囊面应力有明显差异，应力差值随肱骨在肩胛骨平面外展而增大，造成的剪切力可造成冈上肌腱撕裂。 结论肩袖对肩关节的活动与稳定性有重要作用，其受力特点易引起肩袖损伤。     

肩峰撞击征合并肩袖损伤的治疗

目的探讨对于肩峰撞击征合并肩袖损伤的治疗方法。方法2003年6月～2005年6月收治的肩峰撞击征患者25例,术前或术中诊断合并肩袖损伤者18例。对其中12例合并肩袖完全或不完全断裂的病例在进行肩峰成形的同时将断裂的冈上肌腱做紧缩缝合或做修复缝合锚钉止点重建术。术后指导患者系统功能康复,定期复查。按照ASES评分评价功能恢复情况。结果全部患者获得平均11个月随访。术前本组患者ASES评分平均为32.5分。术后:单纯肩峰成形患者ASES评分平均为92.5分,冈上肌腱做清创缝合的患者平均评分87.1分,冈上肌腱做止点重建患者平均评分85.9分。三种术式患者评分均较术前有显著性改善(P<0.01),而三种术式患者之间评分差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。结论在对肩峰撞击征的治疗中要注意探查有无肩袖损伤,积极的肩袖修复治疗可获得满意的疗效。     

Editorial Commentary: Subacromial Bursa—Friend or Foe Within The Shoulder? An Old Debate With New Insights

There is an ongoing debate about whether to resect or preserve the subacromial bursa during surgical treatment of rotator cuff tears. Neer was the first to systematically describe bursitis as a component of subacromial impingement syndrome that may extend to rotator cuff disease, often discussed as a point of controversy with Uhthoff who first identified the bursa as a contributor to rotator cuff healing, both experimentally and clinically. Because the subacromial bursa provides the gliding mechanism of the shoulder and regenerates itself after surgical removal, interest evolved on the role of the bursa in the healing of rotator cuff tears for evolution of regenerative therapies as a support of arthroscopic repair techniques. In vitro work could identify human subacromial bursa as a source of mesenchymal stem cells, which revealed lineage-specific differentiation capacity, including the tendon and a marker profile that was highly similar to, although in some aspects distinct from, marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Only recently, this knowledge was used in controlled experimental work in vivo to demonstrate superior engraftment of bursal cells within tendon tissue. These findings shed new light on the biology of the subacromial space and provides novel prospects for the clinical use of local stem cells in rotator cuff repair.     

Adhesion of the subacromial bursa may cause subacromial impingement in patients with rotator cuff tears: pressure measurements in 18 patients

In order to determine whether adhesion of the subacromial bursa leads to impingement, we measured the subacromial contact pressures before and after release of adhesion of this bursa. 18 shoulders with cuff tears and adhesion of the subacromial bursa were evaluated in 8 male and 10 female patients, of mean age 62 (53-71) years and who had no particular limitation of shoulder motion. We recorded subacromial pressures using a very sensitive film inserted under the acromion during surgery. In passive scapular plane elevation (scaption) at 100 degrees, the mean subacromial contact pressure and area declined from 1.43 (SD 0.23) MPa before release to 1.14 (SD 0.35) MPa after release (p < 0.001), and from 163 (SD 81) mm2 before release to 80 (SD 46) mm2 after release (p < 0.001), respectively. We suggest that adhesion of the subacromial bursa increases impingement between the acromion and the insertion of rotator cuff tendons.     

Involvement of the subacromial bursa in impingement syndrome of the shoulder as judged by expression of tenascin-C and histopathology

Our aim was to evaluate bursal involvement at different stages of the impingement syndrome as judged by conventional histopathological examination and expression of tenascin-C, which is known to reflect active reparative processes in different tissues and disorders. Samples of subacromial bursa were taken from 33 patients with tendinitis, 11 with a partial tear and 18 with a complete tear of the rotator cuff, and from 24 control shoulders. We assessed the expression of tenascin-C, the thickness of the bursa, and the occurrence and degree of fibrosis, vascularity, haemorrhage and inflammatory cells. The expression of tenascin-C was significantly more pronounced in the complete tear group (p < 0.001) than in the partial tear, tendinitis or control groups. It was more pronounced in the tendinitis group than in the control group (p = 0.06), and there was more fibrosis in all the study groups than in the control group. The changes in the other parameters were not equally distinctive. Expression of tenascin-C did not correlate with the conventional histopathological parameters, suggesting that these markers reflect different phases of the bursal reaction. Tenascin-C seems to be a general indicator of bursal reaction, being especially pronounced at the more advanced stages of impingement and this reaction seems to be an essential part of the pathology of impingement at all its stages.     

Adhesion of the subacromial bursa may cause subacromial impingement in patients with rotator cuff tearsPressure measurements in 18 patients

In order to determine whether adhesion of the subacromial bursa leads to impingement, we measured the subacromial contact pressures before and after release of adhesion of this bursa. 18 shoulders with cuff tears and adhesion of the subacromial bursa were evaluated in 8 male and 10 female patients, of mean age 62 (53–71) years and who had no particular limitation of shoulder motion. We recorded subacromial pressures using a very sensitive film inserted under the acromion during surgery. In passive scapular plane elevation (scaption) at 100°, the mean subacromial contact pressure and area declined from 1.43?(SD 0.23)?MPa before release to 1.14?(SD 0.35)?MPa after release (p?2before release to 80?(SD 46)?mm²after release (p?相似文献   

Pathological study of the supraspinatus tendon

To clarify the aging process and pathogenesis of rotator cuff tears, left supraspinatus tendons from 268 cadaveric specimens (171 men and 97 women, ages 0 to 87 years) were studied. The incidence of complete thickness tear was 6.7%, and that of incomplete thickness tear was 13.8% (bursal side tears: 2.6%, intratendinous tears: 7.5% and joint side tears: 3.7%). Microscopic examinations were conducted topographically in five sites near the supraspinatus insertion. In the articular side of the tendon, there were fewer tenocytes, fewer arterioles and more chondrocyte like cells than in any other portions. The incidence of hyperplasia of intima was higher in the specimens of aged persons in all portions. At the insertion in the aged specimens the arrangement of four transitional zones became much more irregular and the numbers of tidemark was occasionally increased with granulomatous tissue. The pathogenesis of the rotator cuff tear can be ascribed to the combination of aging, enthesopathy, inherent property of the supraspinatus tendon, injury and subacromial impingement.     

Surgical repair of rotator cuff ruptures. The importance of the subacromial bursa.

We examined biopsy specimens obtained during surgery on 115 patients with complete rotator cuff rupture. The vascularised connective tissue covering the area of rupture and the proliferating cells in the fragmented tendons reflected more of the features of repair than of degeneration and necrosis. The main source of this fibrovascular tissue was the wall of the subacromial bursa. These features clearly indicated a vigorous reparative response which might play an important role in tendon reconstitution and remodelling. We therefore suggest that extensive debridement along with subtotal bursectomy, commonly practised during surgical repair of rotator cuff rupture, should be avoided. Although strong suture margins are essential for good operative results, debridement should be judicious and preserve as much as possible of the bursa and the associated fibrovascular tissue.     

Healing of full-thickness tears of avian supracoracoid tendons: in situ hybridization of alpha1(I) and alpha1(III) procollagen mRNA.

Although clinically significant, much remains unknown about the healing of the torn rotator cuff tendon, because of unavailability of appropriate animal model. The human supraspinatus tendon faces the subacromial bursa superiorly, and the joint capsule inferiorly, while the digital flexor tendon is surrounded by the synovium. We hypothesized that the supraspinatus tendon heals by the process which is different from that observed with digital flexor tendons, in which epitenon cells migrate into the torn portion circumferentially. The avian supracoracoid tendon was adopted for this experiment because of its similarity to the human supraspinatus tendon. We developed a full-thickness tendon laceration followed by primary suture. The objective of this study was to detect localization of the responsible cells for repair of the tendon. We examined the process using histology and in situ hybridization. Starting at week 1 the peritendon cells of the bursal side proliferated and migrated into the laceration site. At week 6, the tendon stumps were continuous with new connective tissue. High-level expression of procollagen mRNA in the proliferating peritendon cells on the bursal side demonstrates to contribute to the reparative process, which progressed to the joint side. This mode of repair is different from that of the digital flexor tendon.     

Spontaneous healing process of a supraspinatus tendon tear in rabbits

Introduction The rotator cuff has a characteristic structure, in that one surface faces articular cartilage and another faces bursa. This structure may produce differences in the healing process between the rotator cuff and other tendons. We investigated the spontaneous healing process of a surgically created supraspinatus tendon tear in rabbits.Materials and methods A transverse, full-thickness tear of the supraspinatus tendon was created and its healing examined.Results A tear of 12 mm was not repaired within 3 weeks. With a tear of 5 mm, reparative tissue gradually encroached into the defect from the bursal side, and the tear united from the bursal side to the articular side by 12 weeks. The healing rates (width of reparative tissue/width of the tendon×100%) were 32.2%, 52.4%, 58.0%, 88.9%, and 93.8% at 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 weeks, respectively. The reparative tissue had continuity to the epitenon of the bursal side. Immunohistochemical study showed that at week 1, type III collagen was detected in the reparative tissue and the cutting ends, and the expression gradually decreased. On the other hand, the expression of type I collagen in the reparative tissue was weak at week 1 and increased until week 3. PCNA-positive cells were observed in the reparative tissue.Conclusion These results show that the origin of the reparative tissue is the epitenon, and from the bursal side rather than the articular side. This model is very useful for the investigation of the remodeling process of an acute rotator cuff tear.     

Subacromial plica as a cause of impingement in the shoulder

The subacromial bursa is the largest bursa in the body. In 1934, Codman described the presence of subacromial plicae, similar to the suprapatellar plicae found in the knee. It is recognized that plicae in the knee can cause anterior knee pain with impingement against the patella in young persons. We investigated the possibility that a similar situation exists with plicae of the subacromial bursa. The aims of this study were to document the prevalence of bursal plicae seen at bursoscopy during arthroscopic subacromial decompression of the shoulder and to assess whether there is any pattern in the occurrence of these plicae, as well as the relationship to impingement lesions seen at bursoscopy. Between January 1996 and July 2001, all cases undergoing arthroscopic decompression were evaluated for anatomic-pathologic changes of the subacromial bursa, including the presence of plicae and impingement lesions. A total of 1732 cases complying with inclusion criteria were recorded, with plicae observed in 104 (6.0%). The occurrence of plicae showed a highly significant younger age predilection (P = .0008, chi(2) test) but no differences between sexes or sides. The occurrence of subacromial plicae was highly associated with the combined severity of the impingement lesion on the acromial and bursal side. Plicae were most common in shoulders showing an impingement lesion on the cuff bursal side, with no impingement lesion on the acromial side. The odds of the impingement lesion being milder on the acromial side was 3.41 times higher in shoulders with a plica compared with shoulders without a plica. This suggests that impingement of the cuff may be due to the plica itself. This study is the first to describe the presence of subacromial plicae in living subjects and correlates with previous anatomic studies. The younger age predominance correlates with the findings of plicae in the knee. Our findings suggest that subacromial plicae may be a cause of impingement in young patients.     

Anatomy of provocative tests for impingement syndrome of the shoulder

The purpose of this study was to describe the extra- and intra-articular anatomic relationships present during the Neer and Hawkins tests. Nine fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders were positioned in the impingement position described by Neer (n = 5) or that described by Hawkins (n = 4), embedded in polyurethane, and studied with the use of a cross-sectional technique. All shoulders placed in the Neer position demonstrated soft tissue contact with the medial acromion and contact between the articular surface of the rotator cuff tendons and the anterosuperior glenoid rim. Shoulders placed in the Hawkins position demonstrated consistent contact between soft tissues and the coracoacromial ligament. In all Hawkins positioned shoulders, contact between the articular surface of the rotator cuff tendons and the anterosuperior glenoid was observed. The subscapularis tendon was deformed by the coracoid in 1 of the Hawkins positioned specimens. Although factors inherent to human subjects such as edema and muscle tone may influence the anatomy, these provocative tests for subacromial impingement appear to elicit contact consistent with impingement.