中国成年人高血压患病率、知晓率、治疗和控制状况

目的　评估中国成年人高血压的患病率、高血压知晓率、治疗和控制状况。方法　亚洲国际心血管病合作研究 (InterASIA)于 2 0 0 0～ 2 0 0 1年进行 ,应用多阶段抽样方法选择有代表性的样本。共调查了 35～ 74岁的成年人 15 838人。测量血压时 ,先让调查对象休息 5min ,由经过培训合格的调查人员应用标准水银柱血压计测量 3次血压。应用标准问卷询问高血压病史及高血压的治疗情况。高血压定义为收缩压≥ 140mmHg、舒张压≥ 90mmHg或正在服用降压药。结果　 35～ 74岁的中国成年人的高血压患病率为 2 7 2 %,即全国约有 1 3亿高血压患者。 35～ 44、45～ 5 4、5 5～ 6 4和 6 5～ 74岁年龄组的高血压患病专率分别为男性 17 4%、 2 8 2 %、 40 7%和 47 3 %;女性为 10 7%、2 6 8%、38 9%和 5 0 2 %。在高血压病人中 ,44 7%知道自己患有高血压 ,2 8 2 %正在服用降压药 ,8 1%的人血压得到了控制 ( <140 / 90mmHg)。在过去 10年中 ,高血压知晓、治疗和控制率的增长百分率分别为 86 2 %、92 6 %和 145 4%。结论　在过去的 10年中 ,高血压知晓、治疗和控制率有显著的提高。中国成年人高血压的患病率比较高 ,而高血压的知晓率偏低 ,治疗率和控制率又非常低。在我国迫切需要改善高血压的预防、检测和治疗状况     

Hypertension care in demographic surveillance sites: a cross-sectional study in Bangladesh,India, Indonesia,Malaysia, Viet Nam

ObjectiveTo determine the proportion of adults with hypertension who reported: (i) having been previously diagnosed with hypertension; (ii) taking blood pressure-lowering medication; and (iii) having achieved hypertension control, in five health and demographic surveillance system sites across five countries in Asia.MethodsData were collected during household surveys conducted between 2016 and 2020 in the five surveillance sites in Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Malaysia and Viet Nam. We defined hypertension as systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mmHg or taking blood pressure-lowering medication. We defined hypertension control as systolic blood pressure < 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg. We disaggregated hypertension awareness, treatment and control by surveillance site, and within each site by sex, age group, education, body mass index and smoking status.FindingsOf 22 142 participants, 11 137 had hypertension (Bangladesh: 211; India: 487; Indonesia: 1641; Malaysia: 8164; and Viet Nam: 634). The mean age of participants with hypertension was 60 years (range: 19–101 years). Only in the Malaysian site were more than half of individuals with hypertension aware of their condition. Hypertension treatment ranged from 20.8% (341/1641; 95% CI: 18.8–22.8%) in the Indonesian site to 44.7% (3649/8164; 95% CI: 43.6–45.8%) in the Malaysian site. Less than one in four participants with hypertension had achieved hypertension control in any site. Hypertension awareness, treatment and control were generally higher among women and older adults.ConclusionWhile hypertension awareness and treatment varied widely across surveillance sites, hypertension control was low in all sites.     

广州市15～69岁常住居民高血压患病率、知晓率、治疗率及控制率调查

目的了解广州市15～69岁常住居民的高血压患病率、知晓率、治疗率和控制率情况,为高血压的综合防治工作提供依据。方法采用多阶段抽样的方法,抽取7026名广州市常住居民进行问卷调查和血压测量。结果高血压患病率为15.1%,标化率为18.0%,知晓率为31.6%,药物治疗率为28.8%(包括只按医嘱服药者16.9%和综合治疗者11.9%),非药物治疗率为1.2%,高血压控制率为12.6%。结论广州市成人高血压患病率近年有增加的趋势,而知晓率、治疗率及控制率偏低,尤其是在农村地区,需要进一步加强高血压知识的宣传教育,提倡综合治疗及社区的系统管理工作,做到早诊断、早治疗、早控制。     

Distribution of blood pressures in Gemlik District,north-west Turkey

The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the prevalence, awareness and control of hypertension among individuals over 30 years of age and to plan a follow-up programme for the same age group. A community-based sample of 1992 individuals (952 men and 1,040 women) was selected randomly. Out of the total study population, 1,388 (69.7%) individuals had normal blood pressure according to World Health Organisation criteria (systolic blood pressure < 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg), and the rest (n = 604, 30.3%) had hypertension to varying degrees. Since 61 individuals with normal blood pressure were using antihypertensive medication, the overall hypertension prevalence was 33.4%. Among the study subjects with hypertension, 44.4% were aware of their condition, 37.7% were using medication and 9.2% had controlled hypertension. One out of five individuals (n = 399, 20.0%) had never had their blood pressure measured before. Females had a higher hypertension prevalence than males (36.7% and 29.7%, respectively). Hypertension prevalence increased with age and individuals with a body mass index > 25 were at greater risk. The present findings suggest that there is a need to implement an effective, community-based and low-cost management programme.     

Elevated blood pressure among U.S. adults with diabetes, 1988-1994.

BACKGROUND: Recent guidelines and clinical trial results emphasize the importance of controlling blood pressure among people with diabetes. We estimated the prevalence of elevated blood pressure among U.S. adults with diagnosed diabetes, and examined the extent to which elevated blood pressure is being treated and controlled. METHODS: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994), a probability survey of the civilian, non-institutionalized population of the United States, consisted of an interview and physical examination, which included blood pressure measurement. Survey participants included 1507 adults (aged > or = 18 years) with self-reported diabetes. Among people with self-reported diabetes, we estimated elevated blood pressure (mean blood pressure of > or = 130/85 mm Hg or use of antihypertensive medication); awareness (prior diagnosis of hypertension); treatment (antihypertensive medication use); and control (mean blood pressure of <130/85 or <140/90). RESULTS: In the 1988-1994 period, 71% (95% confidence interval [CI]=+/-4.4%) of all U.S. adults with diabetes had elevated blood pressure. The prevalence of elevated blood pressure increased with age and was high among both men and women and among Mexican Americans, non-Hispanic blacks, and non-Hispanic whites. Among those with elevated blood pressure, 71% (95% CI=+/-4.1%) were aware and 57% (95% CI=+/-4.2%) were treated, but only 12% (95% CI=+/-3.2%) had mean blood pressure <130/85 and 45% (95% CI=+/-4.9%) had mean blood pressure <140/90. Control of blood pressure was least common among older people. CONCLUSIONS: All people with diabetes-regardless of age, gender, and race and ethnicity-may benefit from efforts to prevent hypertension. The control of elevated blood pressure is inadequate and broad-based efforts are needed to improve blood pressure control.     

2018年中国成年居民高血压患病与控制状况研究

目的 了解中国≥18岁居民高血压患病、知晓、治疗与控制以及血压测量现况。方法 2018年中国慢性病及危险因素监测在全国31个省（直辖区、自治市）的298个县（区）,采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法抽取≥18岁常住居民194 779人,以面对面问卷调查和身体测量方法收集调查对象的人口统计学、高血压诊断与治疗和血压测量状况等信息,并采用经认证的医用上臂式电子血压计测量调查对象的血压值。本研究将其中完成调查且高血压相关信息完整的179 873人作为研究对象。按性别及年龄、城乡、文化程度、地理区域等分组分别计算血压均值、高血压患病率、患病知晓率、控制率、治疗率以及血压测量率等指标。所有结果采用基于设计的复杂抽样加权调整,以更好地估计中国成年人的状况。结果 2018年,中国≥18岁居民SBP均值为（127.7±18.8） mmHg（1 mmHg=0.133 kPa）,DBP为（76.8±11.2） mmHg。未诊断高血压的居民中,正常高值血压流行率为50.9%（95%CI：49.9%~51.9%）。成年居民高血压患病率为27.5%（95%CI：26.6%~28.4%）,男性［30.8%（95%CI：29.8%~31.9%）］高于女性［24.2%（95%CI：23.3%~25.1%）］,农村［29.4%（95%CI：28.4%~30.3%）］高于城市［25.7%（95%CI：24.4%~27.1%）］,华北地区［33.3%（95%CI：31.5%~35.2%）］和东北地区［32.7%（95%CI：28.1%~37.4%）］高于其他地区,组间差异均有统计学意义（P<0.000 1）。高血压患者的患病知晓率、治疗率和控制率分别为41.0%（95%CI：39.7%~42.4%）、34.9%（95%CI：33.6%~36.1%）和11.0%（95%CI：10.2%~11.8%）,女性和城市高血压患者的患病知晓率、治疗率和控制率均分别高于男性和农村居民（P<0.000 1）。未诊断高血压的居民中,41.9%（95%CI：40.7%~43.2%）曾在近3个月内主动或被动测量血压。结论 中国成年居民较高的高血压患病水平和较低的血压测量率,以及高血压患者未见明显改善的知晓、治疗和控制状况,提示高血压防治工作从危险因素干预到患者管理的各个环节仍有待加强,尤其是农村地区。     

Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in Japanese rural communities]

BACKGROUND: In Japan, a national survey indicated that only 7% of hypertensive patients had a blood pressure less than 140/90 mmHg. There have been no reports of studies investigating all of the prevalence of hypertension, the percentage of subjects who are aware of hypertension, the percentage being treated, and the percentage that are well-controlled (awareness, treatment and control, respectively) among hypertensives in the Japanese general population. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of hypertension, and awareness, treatment and control of hypertension among hypertensives in a Japanese rural population. DESIGN: A cross-sectional analysis of base-line data of the Jichi Medical School Cohort Study. SETTING: Twelve rural communities is 8 prefectures in Japan. PARTICIPANTS: Community-dwelling people who participated in the health examination program in 1992-1995. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Blood pressure (BP) measured once in the sitting position after a 5-minute rest using oscillometric automatic BP monitors (BP203RV-II; Nippon Colin, Japan), and history of hypertension assessed using a self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: We analyzed data from 11,302 subjects (4,415 men and 6,887 women). The mean (standard deviation) age was 55(12) years for men and 55(11) years for women. Mean systolic BP and diastolic BP levels were, respectively, 131(21) mmHg and 79(12) mmHg for men and 128(21) mmHg and 76(12) mmHg for women. Prevalence of hypertension (systolic BP > or = 140 mmHg or diastolic BP > or = 90 mmHg or on antihypertensive medication) was 37% for men and 33% for women. Percentages for awareness (on medication or present past history), treatment and control (both systolic BP < 140 mmHg and diastolic BP < 90 mmHg) were, respectively, 39%, 27% and 10% for men and 46%, 38% and 13% for women. CONCLUSIONS: About one third of the study popUlation were hypertensive, and awareness, treatment and control of hypertension among the hypertensives were 43%, 34% and 12%, respectively. Less than half of the hypertensives were well-controlled even when measurement bias was considered. In the rural Japanese population, improvements are required with regard to awareness, treatment and control of hypertension.     

Prevalence, detection, and control of hypertension in a biethnic community. The San Antonio Heart Study

A survey was carried out on a random sample of 1,288 Mexican Americans and 929 Anglos living in three socially distinct neighborhoods in San Antonio, Texas. Hypertension was defined as diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 95 mmHg or currently taking antihypertensive medication. Overall age-adjusted prevalence rates of hypertension were similar for Mexican-American and Anglo men (10.0 and 9.8%, respectively); for women, the Mexican-American rate was slightly lower than that for Anglos (7.8 and 9.7%, respectively). After adjustment for obesity differences, Mexican Americans have a tendency toward lower hypertension rates than Anglos of the same socioeconomic level. Only among women was a decline in the prevalence of hypertension with increasing socioeconomic status observed. Mexican Americans have a higher proportion of newly diagnosed hypertension, and, among previously diagnosed cases, a lower proportion are on antihypertensive medication than Anglos. The rates of hypertension control found in this survey are among the highest reported in the United States at the community level. Despite this, Mexican Americans still lag somewhat behind Anglos of the same socioeconomic level in awareness, treatment, and degree of hypertension control, suggesting the possibility of sociocultural barriers to adequate medical care.     

宁夏农村成年人群高血压患病率、知晓率、治疗率和控制率现况分析

目的评估宁夏回族自治区农村成年人群高血压患病、治疗和控制现况。方法采用分层整群抽样的流行病学调查方法,将调查地区按经济状况分为好、差两层,利用随机抽样方法确定两个调查市(固原市和吴忠市),从抽到的市中随机选取一个乡镇,将抽中的乡镇中的全部自然村按民族聚居分为回族自然村和汉族自然村两层,采用整群抽样方法,在样本乡镇的全部回族自然村和汉族自然村中,随机抽取一个自然村作为调查单元,对抽中的自然村25～74岁(10岁为一个年龄组)且居住四代及以上居民进行调查,回汉各半,男女各半。采用标准问卷询问高血压病史以及高血压的治疗情况。调查人数3324人,对全部样本测定体重指数和血压等,运用《中国高血压防治指南》2004年诊断标准对高血压分类并对资料进行分析。结果宁夏农村成年人群高血压患病率为28.5%,经WH0世界标准人口年龄构成WASR(2000-2025)标化后高血压患病率为15.8%。在高血压患者中有299人(31.5%)高血压患者知道患有高血压,129人(13.6%)高血压患者服用降压药物,24人(2.7%)高血压患者血压得到控制。女性高血压的知晓率36.4%高于男性24.6%(P=0.005)。回族高血压知晓率低于汉族,但治疗率和控制率与汉族比较均无统计学意义(分别为26.8%、11.9%、2.1%vs36.4%、15.4%、3.2%)(P=0.019,P=0.097,P=0.209)。结论宁夏农村成年人群具有较高的高血压患病率,以中青年人群为主;高血压患者中的知晓率、治疗率和控制率均较全国水平较低。     

Health risk behaviours, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension among rural community people in Thailand

This cross-sectional study aimed to assess health risk behaviours, prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension and associated factors among Thai rural community people. 527 people, aged 35-60 years, were randomly sampled and interviewed. Two blood pressure (BP) measurements were assessed by standardized protocol. Hypertension was defined as a mean systolic BP > or = 140 mmHg or diastolic BP > or = 90 mmHg. 76.9% lacked regular exercise, 28.5% were current alcohol drinkers, and 23.7% were current smokers. The prevalence of hypertension was 17.8%. Among the hypertensive cases, 64.9% (61/94) were aware of their high BP, 42.6% (26/61) were treated, and 42.3% (11/26) achieved BP control (< 140/ 90 mmHg). Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated four variables significantly associated with hypertension: age > 40 years (adjusted OR = 4.20, 95% CI 1.93-9.11), married status (adjusted OR = 0.48, 95% CI 0.26-0.89), family history of hypertension (adjusted OR = 2.39, 95% CI 1.40-4.07), and BMI > 23.0 kg/m2 (adjusted OR = 3.41, 95% CI 1.80-6.45). Lifestyle modification programs are needed to prevent hypertension.     

云南芒市傣族居民高血压患病、治疗、 控制及自我管理现状分析

摘要:目的　了解云南省芒市傣族居民的高血压患病率、知晓率、治疗率、控制率及自我管理现状。方法　采用分层随机抽样的方法在云南省德宏州芒市抽取1379名≥35岁的傣族居民通过问卷调查和血压测量。结果　芒市傣族居民高血压的患病率、知晓率、治疗率和控制率分别为55.2%、42.0%、33.1%和5.4%,其中男性分别为58.9%、36.4%、26.2%、4.0%;女性分别为51.6%、48.2%、40.6%、7.1%;男性的高血压患病率高于女性（χ2＝7.47,P＜0.05）,而女性的知晓率和治疗率均高于男性（χ2＝11.07、χ2＝17.92,P＜0.05）。傣族高血压患者中,按医嘱服药者占75.9%;按医嘱定期测量血压者占69.1%;女性服药依从性优于男性（χ2＝9.19,P＜0.05）。在最近两周内采取的降压措施中,控制体重或减肥者占15.7%;清淡饮食者占75.3%;增加锻炼者占11.1%;戒烟者占5.7%;戒酒或减少喝酒者占28.4%;女性采取饮食控制措施的比例高于男性（χ2＝37.63,P＜0.05）。结论　芒市傣族居民的高血压患病率较高,而知晓率、治疗率、控制率及自我管理行为仍然处于较低水平,应该加强对当地高血压危险因素及危害的宣传教育力度。     

Trends in hypertension prevalence and management in Southwestern France, 1985-1996

The changes occurring in Southwestern France between 1985 and 1996 in hypertension prevalence, awareness and control were assessed in 622 men and 626 women for 1985 and in 614 men and 569 women for 1996. In women, prevalence of hypertension (defined as systolic blood pressure 160 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure 95 mmHg and/or presence of antihypertensive treatment) was 19% and 19% (NS), awareness was 67% and 87% (P < 0.001), treatment was 85% and 87% (NS) and control was 44% and 68% (P < 0.01) in the first and the second surveys, respectively. In men, prevalence of hypertension was 28% and 21% (P < 0.01), awareness was 47% and 71% (P < 0.001), treatment was 81% and 80% (NS) and control was 41% and 58% (NS). After stratifying on survey, women received significantly more beta-blockers and significantly less calcium channel blockers and ACE inhibitors than men, but those differences became nonsignificant after adjusting for other cardiovascular risk factors. We conclude that in Southwestern France, screening and management of hypertension have improved significantly, but more than one-third of treated hypertensive subjects still lacks adequate control.     

Blood pressure and risk of renal cell carcinoma in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition

Elevated blood pressure has been implicated as a risk factor for renal cell carcinoma (RCC), but prospective studies were confined to men and did not consider the effect of antihypertensive medication. The authors examined the relation among blood pressure, antihypertensive medication, and RCC in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Blood pressure was measured in 296,638 women and men, recruited in eight European countries during 1992-1998, 254,935 of whom provided information on antihypertensive medication. During a mean follow-up of 6.2 years, 250 cases of RCC were identified. Blood pressure was independently associated with risk of RCC. The relative risks for the highest versus the lowest category of systolic (>/=160 mmHg vs. <120 mmHg) and diastolic (>/=100 mmHg vs. <80 mmHg) blood pressures were 2.48 (95% confidence interval: 1.53, 4.02) and 2.34 (95% confidence interval: 1.54, 3.55). Risk estimates did not significantly differ according to sex or use of antihypertensive medication. Individuals taking antihypertensive drugs were not at a significantly increased risk unless blood pressure was poorly controlled. These results support the hypothesis that hypertension, rather than its medications, increases the risk of RCC in both sexes, while effective blood pressure control may lower the risk.     

福建建阳农村居民高血压知晓、治疗、控制情况及危险度评估

目的了解建阳农村居民高血压危险度及高血压的患病率、知晓率、治疗和控制现状。方法随机抽取建阳市农村地区8个村，年龄35～74岁的常住居民773人，测量血压、身高、体重，检测空腹血糖、血脂并收集其他相关资料。结果建阳市农村居民高血压患病率为23．42％，高血压患病率随着年龄增长而显著上升（P〈0．01）；高血压患者中，22．65％知道自己患有高血压，9．94％正在服用降压药，1．10％（2人）血压得到控制（〈140／90mmHg）。高血压患者并存的心血管病危险因素如高龄、血脂异常、肥胖等所占百分率，显著高于非高血压患者（P〈0．01）；高血压患者中，中危占57．46％，低危、高危和很高危分别占11．05％，12．71％和18．78％。结论建阳农村居民高血压知晓率偏低，而且治疗和控制率很低，高血压危险度评估以中危为主，应加强对高血压患者的综合干预力度。     

湘西少数民族地区高血压知晓率、治疗率和控制率现状及其影响因素

  目的   了解湘西少数民族地区高血压知晓率、治疗率和控制率现状, 探讨其可能的影响因素。   方法   应用多阶段随机抽样方法抽取湘西少数民族地区≥35岁的428名个体进行调查, 分析高血压患者高血压知晓、治疗和控制情况, 并采用多因素Logistic回归分析模型分析其可能的影响因素。   结果   湘西少数民族地区高血压患病率、知晓率、治疗率和控制率分别为52.34%(95% CI:47.6%~57.1%)、59.38%(95% CI:52.9%~65.9%)、44.20%(95% CI:37.6%~50.8%)和8.48%(95% CI:4.8%~12.2%)。多因素Logistic回归分析模型结果显示, 年龄是高血压知晓率、治疗率和控制率的共同影响因素(均有P < 0.05)。男性(OR=2.481, 95% CI:1.308~4.703)高血压知晓率低于女性; 超重者和每年至少测量一次血压者其高血压知晓率和治疗率较高(均有P < 0.05)。而有慢性疾病史者(OR=0.269, 95% CI:0.090~0.808)高血压控制率高于无慢性疾病史者。   结论   湘西少数民族地区35岁及以上居民高血压知晓率、治疗率和控制率总体上仍处于较低水平, 尤其是血压控制率低。     

2010年上海市15岁以上居民高血压流行现状

[目的]了解上海市15岁以上居民高血压流行现状。[方法]于2010年8—9月采用多阶段分层概率随机抽样的方法,对15808名常住居民进行问卷调查和血压测量,最终获得有效问卷15732份。[结果]通过人口加权,被调查人群的平均收缩压和平均舒张压分别为129．05mmHg（95％CI：128．47-129．63mmHg）、79．71mmHg（95％C,：79．44～79．99mmHg）;高血压患病率为31．15％（95％CI：29．79％-32．54％）、疾病知晓率为74．19％（95％CI：71．93％。76-33％）、治疗率为59．95％（95％C1：57．58％-62．28％）、控制率为30．59％（95％C1：28．32％～32．96％）。知晓率、治疗率和控制率为中心城区高于非中心城区、女性高于男性,差别均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。[结论]上海市15岁以上居民平均血压偏高,患病情况严重。知晓率水平较高,治疗率、控制率水平需进一步提升。     

机关工作人员高血压患者知晓及患病情况调查

目的了解我区机关工作人员中高血压患病、治疗及血压控制情况,为高血压的防治提供依据。方法对参加健康体检的807名机关工作人员进行血压测定、病史采集和问卷调查,分析不同年龄组人群高血压患病情况、高血压人群对自身是否患有高血压的知晓情况、服用降压药治疗情况及血压控制效果。结果我区机关工作人员高血压患病率为33.71%,其中,男性36.21%、女性18.02%,男性明显高于女性(P<0.01);高血压患者知晓自己患有高血压的知晓率为63.60%,服降压药治疗率为38.24%;服降压药的高血压患者中,血压控制在≤120/80mmHg的占35.58%,血压控制在121~139/81~89mmHg的占32.69%,血压≥140/90mmHg的占31.73%。结论我区机关工作人员中高血压患病率高,知晓率、服药治疗率及血压控制率虽高于文献报道,但仍有待进一步提高。     

六安市城乡社区老年人高血压服药现状及影响因素分析

目的 了解城乡社区老年人高血压服药情况及其影响因素。方法 选取安徽省六安市城乡两个社区共1 080名老年人为研究对象进行问卷调查和体检。结果 1 080名老年中共分析了1 029例血压测量完整资料,其中高血压患者669例,高血压服药率为43.6%（292/669）,知晓率为68.9%（461/669）,知晓中的服药率为63.3%（292/461）。城市高血压患者的服药率高于农村,差异具有统计学意义（χ2=216.267,P<0.001）;男女高血压患者服药率差别无统计学意义（χ2=0.122,P=0.727）;高血压患者服药率随年龄的增长而升高,差别无统计学意义（χ2=5.581,P=0.061）。多元Logistic回归分析显示,城市患者服药的可能性是农村患者的8.290倍（95%CI:4.809~14.290,P<0.001）,国企和专业技术人员、商业和服务人员患者服药的可能性分别是农林人员的1.959倍（95%CI:1.067~3.597,P=0.030）和2.906倍（95%CI:1.297~6.513,P=0.010）,有高血压家族史患者服药的可能性是无高血压家族史患者的1.571倍（95%CI:1.053~2.343,P=0.027）。结论 城乡社区老年高血压患者服药率偏低,特别是无高血压家族史和农村的老年患者。应重点干预他们进而提高其服药率。     

Isolated systolic hypertension in 14 communities

In the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program, 158,906 individuals from 14 communities around the United States had their blood pressure measured in their homes in 1972-1973. Of the total population screened, 2.4% had isolated systolic hypertension (systolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 160 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure less than 90 mmHg). Isolated systolic hypertension was present for 0.5% of those aged 30-39 years and 6.8% among those aged 60-69 years. The prevalence in blacks and women was greater than the prevalences in both whites and men. The prevalence among those taking antihypertensive medications at the time of screening was 6.1%, and 1.9% among those not on antihypertensive medications. From the individuals with "normal" diastolic blood pressure on the single home measurement (less than 90 mmHg), a random sample of 5,032 individuals were followed for mortality for eight years. Prevalence of isolated systolic hypertension was similar in this sample to that in the total. Among those not on antihypertensive medications, 8-year life table all-cause mortality rates adjusted for age, race, and sex were 17.6% for those with systolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 160 mmHg and 7.7% for those with systolic blood pressure greater than 160 mmHg. Among this population, all of whom had a diastolic blood pressure less than 90 mmHg, a multiple logistic analysis adjusting for baseline treatment status, age, race, sex, education, smoking, weight, pulse, physical activity, and systolic blood pressure revealed that each millimeter increase in systolic blood pressure was associated with approximately a 1% increase in mortality over the eight years of follow-up (p less than 0.05). Isolated systolic hypertension is both relatively common and a significant risk factor for subsequent mortality.     

Prevalence and control of arterial hypertension in the south-east of Spain: A radical but still insufficient improvement

Stroke mortality rates in Spain are one of the highest in all of Europe. At the same time, the Murcia region (south-east Spain) shows, for both genders, the highest age-adjusted stroke mortality rates in all of Spain. The earliest available hypertension figure estimations for this area go back to 1981, when a high prevalence combined with an almost nonexistent control was detected. One decade later, updated prevalence estimations of hypertension are presented jointly with their degree of control and their association with other risk factors based on the results of a prevalence survey in a random population sample (n = 3,091). Arterial blood pressure was measured following the MONICA protocol, maintaining a tight quality control on between and within-observer variability. As hypertensive was considered as any person with systolic blood pressure (SBP) 140 mmHg or with diastolic blood pressure (DBP) 90 mmHg or with antihypertensive pharmacological treatment. Detected prevalence rises to 32.3% (CI 95%: 29.1%–35.5%) among males and to 23.7% (CI 95%: 21.4%– 26%) among females, maintaining its level regarding figures observed back in 1981. However, its control has been increased, especially among hypertensive women [from less than 5% in 1981 to 35% (95% CI: 32%–37.8%) at present]. Hypertension is strongly associated to hipercholesterolemia, overweight, obesity and diabetes (p < 0.01). On the contrary, it shows an opposite association with current smoking, higher educational level and leisure time physical activity (p < 0.01). The highest educational level was associated with better hypertension treatment and control. In summary, while hypertension prevalence is stabilized in our population, its control has improved in a measurable but still insufficient way. These results are in accordance with a decreasing trend in stroke mortality registered in the Murcia Region along the last decade.