Successful percutaneous closure of a coronary artery fistula with a detachable balloon

Precutaneous transcatheter closure technique of a coronary artery fistula with a detachable balloon was performed for a 14 year old male student. Complete closure of the fistula without any complications was confirmed by angiography after the procedure. When the patient underwent a second angiography 6 months after the closure, it was confirmed that the position of the balloon had not changed, that the interruption of the flow of the fistula had been maintained and that the diameter of the left coronary artery and the fistula were reduced. Percutaneous closure technique using a detachable balloon may become the primary treatment for a coronary artery fistula in place of surgical ligation.     

经导管介入法治疗小儿先天性冠状动脉瘘9例

目的探讨经导管介入法治疗小儿先天性冠状动脉瘘的方法及效果。方法广东省人民医院2002年1月至2005年1月收治的先天性冠状动脉瘘患儿9例,先行心导管检查及选择性冠状动脉造影,显示瘘管的形态及引流情况,建立达到或通过瘘管欲堵闭处的输送轨道。6例瘘管最窄处内径≤3mm的病例选用可控弹簧圈进行堵闭,3例内径>3mm的病例应用Amplazter动脉导管堵闭器进行堵闭。结果8例堵闭成功,1例瘘管扭曲严重的病例堵闭失败而行外科手术。全部病例随诊2个月至3年,随诊中无并发症发生。结论经导管介入治疗冠状动脉瘘是一种创伤性小、疗效确切的方法,但必须严格掌握介入治疗适应证。     

Transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus using controlled-release coils

Controlled-release coils have become available recently for the closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Transcatheter closure of patent arterial ducts was attempted in 13 patients, ranging in age from 5 months to 15 years, mean 4.1 years. Implantation of controlled-release PDA coils was attempted via the femoral artery through 5 Fr catheters in all cases except one, in whom both the femoral arterial and venous routes were used. The procedure was successful in 10 of the 13 patients. In these, the pulmonary artery systolic pressure ranged between 25 and 42 mmHg and the duct diameter varied from 1.5 to 6 mm at its narrowest point. Six of the patients received a single coil. Two coils were inserted in three patients and three coils in one patient. In three patients the ducts were too large for safe release of the coils, despite attempted implantation of up to three coils simultaneously. These coils were easily withdrawn into the catheter Immediately at the end of the procedure, the duct was completely occluded in nine of the 10 patients, and in one patient there was a small residual flow. The procedure time varied between 35 min and 2.5 h, mean 81 min and the fluoroscopy time varied from 5 to 78 min, mean 25 min. None of the patients experienced hemorrhage, diminished lower extremity pulse, hemolysis or infection. In one patient, a 5 mm coil embolized into the right pulmonary artery soon after release. It was retrieved with a snare, then 8 mm and a 5 mm coil were implanted satisfactorily in the arterial duct. At follow-up by color Doppler echocardiography, the duct was completely occluded in all patients. Transcatheter closure of patent arterial ducts by controlled-release PDA coils is effective and safe. Even when more than one coil is inserted, it is still cheaper than transcatheter umbrella closure. This method is therefore of great value, particularly in less affluent countries.     

Spontaneous closure of a coronary artery fistula in childhood

Summary An infant with a symptomatic coronary artery fistula, documented by angiography, is presented. By age 5 years, clinical evidence of the fistula was no longer present. Repeat cardiac catheterization confirmed spontaneous closure of the coronary artery fistula. More information regarding the natural history of a coronary artery fistula is required before an elective surgical approach can be recommended in all asymptomatic children. Supported in part by Research Grants from the National Institute of Health. Training Grant HL 07413-03     

Failure of color flow mapping to identify coronary artery to pulmonary artery fistula

Summary A case of coronary artery to pulmonary artery fistula presented with the typical clinical findings of asymptomatic precordial continuous murmur and small left-to-right shunt. Echocardiography with color flow mapping failed to demonstrate the fistula on three occasions, including one study performed after angiographic demonstration of the fistula site. This case illustrates the importance of angiography in patients with unexplained continuous murmurs, even when echocardiographic and color flow mapping results are normal.     

A case of right coronary artery to left ventricle fistula: Two-dimensional echocardiographic study

Summary A 12-year-old boy with a decrescendo diastolic murmur maximal at the lower right sternal border was suspected of having a coronary arteriovenous fistula. Cardiac catheterization and angiography revealed a right coronary artery to left ventricle fistula with marked dilatation of the right coronary artery.This is the thirteenth case of this anomaly reported in the literature. Characteristic two-dimensional echocardiographic features of this case are presented. A markedly dilated right coronary artery was revealed by two-dimensional echocardiography to take a normal right coronary artery course and empty into the posteromedial portion of the left ventricle.This case indicates the possibility of visualizing a dilated peripheral portion of the right coronary artery using two-dimensional echocardiography.     

Embolization of a coronary fistula with a controlled delivery platinum coil in a 2-year-old

Summary Congenital coronary artery disorders are rare. Elective closure is proposed in view of the morbidity reported later in life. Excellent results have been reported with surgery, and recently catheter occlusions have been successful. We report the case of a 2-year-old girl whose coronary artery fistula was occluded with a special controlled delivery coil system.     

不同类型先天性冠状动脉瘘介入治疗随访研究

目的 评价儿童不同类型冠状动脉瘘(CAF)介入封堵治疗的近中期疗效、并发症及抗凝治疗方案。方法 回顾性分析2006 年1 月至2014 年1 月行CAF 介入封堵治疗的12 例患儿术前、造影及术后随访资料,记录不同类型CAF 的封堵方式、抗凝方案、术后并发症、辅助检查结果。结果 本组患儿年龄1~158 个月;近端型/中型4 例,近端型/大型5 例,远端型/中型3 例,均成功封堵;术后随访3.5±2.4 年;11 例患儿术后口服阿司匹林6 个月,1 例口服18 个月;无血栓、介入并发症,术后左心室射血分数、心胸比、肺动脉压下降,病变冠状动脉开口直径减小。结论 儿童期介入封堵治疗近端型和远端型/中型CAF 近中期疗效、安全性满意;术后阿司匹林抗凝治疗可预防近中期血栓事件,但疗程和安全性有待进一步随访研究。     

Congenital left coronary artery — right ventricular fistula

ABSTRACT. The case of a neonate with heart failure and myocardial ischaemia due to a large coronary artery fistula is reported. ECG monitoring and Thallium — 201 imaging indicated pre-operative myocardial ischaemia. The diagnosis was confirmed by cardiac catheterization. Successful surgical ligation of the fistula was performed at the age of 10 days and to our knowledge is the first successful ligation in the neonatal period. Follow up Thallium — 201 imaging was normal. Repeat cardiac catheterization demonstrated complete closure of the fistula and normal left ventricular function.     

Pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect with coronary artery to pulmonary artery fistula: Case report and review of the literature

The pulmonary blood supply in patients with pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect is highly variable. Several cases have been reported in the literature in which a coronary artery to pulmonary artery fistula, alone or in combination with additional vessels, supplies the pulmonary circulation. We report a case of successful repair during early infancy, with unique hemodynamic, clinical, and anatomic features. The literature is reviewed.     

Coronary artery fistula complicating the evaluation of Kawasaki disease

Summary Two patients clinically diagnosed with Kawasaki disease were found to have a coronary artery to pulmonary artery fistula. The dilemma of deciding the etiology of coronary artery dilatation in these patients is discussed along with management.     

Aneurysmal dilatation associated with arteriovenous fistula in a transplanted kidney after renal biopsies

AVF is a known complication of renal biopsy in both native and transplanted kidneys. A 20‐yr‐old woman with bilateral hypoplastic kidneys due to branchio‐oto‐renal syndrome had received living‐donor renal transplantation from her father at the age of 11. She had undergone allograft renal biopsies six times and all puncture sites were at the lower pole of her kidney from the first to the fifth biopsy. AVF with aneurysmal dilation (30 mm) had developed at the puncture site after the fifth biopsy. TAE was successfully performed with 11 platinum coils in the branch of the renal artery feeding the aneurysm. According to a review of the literature, the incidence of AVF is higher in transplanted kidneys than in native kidneys (7.5% vs. 2.1%) because transplanted kidneys, as single kidneys, are likely to be punctured repeatedly at the same site. When renal biopsy of a transplanted kidney is performed, previous biopsy puncture sites should be considered and the biopsy should be performed at a different site, if possible, to prevent the development of AVF.     

Surgical therapy of a coronary artery fistula draining into the left atrium

Coronary artery fistulas (CAFs) are rare vascular anomalies. We describe a case of CAF draining into the left atrium, combined with an atrial septum defect (ASD) and azygos continuity in a 3-year-old girl. Surgical therapy included closure of the ASD combined with closure of the CAF through a left atrial approach. Even though CAF can be treated by interventional means, surgical correction may be required in the presence of associated cardiac abnormalities.     

Arteriovenous fistula of the vertebral artery in a female infant with hypotonia and cephalocorporal disproportion

Background: Congenital arteriovenous fistulas are exceptional in childhood and imply a therapeutic challenge. Case report: A 9‐month‐old female infant was studied for cephalocorporal disproportion, hypotonia, progressive muscular atrophy and hyperreflexia. Computed tomography of the brain and electroencephalography were normal. Electromyographic patterns suggested proximal myopathic involvement. A continuous murmur with systolic reinforcement was audible in the neck. Angioresonance detected intracranial aneurysmal dilatations behind the bulbo‐medullary junction and cerebral panangiography evidenced a direct vertebrovertebral fistula with extra‐ and intra‐cranial varices and extreme medullary compression. Occlusion of the afferent vessel to the aneurismal sack was successfully achieved with a mixture of Histoacryl and 75% lipiodol via a microcatheter. Conclusion: Clinical signs of an arteriovenous fistula may be atypical. Considerable cephalocorporal disproportion and a bruit in the cervical or retromastoidal regions must suggest its existence. Complete obliteration with endovascular embolization permits somatic and neurological recovery.