国产支架支气管肺减容术在绵羊肺气肿模型中的初步应用

目的评价经气道国产单向活瓣支架肺减容术治疗肺气肿动物模型的放送技术和稳定性。方法应用局部气管内滴注木瓜蛋白酶方法复制6个月龄绵羊不均一肺气肿模型,经纤维支气管镜通过导丝和放送装置在肺气肿亚段放入1、2个单向活瓣支架,术后8周处死动物取出完整肺组织,在萎陷区、非萎陷区和对侧正常肺组织分别取材,观察大体及光镜下病理学改变。结果7只绵羊气肿模型,共放置支架10支,9支均成功植入。病理观察1只出现肺部炎症细胞浸润,2只植入支架处支气管壁有少量纤维母细胞、平滑肌细胞及支气管粘膜上皮细胞增生,4只未见明显异常。CT检查支架远端、肺组织大体标本和光镜下均证实存在肺不张。结论经纤维支气管镜植入单向活瓣支架行肺减容术治疗肺气肿创伤小,支架对气管壁的刺激小,可以达到外科肺减容术的效果。     

经纤维支气管镜肺减容术动物实验中的病理学观察

目的通过观察绵羊肺气肿模型经纤维支气管镜肺减容术(bronchoscopic lung volume reduction,BLVR)术后的病理学改变,验证自行研发单向活瓣支架的安全性及有效性。方法选正常成年雌性绵羊9只制成肺气肿模型,随机选择1只处死经病理证实肺气肿,另8只于靶叶肺段或亚段支气管开口处置入记忆金属单向活瓣支架,其中前3例未予抗炎治疗,另5例围手术期抗炎治疗。饲养8周后处死动物,观察其肺组织的病理学改变。结果前3例中1例有肺不张形成,另2例为阻塞性肺炎;其余5例均有肺不张形成,未发生阻塞性肺炎,其中2例肺组织形成纤维化瘢痕;全部实验动物均可见支气管黏膜上皮轻度损伤,黏膜下少量急慢性炎细胞浸润及少量纤维母细胞增生,未见新生肉芽组织及瘢痕。结论由该课题组自行研发的记忆金属单向活瓣支架有较好的组织相容性,对支气管黏膜损伤小,经抗炎治疗可保证活瓣的引流功能,活瓣远端肺组织可形成萎陷、实变、甚至纤维化,从而减少气肿肺的死腔面积,以达到肺减容的目的。     

经纤维支气管镜介入肺减容术治疗重度COPD(附1例报道)

纤维支气管镜肺减容术（bronchoscopic lung volume reduction，BLVR）是使用纤维支气管镜在支气管内放置活瓣支架以形成医源性肺不张，从而达到内科肺减容的目的。其方法简单、微创，近年来发展迅速。目前，国外报道处于多中心试验阶段。我们应用纤维支气管镜介入肺减容术，在动物实验中治疗肺气肿的安全性和有效性的基础上，获得医学伦理委员会批准后应用国产单向活瓣支架于2006—05进行了1例临床试验，现报道如下。     

支气管镜肺减容术在极重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病中的应用

目的总结采用Zephyr单向活瓣进行支气管镜肺减容术治疗的极重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者的临床资料,提高临床医师对该技术的理解和认识。方法患者男性,52岁,肺减容术前FEV1占预计值19.3%,诊断为慢性阻塞性肺疾病(极重度)。胸部CT显示双侧非均质性肺气肿。采用ChartisR系统测定肺旁路通气,结合同位素肺通气/灌注测定结果选择肺减容的靶肺叶。采用可弯曲支气管镜行单向活瓣肺减容术。结果于右上叶B1、B2、B3段支气管置入Zephyr活瓣共3枚。术后1和8个月复查肺功能显示FEV1、FVC、DLco增加,RV下降,6 min步行试验由术前的210 m增加到术后8个月的400 m。复查胸部CT示右肺上叶局限性肺膨胀不全,右上叶肺容积缩小。术后无不良事件发生。结论采用Zephyr单向活瓣的支气管肺减容术是治疗经过严格筛选的极重度COPD的一项安全有效的方法。     

经支气管镜植入活瓣肺减容术治疗重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病的护理

目的探讨经支气管镜植入活瓣肺减容术治疗重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病的临床护理方法。方法对6例重度[第一秒用力呼气量(FEV1)预计值的50%]COPD患者行经支气管镜植入活瓣(EBV)肺减容术,同时加强术前、术中及术后的护理;观察患者预后。结果 6例患者的手术均顺利完成,术后呼吸困难都有所缓解。随访1年均未出现支架破碎、活瓣咳出、严重肺部感染等情况。结论全面优质的护理对促进经支气管镜植入活瓣肺减容术的顺利进行,减少术后并发症发生,提高临床治疗效果意义重大。     

高龄慢性阻塞性肺病患者经气管镜肺减容术的疗效与安全性探讨

目的报告1例高龄慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)患者成功经气管镜活瓣置入施行肺减容术治疗肺气肿,并就该技术的适应证和安全性进行探讨。方法对1例80岁患者按COPD诊疗指南进行病情评估,予以高分辨CT、肺功能和6 min步行试验检查,确定其病情分级为D级,肺功能重度损害,有不均质肺气肿,符合肺减容手术适应证。予常规气管镜检查准备后,经鼻腔插入气管镜,使用Chartis导管插入侧枝通气各肺叶段检测后,选择左下叶内前基底段予以支气管单向活瓣置入。结果患者良好耐受手术。单向活瓣置入位于左下叶内前基底段开口处,活瓣固定良好,随患者呼吸运动开闭正常。术后患者胸闷症状有所减轻,6 min步行距离增加。手术一周后胸片检查,活瓣无移位,活瓣远端肺透亮度较前降低。结论高龄重度肺功能损坏慢性阻塞性肺病患者可使用单向活瓣置入术经气管镜肺减容术治疗,该技术需要更多病例应用并长期观察以进一步确定其有效性和安全性。     

Chartis肺评估系统辅助下经支气管镜单向活瓣置入治疗巨大张力性肺大泡的护理

<正>慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是一组常见的慢性呼吸道疾病,病情进展至肺气肿时,往往因肺泡壁变薄,扩大的肺泡腔破裂而形成肺大泡,进而影响肺功能[1]。COPD合并较大肺大泡患者一般可通过外科肺减容手术治疗。巨大张力性肺大泡患者行外科肺减容手术存在风险大、并发症多、术后恢复慢、住院时间长、病死率高等缺点,因此,临床上不建议行外科肺减容手术。支气管镜单向活瓣置入肺减容术是一种支气管镜直视下在靶肺叶段     

一例介入肺减容术治疗的护理

慢性阻塞性气肿(COPD)是一种常见的慢性肺部疾病,病程迁延,反复性发作。临床中多以保守治疗或外科手术治疗为主。我院于2006年5月首次应用经纤维支气管镜单向活瓣支架介入肺减容术(BILVR)治疗肺气肿,取得成功,现将手术配合体会报告如下。     

胸腔镜双侧肺减容术治疗重度肺气肿(附26例报告)

目的：研究胸腔镜双侧肺减容术对重度肺气肿的手术适应症和临床疗效。总结胸腔镜治疗重度肺气肿的临床经验。方法：选择26例重度肺气肿患者，用胸腔镜采用带牛心包的直线切割缝合器切除过度膨胀而破坏的无功能的肺组织。每侧肺切除其容量的20％－30％。结果：术后呼吸困难明显减轻或消失；92％患者呼吸困难指数从4－5级转为1－2级。肺功能1秒时间肺活量（FEV1）增加40.1%。残气量（RV）和肺总量（TLC）分别下降27.3%和22．8％。动脉血氧分压平均上升13．2mmHg。上述指标术后与术前比差异有极显著意义（P＜0．001）。结论：胸腔双侧肺减容术是治疗重度肺气肿的新技术和有效的治疗方法，特别是靶区明明确的泡性肺气肿是胸腔镜肺减容术的最佳适应证。     

支气管镜肺减容术治疗重度肺气肿的临床疗效与护理

目的探讨支气管镜肺减容术治疗重度肺气肿的临床效果。方法选取2016年3月至2018年10月我院收治的支气管镜行肺减容术治疗重度肺气肿患者60例为研究对象,记录患者治疗前后的各项肺功能指标变化、生活质量。结果治疗后患者的肺活量(FEV)、肺总量(TLC)、残气量(RV)、动脉血氧分压(PaO_2)、动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO_2)、10 min步行距离较治疗前均有改善;治疗后患者的生活质量(QOL)评分较治疗前有大幅度提高,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论支气管镜肺减容术治疗重度肺气肿时实施护理干预,能加快患者肺功能的恢复,改善其生活质量,值得临床推广应用。     

Elastic properties of the centrilobular emphysematous space

Bronchograms were performed using finely particulate lead on emphysematous lungs obtained at necropsy. X-ray films were taken of these lungs at distending pressures of 0, 5, 10, and 20 cm H(2)O. The volumes of individual centrilobular emphysematous spaces were calculated at each distending pressure from measurements made on these bronchograms and pressure-volume curves were constructed for each space. The pressure-volume characteristics of seven normal lungs and one lung with centrilobular emphysema was also measured. The normal lungs, the lung with centrilobular emphysema, and the centrilobular emphysematous spaces were compared by expressing the volume of air contained in them at each distending pressure as a per cent of the volume contained at 20 cm H(2)O distending pressure. We conclude that centrilobular emphysematous spaces have a high residual volume, are less compliant than normal lung tissue, and are much less compliant than the emphysematous lungs which contain them. Furthermore, these spaces undergo little volume change in the tidal breathing range and probably add a relatively nondistensible series dead space to the surrounding lung parenchyma.     

Effect of removal of bullae on airway conductance and conductance volume ratios

Airway conductance is known to increase with an increase in the lung volume at which it is measured, owing to a change in transpulmonary pressure and lung tissue tension. We investigated the effect of surgical resection of lung tissue on functional residual capacity and airway conductance in patients with localized lung disease (i.e., carcinoma or tuberculosis) and in patients with lung cysts or bullous emphysema. In four out of five of the patients who had resection of one or more lobes of the lung to remove localized disease there was a reduction both in the airway conductance and in the functional residual capacity with relatively little change in the conductance volume ratio.By contrast, in all patients who underwent bullectomy, there was a decrease in functional residual capacity but an increase in airway conductance, and an increase in the conductance/volume ratio. This change was sustained in patients who had had localized cysts removed. However, the measurements gradually reverted toward preoperative values in those patients who had generalized emphysema.The increase in airway conductance after resection of blebs and bullae presumably was due to improved lung elastic pressure causing the airways to increase in diameter and conductance. In addition, some patients may have experienced relief of compression of neighboring airways.     

Bronchoscopic Lung Volume Reduction: A New Hope for Patients With Severe Emphysema and Air Trapping

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is common and has significant morbidity and mortality as the fourth leading cause of death in the United States. In many patients, particularly those with emphysema, COPD is characterized by markedly increased residual volume contributing to exertional dyspnea. Current therapies have limited efficacy. Surgical resection of diseased areas of the lung to reduce residual volume was effective in identified subgroups but also had significant mortality in and suboptimal cost effectiveness. Lung-volume reduction, using bronchoscopic techniques, has shown substantial benefits in a broader patient population with less morbidity and mortality. This review is meant to spread the awareness about bronchoscopic lung-volume reduction and to promote its consideration and early referral for patients with advanced COPD and emphysema frequently encountered by both primary care physicians and specialists. A search was conducted on PubMed (MEDLINE), EMbase, and Cochrane library for original studies, using the following keywords: “lung-volume reduction.” “endobronchial valves,” “intrabronchial valves,” “bronchoscopic lung-volume reduction,” and “endoscopic lung-volume reduction.” We included reports from systematic reviews, narrative reviews, clinical trials, and observational studies. Two reviewers evaluated potential references. A total of 27 references were included in our review. Included studies report experience in the diagnosis and bronchoscopic treatment for emphysema; case reports and non-English or non-Spanish studies were excluded.     

The presence of emphysema further impairs physiologic function in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

BACKGROUND: Emphysema, especially in the upper lobes, is frequently observed in association with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). However, the combination of emphysema plus IPF has received little attention. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the additional functional impairment from emphysema in IPF patients. METHODS: Twenty-one patients (mean age 66 y, 20 men) (Group I) who had both IPF (mean 35% of total lung volume) and emphysema (mean 14% of total lung volume) were compared to a group of 21 subjects who had IPF but no emphysema (Group II). The groups were matched for (among other criteria) the total extent of disease. Pulmonary function tests, Medical Research Council dyspnea score, 6-min walk test, and radiographic extents of both IPF and emphysema were obtained for each patient. The Composite Physiologic Index was calculated. In the total population (n = 42), the independent contributions of IPF and emphysema to several physiologic variables were investigated by using stepwise multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: Despite the limited extent of emphysema, Groups I and II had similar physiologic impairment. Only residual volume and total lung capacity were significantly higher in Group I. According to stepwise multiple regression analysis, the extent of IPF and either the presence or the extent of emphysema in the total population were independent and significant predictors of dyspnea score, 6-min walk test, P(aO2), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV(1)), forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV1/FVC, the diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide, carbon monoxide diffusing capacity adjusted for alveolar volume (gas-transfer coefficient), and residual volume. The Composite Physiologic Index was closely related to the extent of IPF (r = 0.65, p < 0.0001) and to the dyspnea score (rho = 0.59, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: In former smokers with IPF, the presence and the extent of emphysema have a profound influence on physiologic function in terms of both further impairment and confounding effects.     

Effects of inhalation injury on airway blood flow and edema formation

We measured airway blood flow in unanesthetized sheep under control conditions and after lung injury induced by inhalation of cotton smoke. Blood flows in trachea, carina, main stem bronchi, intraparenchymal bronchi, and whole lung were measured by injection of radioactive microspheres. In 10 control sheep mean blood flow (+/- SD) was trachea, 17.2 +/- 10.5; main stem bronchi, 17.5 +/- 7.6; and whole lung (parenchyma inclusive of all small intraparenchymal airways), 20.5 +/- 11.9 ml.min-1/100 gm tissue weight. After injury, measurements were made 8 to 30 hours after smoke inhalation when respiratory distress was evident by arterial oxygen tensions of less than 60 mm Hg. Inhalation injury had little effect on cardiac output or blood flow to peripheral tissue. However, after inhalation injury airway blood flow (n = 6) was increased nine times in trachea, eight times in main stem bronchi, twelve times in intraparenchymal bronchi, and two times in whole lung. The increased airway blood flow resulted from a selective vasodilation of the airway vasculature because arterial driving pressures were unchanged by inhalation injury. Other investigators have shown that the microvascular permeability of the bronchial circulation is remarkably sensitive to inflammation, and the present experiments suggest that a selective vasodilation of the airway vasculature is another aspect of the airway response to inflammation. Increased airway blood flow through a leaky microvasculature may increase capillary filtrate from the bronchial circulation and contribute to the pulmonary edema of inhalation injury.     

多层螺旋CT肺容积与肺密度指标与肺通气功能的相关性

目的 通过分析16层螺旋CT (MSCT)肺容积和肺密度指标与肺功能试验 (PFT)肺通气功能指标的相关性,观察MSCT检查评价肺功能的可行性.方法 对60例受检者行胸部MSCT及PFT检查.MSCT观察不同呼吸时相下肺容积和肺密度指标:深吸气末全肺容积(Vin)、深呼气末全肺容积(Vex)、肺容积差(Vin-Vex)、肺容积比(Vex/Vin)、深吸气末平均肺密度(MLDin)、深呼气末平均肺密度(MLDex)和肺密度差(MLDex-MLDin).PFT观察肺功能指标包括肺总量(TLC)、残气量(RV)、残气量与肺总量比(RV/TLC)、用力肺活量(FVC)、第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)和第1秒用力呼气容积与用力肺活量比(FEV1/FVC).结果 60例中,MSCT诊断正常肺部34例,肺气肿26例;PFT诊断正常肺部37例,肺气肿23例.MSCT肺容积指标与肺功能指标均呈不同程度的正相关,绝对指标Vin、Vex与PFT静态肺容积指标TLC、RV的相关性高于肺通气功能指标FVC、FEV1.MSCT肺密度指标与PFT静态肺容积指标呈负相关,与肺通气功能指标呈正相关.结论 MSCT肺容积和肺密度检测均能较好地判断患者肺功能状况,深呼气末CT扫描图像对肺气肿的诊断价值优于深吸气末.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病呼吸双相高分辨CT肺定量指标与肺功能相关性

目的探讨64排螺旋CT高分辨CT肺定量指标与肺功能检查各项指标的相关性及呼吸双相肺CT扫描对肺气肿的诊断价值。方法78例慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者分为轻度组8例,中度组28例,重度组26例与极重度组16例,4组均行呼吸双相全肺高分辨率CT检查,检测深吸气末、深呼气末肺密度、呼吸双相肺密度差及肺容积,分析肺密度与肺容积和肺功能各指标的相关性。结果4组深吸气末与深呼气末肺密度比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;4组第1秒用力呼气量（forced expiratory volume in one second, FEV1 ）、用力肺活量（forced vital capacity, FVC）及FEV1／FVC比值比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;随疾病严重程度增加,深吸气末与深呼气末肺容积均相应增加,但4组间比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉O．05）;胸部重建后深吸气末及深呼气末肺容积与FVC、FEV2、FEV1／FVC有明显相关性（P〈0．01）;深呼气末肺容积与残气量占最大肺总量百分比预计值间有明显相关性（P〈0．05）;深吸气相肺密度与FEV。／FVC、残气量值有明显相关性（P〈O．05）。结论64排螺旋CT呼吸双相高分辨率肺定量指标与肺功能测定具有良好相关性,可用于评价肺气肿严重程度。     

16层螺旋CT肺容积与肺密度指标与肺通气功能的相关性研究

目的通过分析16层螺旋CT（MSCT）肺容积和肺密度指标与肺通气功能指标的相关性,探讨MSCT与肺功能试验（PFT）指标的关系。方法选取64例受试者行胸部MSCT及PFT检查。MSCT观察不同呼吸时相下肺密度指标：深吸气末平均肺密度（MLDin）、深呼气末平均肺密度（MLDex）和肺密度差（MLDex-MLDin）,PFT观察肺功能指标包括肺总量（TLC）、残气量（RV）、残气量与肺总量比（RV/TLC）、用力肺活量（FVC）、第1秒用力呼气容积（FEV1）和第1秒用力呼气容积与用力肺活量比（FEV1/FVC）。结果 64名受试者依据CT肺气肿诊断标准,可分为MSCT肺气肿组40例和MSCT正常组24例,依据PFT肺气肿诊断标准,可分为PFT肺气肿组38例和PFT正常组26例。MSCT肺容积指标与肺功能指标均呈不同程度的正相关（P〈0.05）,绝对指标Vin、Vex与PFT静态肺容积指标TLC、RV的相关性高于肺通气功能指标FVC、FEV1。MSCT肺密度指标与PFT静态肺容积指标呈负相关（P〈0.05）,与肺通气功能指标呈正相关（P〈0.05）。结论 MSCT肺容积和肺密度指标与PFT肺通气功能指标有较好的相关性。MSCT检测能较好地判断患者肺功能状况,具有较好的临床应用的价值。