大脑中动脉闭塞患者侧支循环与脑灌注研究

目的探讨大脑中动脉(MCA)闭塞患者脑侧支循环建立情况及其对脑灌注的影响。方法 46例单侧MCA闭塞患者,均行320排CT血管成像(CTA)联合CT灌注成像(CTP)检查,根据侧支循环分布状况分为侧支循环丰富组和侧支循环减少组,获取双侧MCA供血区的各项脑灌注参数值,即局部脑血流量(cerebral blood volume,CBV)、局部脑血容量(cerebral blood flood,CBF)、达峰时间(time to peak,TTP)及平均通过时间(mean transit time,MTT),用Rcbv、Rcbf、Rttp、Rmtt表示患侧与健侧各灌注参数的比值。对比分析健患两侧的脑灌注差异及两组患者脑灌注的不同。结果相比健侧,患侧MCA供血区TTP明显延长(P0.05),CBV、CBF略升高(P0.05),MTT略延长(P0.05)。侧支丰富组Rcbv、Rcbf均高于侧支减少组(P0.05),Rmtt低于侧支减少组(P0.05),Rttp高于侧支减少组(P0.05)。结论丰富的脑侧支循环可以有效地改善闭塞MCA远端缺血区脑组织的血流灌注。     

CT脑灌注联合血管成像在烟雾病血管重建术中的应用效果

目的观察CT脑灌注联合血管成像在烟雾病血管重建术中的应用效果。方法选取我院2014-01—2016-05收治的36例烟雾病患者,于术前、术后对所有患者行CT脑灌注联合血管成像检查,根据检查结果为血管重建制定合理的手术方案,对术前、术后侧额、颞叶的达峰时间(TTP)、平均通过时间(MTT)、脑血流量(CBF)、脑血容量(CBV)进行定性和定量测量,并进行对比分析。结果 36例患者中,1例行直接重建,术后侧额、颞叶CBF、CBV增加,TTP延长,MTT无显著变化,吻合血管通畅;35例行间接重建,术后侧额、颞叶CBF、CBV增加,TTP、MTT降低,侧支吻合血管形成,术后TTP、MTT平均值低于术前,CBF、CBV平均值高于术前,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 CT脑灌注联合血管成像应用于烟雾病血管重建术,术前可掌握患者靶组织的灌注状态、血管形态及脑组织缺血程度,术后可评判血管吻合情况和脑血流量改善情况,有利于手术方式的选择和术后疗效的观察,值得推广应用。     

计算机断层扫描灌注成像对颈内动脉重度狭窄支架成形术的术前指导及术后评价

目的 探讨计算机断层扫描灌注成像（computer tomography perfusion,CTP）结合数字减影血管造影（digital subtraction angiography,DSA）对颈内动脉重度狭窄支架成形术的术前适应证选择及术后血流变化评价的作用。方法 40例经DSA检查提示单侧颈内动脉重度狭窄患者,按照DSA检查结果对缺血部位代偿良好的20例患者行保守治疗,代偿不良的20例患者行狭窄部位支架成形术,行CTP检查,比较非手术组及手术组基线和术后1年的CT相对灌注参数,并比较手术组基线、术后7 d、术后1年的手术侧和健侧的绝对灌注参数。结果 手术组基线相对脑血流量（relative cerebral blood flow,rCBF）明显较非手术组降低,相对脑血容量（relative cerebral blood volume,rCBV）升高（P分别为0.018和0.015）,两组相对平均通过时间（relative mean transit time,rMTT）无差异,1年后手术组rMTT较非手术组低（P =0.012）,rCBF、rCBV差异无统计学意义;与健侧相比,手术组术前患侧基线平均通过时间（mean transit time,MTT）延迟、脑血流量（cerebral blood flow,CBF）减低、脑血容量（cerebral blood volume,CBV）增高,术后7 d患侧MTT缩短、CBF明显增加、CBV回落,术后1年MTT、CBF、CBV患侧与健侧相比更加接近,两组比较尽管有统计学意义（P =0.015、0.012、0.037）,但三个变量总体趋势逐渐接近;手术组术前、术后7 d、术后1年,不同时间点患侧与健侧绝对灌注参数变化有统计学意义（P =0.001,0.009,0.028）;支架成形与时间之间有交互作用（P =0.006,0.002,0.032）。结论 CTP结合DSA对颈动脉狭窄的患者合理选择手术适应证有一定指导作用。颈动脉支架成形术（carotid artery stenting,CAS）可以改善患者的脑血流状况。     

慢性脑供血不足患者脑血流变化的多层螺旋CT灌注成像研究

目的 探讨慢性脑供血不足(CCCI)患者脑血流变化的多层螺旋CT灌注成像(CTPI).方法 用64层螺旋CT对25例CCCI患者和20名正常对照者进行CTPI检查,感兴趣区(ROI)选择双侧豆状核、丘脑、额、颞、顶、枕叶、放射冠区,测量其脑血流量(CBF)、脑血容量(CBV)、平均通过时间(MTT)和达峰时间(TTP),并对两组结果进行比较.结果 与正常对照组比较,CCCI组各个脑区的CBF、CBV均显著降低(P＜0.05 ～0.01),MTT、TTP值的差异无统计学意义.CCCI组额叶、深部白质的CBF、CBV比其他脑区明显降低(均P＜0.05);而左右侧各脑区CTPI参数的差异均无统计学意义.结论 CCCI患者各脑区的CBF、CBV明显降低,以额叶和深部白质明显.     

幕上分水岭脑灌注与ICA狭窄程度的相关性研究

目的 应用CT灌注（computed tomography perfusion,CTP）成像技术探讨幕上各分水岭区血流灌注与颈内动脉（internal carotid artery,ICA）狭窄程度的相关性。方法 分析97例单侧ICA狭窄（≥50%）患者的临床及CTP资料,并以37例无血管狭窄（或单侧ICA狭窄<50%）患者为对照组。所有患者在入院后均行CT平扫、CTP及数字减影血管造影（digital subtraction angiography,DSA）检查,对称性选取双侧幕上各分水岭区,进行参数值的测量。分析不同狭窄程度组各分水岭区的灌注状态。结果 单侧ICA狭窄时,各个分水岭区患侧与健侧的平均通过时间（mean transit time,MTT）和达峰时间（time to peak,TTP）差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,患侧较健侧时间延长;仅在半卵圆中心患侧脑血流量（cerebral blood flow,CBF）较健侧明显降低,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;后角白质患侧脑血容量（cerebral blood volume,CBV）较健侧增加,差异有...     

颞叶占位性病变伴癫痫患者的手术治疗研究

目的探讨颞叶占位性病变伴癫痫患者手术治疗的疗效,分析多种致痫灶定位技术的联合应用对手术疗效的影响。方法回顾性分析31例颞叶占位性病变伴癫痫患者术前脑电图及术后随访资料,其中囊性占位7例,海绵状血管瘤6例,胶质瘤16例,其他病变2例;应用MRI、视频脑电图、脑磁图行致痫灶定位,术中应用皮质脑电图再次精确致痫灶范围后行前颞叶联合海马切除术,术后随访评估疗效。结果长程VEEG监测中,20例患者均有惯常发作和发作间期痫样放电,14例(14/20)患者发作间期痫样放电位于单侧颞叶及海马区,其中合并同侧额区放电5例。6例(6/20)患者发作间期放电位于双侧颞叶,其中合并单侧额区放电2例。8例(8/20)起源于左侧颞叶及海马区,12例(12/20)起源于右侧。MEG检查20例患者发作间歇期皆有痫样放电,检出率为100%,17例(17/20)患者单侧颞叶放电,其中合并同侧额区放电8例;3例(3/20)患者双颞放电。术后随访12~24个月:16例患者Ⅰ级,3例Ⅱ级,1例Ⅲ级,手术有效率100%,效果良好率95%。结论颞叶占位性病变伴癫痫患者的手术治疗疗效好,多种致痫灶定位技术的联合应用可提高手术疗效并有效减少术后并发症。     

脑CT灌注成像在早期重型颅脑损伤患者中的应用

目的探讨脑CT灌注成像在早期重型颅脑损伤患者中的应用。方法收集该院外伤致重型颅脑损伤患者106例(观察组)以及同期轻型脑外伤60例(对照组),均于伤后24 h内进行头颅256排CT灌注成像检查,并比较两组的脑血流灌注率(CBF)、脑血容量(CBV)和平均通过时间(MTT)及3个月后的预后情况等。结果观察组伤后24 h内脑基底节区、脑干、额叶、顶叶CBF低于对照组,MTT高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。基底节、脑干区、额叶、顶叶区CBF与格拉斯哥预后量表(GOS)评分呈正相关(rs=0.902,rs=0.891,rs=0.859,rs=0.786)。基底节丘脑区CBV与GOS评分有关。结论重型颅脑损伤患者早期的CBF值下降,MTT值延长,且CBF值与预后呈正相关,全脑CT灌注成像对早期判断重型颅脑损伤预后有一定临床应用价值。[国际神经病学神经外科学杂志, 2021, 48(2):149-153]     

椎动脉狭窄支架成型手术前后CT灌注影像研究

目的探讨椎动脉狭窄支架成型手术前后的CT灌注成像(CT perfusion,CTP)的影像学特点,为术前评估及术后评价提供诊断依据。方法回顾性分析50例椎动脉狭窄支架手术病人的临床资料,手术前后行CTP及CT血管成像(CT angiography,CTA)及全脑血管造影(digital substraction angiography,DSA)。检测病侧与健侧的平均通过时间(mean transmit time,MTT)、脑血流量(cerebral blood flow,CBF)、脑血容量(cerebral blood volume,CBV)并进行统计分析,同时对比病侧手术前后的影像特点。结果 50例病人术后狭窄均解除,无严重并发症。术前CTP发现35例灌注异常,阳性率70%;其中病侧与健侧CBF、MTT比较差异具有统计学意义(P 0.05)。其中31例(88.6%)术后病侧CTP较术前改善,手术前后CBF、MTT比较差异具有统计学意义(P 0.05);余4例无变化。结论 CTP较为敏感,可以反映后循环脑组织的缺血灌注状态,也可以用于椎动脉支架成型手术的术前评估、术后评价。     

症状性大脑中动脉狭窄率与组织灌注的相关性

目的 应用单一症状性M1段狭窄模型定量分析症状性大脑中动脉狭窄率与组织灌注的相关性.方法 从连续203例症状性颅内动脉狭窄选择性支架成形术患者中严格筛选所有单一M1段狭窄患者.所有患者均进行头颅CT、CT灌注(CTP)和DSA检查.根据CTP检查结果,测量两侧从前往后包括额叶、前分水岭、岛盖、颞叶、后分水岭和枕叶的各脑区CTP各参数.CTP参数包括平均通过时间(MTT)、脑血流量(CBF)和脑血容量(CBV).以健侧作为正常对照,计算患侧各脑区CTP参数相对值和判定患侧各脑区CTP各参数变化.根据DSA造影结果,肓法手工测量M1段狭窄率和判断侧支代偿动脉来源及侧支血流分级.对M1段狭窄率与患侧各脑区CTP各参数绝对值、相对值进行相关性分析.结果 20例患者入组,患侧M1段狭窄率平均为70.5%±10.6%(53%～91%).以对侧为对照,患侧额叶MTT正常,CBF正常,CBV升高;前分水岭MTT延长,CBF正常,CBV升高;岛盖MTT延长,CBF正常,CBV升高;颞叶MTT延长,CBF正常,CBV正常;后分水岭MTT延长,CBF下降,CBV正常;枕叶MTT正常,CBF正常,CBV正常.狭窄M1段供血相关脑区,从前往后各脑区血流灌注逐渐减低;而后分水岭是惟一处于血流失代偿期的脑区.所有患者DSA显示侧支代偿均主要来自大脑前动脉软脑膜支.M1段狭窄率与后分水岭区相对CBV正相关(r=0.66,P=0.002);与其余各脑区各CTP灌注参数均没有相关性.结论 症状性大脑中动脉狭窄患侧各脑区组织灌注水平受侧支代偿动脉的影响有明显空间分布效应;M1段狭窄率与血流失代偿期脑区相对CBV呈正相关,与血流代偿期脑区组织灌注没有相关性.

Abstract：

Objective To quantitatively analyze the correlation between stenosis ratio and cerebral perfusion in patients with solely symptomatic M1 stenosis of middle cerebral artery.Methods All the patients with solely symptomatic M1 stenosis of middle cerebral artery were selected to this study from consecutive 203 patients with elective stenting of symptomatic intracranial artery stenosis.Brain CT, CT perfusion (CTP) and DSA examinations were performed in all cases.The CTP parameters of mean transit time (MTT), cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral blood volume (CBV) were measured in regions of interest (ROIs) including bilateral frontal lobe, anterior watershed, opercula of the insula (including parsopercluaris and part of insula), temporal lobe, posterior watershed and occipital lobe.Compared with the unaffected side as control, the change of CTP and their relative CTP parameters in these ROIs at affected side were analyzed.Based on DSA data, the ratio of M1 stenosis was measured manually and blindly, the source of collateral branch of compensative artery was estimated and the blood flow was graded.Correlation between the ratio of M1 stenosis and the CTP parameters including the absolute and the relative values was investigated.Results Twenty patients were selected into this study; their average M1 stenosis ration of the affected side was 70.5% ± 10.6% (53% to 91%).Compared with the unaffected side, MTT and CBF were no significant change but CBV increased in the affected frontal lobe; MTT prolonged, CBF was normal and CBV increased in the affected anterior watershed and opercula of the insula; MTT prolonged, CBF and CBV had no significant difference in the affected temporal lobe; MTT prolonged, CBF decreased and CBV had no significant difference in the affected posterior watershed; MTT, CBF and CBV were normal in occipital lobe.Tissue perfusion gradually decreased from the front to the backward in all the M1 stenosis affected cerebral regions and the posterior watershed area was the only region at hemodynamic failure stage.Leptomeningeal vessels of the anterior cerebral artery were the major sources of compensative arteries shown in the DSA in all cases.The ratio of M1 stenosis was positively correlated (r =0.66, P =0.002) with the rCBV in posterior watershed and there is no significant correlation between the ratio and any other CTP parameters in any regions.Conclusions Associated with distribution of collateral compensative artery,tissue perfusion showed obvious spatial distribution at different level in different cerebral region.M1 stenosis ratio is positively correlated with rCBV in hemodynamic failure regions, and there is no correlation with tissue perfusion in hemodynamic compromise regions.     

人尿激肽原酶对急性脑梗死侧支循环及脑血流灌注影响的多模态CT研究

目的运用多模态CT脑成像技术来评估人尿激肽原酶(human urine kininogenase,HUK)对急性脑梗死患者的血流灌注及侧支循环,探讨其可能的作用机制。方法收集急性前循环脑梗死患者(acute anterior circulation cerebral infarction)75例,分为HUK治疗组和对照组(常规药物治疗),于治疗前、治疗第14天行两组患者的CT脑灌注成像(computer technology perfusion,CTP)和CT脑血管成像(computed tomographic angiography,CTA),观察两组CT脑灌注成像各参数(CBF、CBV、MTT、TTP)值及CTA侧枝血管的变化情况。结果 (1)两组患者治疗后较治疗前CT脑灌注参数CBF、CBV均升高,参数MTT、TTP降低。HUK治疗组梗死区14 d后CBF升高较对照组明显(t=2.470,PO.05);(2)HUK治疗组14 d后病灶侧MTT、TTP下降较对照组明显(t=2.126,t=2.213,P均O.05);(3)HUK治疗组14 d后CTA最大密度投影(maximum intensity projection,MIP)动态观察侧支血管数量增多较对照组明显(χ2=4.265,PO.05);(4)HUK治疗组14 d后NIHSS评分改善较对照组明显(t=4.330,P0.01)。结论 HUK可有效改善急性脑梗死患者缺血组织的血流灌注,是一种治疗急性脑梗死有效的药物。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.