缺血性卒中病变血管和侧支循环代偿的研究

目的 观察缺血性卒中患者的责任病变血管及其侧支循环代偿方式,探讨脑动脉闭塞或严重狭窄时侧支循环的代偿作用与牛津郡社区卒中项目(OCSP)临床症状分型之间的关系.方法对211例缺血性卒中患者采用OCSP分型(完全型前循环梗死36例,部分前循环梗死94例,后循环梗死31例,腔隙性梗死50例),进行数字减影全脑血管造影检查,判定梗死的责任血管、侧支循环是否建立及代偿方式.结果 检出有病变血管的患者198例,共累及病变血管206支,责任血管为颈内动脉98条、大脑中动脉54条、椎动脉27条、颈总动脉6条、基底动脉5条、锁骨下动脉4条、大脑前动脉及大脑后动脉各2条;经Willis环代偿98例,软脑膜支吻合115例,颅外代偿46例.结论脑动脉病变最多位于颈内动脉、大脑中动脉,其次位于椎动脉,前循环病变较后循环病变具有更高的梗死发生率;侧支循环代偿以Willis环最充分,软脑膜支吻合最常见;脑梗死的临床分型受病变血管与侧支循环代偿的综合影响.     

动脉粥样硬化性大脑中动脉狭窄继发Moyamoya 综合征的脑血管病变及侧支循环分布模式

目的：探讨动脉粥样硬化性大脑中动脉狭窄继发 moyamoya 综合征的脑血管病变及侧支循环分布模式。方法收集2010年8月~2013年12月经 DSA 证实动脉粥样硬化性大脑中动脉狭窄患者26例。评估 moyamoya 血管网建立与颅内血管病变及软脑膜侧支循环开放度之间的关系。结果26例患者中 moy-amoya 综合征组17例,非 moyamoya 综合征组9例。moyamoya 综合征组4例患者在 MCA 闭塞侧 A1段表现为细小或缺如,而非 moyamoya 综合征组9例 A1段表现正常。moyamoya 综合征组11例在 MCA 一侧或对侧的 ACA 上发现动脉粥样硬化性狭窄或闭塞病变,而非 moyamoya 综合征组未发现上述病变（P =0.004）。非 moyamoya 综合征组所有患者均显示自 ACA 到达 M1或 M2节段足够的软脑膜侧支循环,而 moy-amoya 综合征组仅有8例（P =0.012）。结论动脉粥样硬化所致的 moyamoya 血管网重建可能与软脑膜侧支循环建立不佳有关。     

颈内动脉严重狭窄时脑部症状与Willis环侧支循环建立的关系

目的应用经颅超声多普勒(TCD)检测颈内动脉(ICA)严重狭窄,探讨Willis环的侧支循环与临床症状之间的相关性.方法分析34例ICA严重狭窄患者(其中有症状组16例和无症状组18例)侧支循环的类型、大脑中动脉(MCA)的平均血流速度(Vm)、脉动指数(PI)及频谱改变,并与30例正常人进行对照.结果存在3种侧支循环类型前交通动脉(ACOA)型,后交通动脉(PCOA)型,眼动脉(OA)型.无症状组的侧支循环中,ACOA型占88.9%,狭窄侧MCA Vm为59.1±8.7cm/s;有症状组ACOA型占50%,有4例未检出侧支循环,狭窄侧MCA Vm为48.6±7.3cm/s(P＜O.OO1).所有患者狭窄侧的MCA PI减低(p＜O.001),且频谱低平呈波浪状,波峰变钝,失去收缩峰的特征.结论TCD可以发现ICA严重狭窄患者Willis环侧支循环的显著异常改变,研究Willis环的侧支循环对ICA产重狭窄患者治疗和授后的判断其有重要的临床价值.     

颅内动脉狭窄支架成形术临床相关性因素评估研究

目的探讨颅内动脉狭窄支架成形术的临床应用和相关并发症的影响因素。方法22例25支颅内大动脉段狭窄,行血管内支架成形术。其中大脑中动脉（MCA）15支,椎动脉（VA）5支,基底动脉（BA）3支和颈内动脉（ICA）2支。21支血管（MCA14支,BA2支,VA3支和ICA2支）为症状性重度狭窄、1支（BA）为无症状性重度狭窄;3支血管（MCA1支和VA2支）为症状性中度狭窄。比较评价支架成形术相关性效／损比、总体预后等方面的临床影响因素。结果技术成功率96％（24／25）,手术死亡率0％,未发生再灌注损伤,9例随访者（6～27个月）无再狭窄;所有患者均无手术相关性并发症。结论对于具有治疗适应证的颅内动脉狭窄实施支架成形术是有效和安全的,但远期预后还有待于进一步评估。     

临床颈动脉系统TIA患者的脑血管造影分析

目的:以数字减影脑血管造影为手段,分析颈动脉系统TIA患者脑供血动脉狭窄或闭塞的分布、程度以及侧枝循环建立情况。方法:颈动脉系统TIA患者70例均行脑血管造影检查,包括主动脉弓上造影及至少双侧颈总及锁骨下动脉四根血管造影。明确有无脑供血动脉的狭窄、狭窄的位置、程度及侧枝循环情况。结果:62例患者存在脑供血动脉狭窄或闭塞,共检出病变132处,轻度狭窄40处(30.3%),中度狭窄34处(25.8%),重度39处(29.5%),闭塞19处(14.4%)。可判断责任血管者58例(85.0%):单纯前循环45例,前后循环联合病变有13例。以颈内动脉狭窄80处为对象,研究颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞的侧枝循环情况。汇总邻近可能引起同一侧枝循环通路的病变,共分析病变58处,发现合并侧枝的病变有23处,有侧支数量36处。各种侧支循环中,Willis环出现频度最高,包括前交通代偿13处和后交通代偿5处。其次为软膜血管代偿13处。结论:颈动脉系统TIA患者,颅外血管病变多于颅内血管病变。责任血管不单纯是在前循环,还可以是前后循环联合病变。颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞最常见的侧枝循环是Wlliis环和软脑膜血管,严重的脑供血动脉狭窄更易引发侧枝循环建立。     

大脑中动脉急性闭塞患者侧支与临床结局的CTA评价

目的评估首次发生急性大脑中动脉(middle cerebral artery,MCA)闭塞患者的临床及影像学资料,探讨侧支循环与临床结局的相关性。方法回顾性分析确诊大脑中动脉为首发病变责任血管脑梗死的39例患者,应用CTA评估侧支循环,根据侧支循环评分,分为Pc0组、Pc1组、Pc2组,详细采集所有入组患者的一般资料,并进行NIHSS评分、脑梗死容积评分,用Logistic回归模型对各组一般资料及NIHSS评分、脑梗死容积数据进行分析。各侧支循环级别组间高危因素比较差异无统计学意义。结果 Pc0组患者NIHSS评分、脑梗死容积评分高于Pc1组及Pc2组。结论病变责任血管为大脑中动脉的急性期脑梗死患者,利用CTA影像可有效评估侧支循环的建立状态,对脑梗死的临床诊断和治疗方案的选择具有重要的指导价值,同时对临床结局的预测提供有力依据。     

颅内动脉狭窄支架成形术后影响分支缺血性事件的临床因素探讨

目的 探讨颅内动脉狭窄支架成形术（ICASS）后支架置入与临床对应分支缺血性事件的相关性及其影响因素.方法 21例24支颅内大动脉狭窄,行血管内支架成形术.其中大脑中动脉（MCA）15支,椎动脉（VA）5支,基底动脉（BA）3支和颈内动脉（ICA）1支.20支血管（MCA 14支,VA 3支,BA 2支和ICA 1支）为症状性重度狭窄、1支（BA）为无症状性重度狭窄;3支血管（MCA 1支和VA 2支）为症状性中度狭窄.比较评价支架成形术对分支缺血性损害、总体预后等方面的影响.结果 无支架置入性相关分支缺血性损害的表现,随访期（6～27个月）内无再狭窄;所有患者均无手术相关性并发症.结论 在围手术期规范化临床干预下,颅内动脉狭窄支架成形术不会导致明显的理论性支架相关性分支缺血性并发症,但这还需要进一步的验证.     

糖尿病与非糖尿病性急性脑梗死患者脑血管狭窄程度的比较

目的比较糖尿病（DM）与非糖尿病（NDM）性急性脑梗死患者脑血管狭窄程度。方法DM性脑梗死患者（DM脑梗死组）51例及糖耐量正常的脑梗死患者作为对照组（NDM脑梗死组）64例,均行全脑数字减影血管造影（DSA）检查,比较颅内外血管狭窄或闭塞情况。结果两组均以颅内动脉狭窄为常见,主要为大脑中动脉M1、M2段,颈内动脉颅外段等,其中DM脑梗死组血管异常率84．31％,NDM脑梗死组异常率70．31％;在DM脑梗死组中血管病变以多支狭窄（52．94％）为主,合并溃疡或斑块39．21％,11．63％存在侧支循环;而NDM脑梗死组中多支狭窄为18．75％,合并溃疡或斑块为17．19％,侧支循环形成为31．11％,两组间比较差异有统计学意义（均P＜0．05）;但两组所涉及的血管病变部位差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论DM性脑梗死的血管病变范围广泛．多支血管病蛮发牛率高、程摩萤．     

脑血管侧支循环与缺血性脑血管病

缺血性脑血管病源于局部脑组织血流低于某阚值所致,局部脑组织的血流是由供血动脉的病变程度和侧支循环状况共同决定的,两者是影响血流动力学状况的关键因素。一般认为,血管狭窄程度与缺血性脑血管病发病率相关,侧支循环的建立可增加脑血流量、防止脑缺血的发生。侧支循环血管可以来自硬膜内、硬膜及硬膜外血管,大致可分为原发性侧支循环（即基底动脉环,又称Willis环）和继发性侧支循环（皮质软脑膜支吻合、脑外代偿等）。     

64层螺旋CT对头颈部血管病变的临床价值探讨

目的探讨64层螺旋CT血管成像对头颈部血管病变的临床价值。方法34例疑头颈部血管病变的患者行64层螺旋CT头颈部血管成像(CTA),扫描数据在ADW 4.3工作站用不同的后处理技术进行血管后重建。结果34例患者的双侧颈内动脉(ICA)、椎动脉(VA)、大脑前动脉(ACA)、大脑中动脉(MCA)、大脑后动脉(PCA)及Willis环均能显示,共检出狭窄76段,闭塞2段,动脉瘤5例;血管异常起源3例,正常者14例。结论64层螺旋CT血管成像可以清晰显示头颈部血管病变,对临床诊疗起重要指导作用。     

Absent collateral function of the circle of Willis as risk factor for ischemic stroke

BACKGROUND: Autopsy studies show a higher prevalence of circle of Willis anomalies in brains with signs of ischemic infarction. Our goal was to examine the collateral function of the circle of Willis in ischemic stroke patients and to assess in a case-control study if a collateral deficient circle of Willis is a risk factor for ischemic stroke in patients with severe internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusive disease. METHODS: Our case-control study included 109 patients with an acute ischemic stroke in the anterior circulation and 113 patients with peripheral arterial disease and no known history of cerebral ischemia. The collateral function of the anterior and posterior communicating arteries of the circle of Willis was assessed by means of transcranial color-coded duplex ultrasonography (TCCD) and carotid compression tests. RESULTS: TCCD was successfully performed in 75 case patients (mean age 64 years, range 41-91 years) and in 100 control patients (mean age 61 years, range 35-89 years). In 26 cases and 19 controls, a >/=70% stenosis or occlusion of the ICA was found. A nonfunctional anterior collateral pathway in the circle of Willis was found in 33% of the cases and in 6% of the controls (p < 0.001). The posterior collateral pathway was nonfunctional in 57% of the cases and in 43% of the controls (p = 0.02). In patients with severe ICA occlusive disease, the odds ratios of a nonfunctional anterior and a nonfunctional posterior collateral pathway were 7.33 (95% confidence interval, CI, = 1.19-76.52) and 3.00 (95% CI = 0.77-12.04), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who suffer ischemic stroke in the anterior circulation have a higher incidence of collateral deficient circles of Willis than those with atherosclerotic vascular disease without ischemic cerebrovascular disease. The presence of a nonfunctional anterior collateral pathway in the circle of Willis in patients with severe ICA occlusive disease is strongly associated with ischemic stroke.     

Collateral variations in circle of willis in atherosclerotic population assessed by means of transcranial color-coded duplex ultrasonography

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Transcranial color-coded duplex ultrasonography combined with common carotid artery (CCA) compression can be used to assess the collateral function of the circle of Willis. The aim of this study was to assess the unknown fraction of hemodynamic functional anterior and posterior communicating arteries (AcoA and PcoA, respectively) in an atherosclerotic population with no cerebrovascular symptoms. METHODS: In 76 patients with a mean age of 61 (35 to 89) years, the blood flow velocity changes in the precommunicating parts (A1 and P1, respectively) of the anterior and posterior cerebral arteries were measured during CCA compression. The AcoA was defined as functional if blood flow was reversed in the ipsilateral A1 and enhanced in the contralateral A1 during CCA compression. The PcoA was defined as functional if the flow velocity in the P1 was enhanced >20% during ipsilateral CCA compression. RESULTS: It was possible to assess cross flow through the anterior part of the circle of Willis in 95% of the subjects. Failure of this collateral pathway was caused by a hypofunctional AcoA in 4% and a hypofunctional A1 in 1% of the subjects. Anomalies in the posterior part of the circle of Willis hampering collateral flow from the basilar to the internal carotid artery were found in 45% of the hemispheres. Thirty-eight percent of PcoAs were hypofunctional, and 7% of the posterior cerebral arteries had a persistent fetal anatomy. CONCLUSIONS: We found that in subjects with no cerebrovascular symptoms, the anterior collateral pathway of the circle of Willis was nearly always functional. In contrast, the posterior collateral pathway was nonfunctional in almost half of the total number of hemispheres. Comparing these basic data with data from patients with cerebral ischemic disease might further help to elucidate the importance of the collateral capacity of the circle of Willis.     

Cerebral hemodynamics in relation to patterns of collateral flow.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We sought to investigate the relation between collateral flow via different pathways and hemodynamic parameters measured by dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced MRI in patients with severe carotid artery disease. METHODS: Dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced MRI was performed in 66 patients and 33 control subjects. Patients had severe stenosis (>70%, n=12), unilateral occlusion (n=38), or bilateral occlusion (n=16) of the internal carotid artery (ICA). Cerebripetal flow and collateral flow via the circle of Willis were investigated with MR angiography. Collateral flow via the ophthalmic artery was investigated with transcranial Doppler sonography. RESULTS: Patients with ICA stenosis had well-preserved cerebral perfusion and were in general not dependent on collateral supply. Patients with unilateral ICA occlusion had impaired cerebral perfusion. However, appearance time, peak time, and mean transit time in white matter were less increased in patients with than in patients without collateral flow via the circle of Willis (P<0.05). Furthermore, patients with collateral flow via both anterior and posterior communicating arteries had less increased regional cerebral blood volume than patients with collateral flow via the posterior communicating artery only (P<0.05). Patients with bilateral ICA occlusion had severely compromised hemodynamic status despite recruitment of collateral supply. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with unilateral ICA occlusion, the pattern of collateral supply has significant influence on hemodynamic status. Collateral flow via the anterior communicating artery is a sign of well-preserved hemodynamic status, whereas no collateral flow via the circle of Willis or flow via only the posterior communicating artery is a sign of deteriorated cerebral perfusion.     

Bilateral internal carotid artery agenesis with artery compression of the brain parenchyma

Bilateral internal carotid artery (ICA) agenesis is an extremely rare congenital anomaly. The most common type of collateral circulation is developed through the circle of Willis via the basilar and posterior communicating arteries. Both anterior circulations are usually supplied by enlarged posterior communicating arteries (PCOMs). We present an unusual case of bilateral ICA agenesis, which is associated with dolichoectatic left PCOM and left posterior cerebral artery (PCA) compression of left basal ganglia and thalamus. These complex cerebral and vascular anomalies can be noninvasively revealed and evaluated by CT and MR.     

颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者的侧支循环与神经功能的单因素分析

目的 探讨颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者侧支循环的代偿作用与临床神经功能缺损程度的关系. 方法对52例连续颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞所致的脑梗死患者入院时行神经功能缺损评分(NIHSS)评分,利用数字减影脑血管造影技术(DSA)评估颅内动脉的侧支循环代偿情况.应用统计学方法探讨两者之间的关系.结果 DSA发现52例患者18例出现颈内动脉闭塞,单侧颈内动脉重度狭窄28例,6例双侧重度狭窄.52例患者中出现前交通动脉代偿18例,后交通动脉代偿8例,前后交通动脉同时代偿12例,14例患者未出现Willis环血管的代偿.无Willis环代偿组与Willis环代偿组NIHSS评分平均秩次分别为35.75和23.09,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).前交通代偿组与后交通代偿组NIHSS评分平均秩次分别为12.42和15.94,两组差异无统计学意义(P<0.05).结论颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞时可通过多种方式进行有效的代偿.NIHSS评分与血管代偿及阻塞位置显著有关.DSA对侧支循环的判定在治疗干预中显得尤为重要.     

颈内动脉狭窄相关性脑缺血病变的临床分析

目的 探讨颈内动脉狭窄致脑缺血病变的临床特点及发生机制,为临床指导治疗及判断预后提供依据.方法 回顾分析111 例经CT 血管造影(CTA)证实的颈内动脉狭窄患者的颅内Willis 环形态、TCD 资料及临床表现.结果 颈内动脉轻、中、重度狭窄组脑梗死发生率分别为14.7% 、30.6% 、46.3%,三组间差异具有显...     

不同类型内分水岭脑梗死患者的头颈CTA特征观察

目的探讨不同类型内分水岭脑梗死(IWI)与颅内外动脉狭窄及Willis环特征的关系。方法收集2014年1月~2016年5月丰县人民医院65例行头颈部CT血管成像(CTA)及头部磁共振弥散加权成像(DWI)的IWI患者,依据DWI的形态学特征分为部分型内分水岭脑梗死(P-IWI)组29例(44.6%)和融合型内分水岭脑梗死(C-IWI)组36例(55.4%),分析两组颅内外动脉狭窄及Willis环的特征。结果 (1)CTA显示65例患者中颈内动脉(ICA)或(和)大脑中动脉(MCA)狭窄≥50%的共有49例,占75.4%(49/65);MCA、ICA及串联病变发生率P-IWI组分别为71.4%(20/29)、17.2%(5/29)、10.3%(3/29);C-IWI组分别为80.6%(28/36)、58.3%(21/36)、44.4%(16/36)。(2)Willis环依据形态特征不完整者(缺如、发育不良)P-IWI组占55.2%(16/29),C-IWI组占52.8%(19/36)。结论不同类型IWI均与MCA狭窄密切相关,C-IWI是ICA串联狭窄发生的有效预测因子;颅内外血管狭窄的基础上,IWI与Willis环的不完整密切相关,两组间Willis环形态特征无显著差异。     

DSA评价颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞患者侧支循环与临床表现的关系

目的 利用数字减影血管造影（digital s ubtraction angiography,DSA）技术研究颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭 塞患者侧支循环状态,评估其与临床表现的相关性。 方法 本研究为回顾性研究,连续纳入首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院介入神经病学科2014年6 月-2015年9月经DSA诊断为颈内动脉重度狭窄（≥70%）或闭塞患者137例,根据是否出现与责任血管 相关的脑缺血症状和（或）神经系统定位体征,分为症状性狭窄组98例和无症状性狭窄组39例,收 集所有患者DSA检查结果,记录患者侧支循环代偿情况。将患者侧支循环状态按以下情况进行分类： ①侧支循环开放数量：分为未出现侧支和出现侧支组;根据侧支出现数量多少,分为出现侧支数＜2 和出现侧支数≥2两组。②各侧支循环开放情况：前交通动脉（anterior communicating artery,ACoA）, 后交通动脉（posterior communicating artery,PCoA）,眼动脉（ophthalmic artery,OA）,软脑膜吻合支 （leptomeningeal anastomoses,LMA）。③组合侧支开放情况：组合侧支按两种分类,一种根据Willis环开 放情况,一种根据是否出现二级侧支循环,分析组合侧支循环状态与两组间的关系。 结果 共137例患者,年龄范围34～82岁,平均（59.7±10.5）岁,其中男性97例（70.8%）,所有患者 出现侧支循环者94例（68.6%）,出现功能完整Willis环、ACoA、PCoA、OA、LMA的概率分别为14.6%、 58.5%、46.8%、43.6%、48.9%。无症状组39例,33例（84.6%）侧支循环开放;症状组98例,61例 （62.2%）侧支循环开放,无症状组侧支开放率显著高于症状组[84.6% vs 62.2%,P =0.011,优势比 （odds ratio,OR）=3.336],无症状组侧支数量≥2的患者所占比例显著高于症状组（64.1% vs 38.3%, P =0.007,OR =2.820）,无症状组功能完整Willis环者显著高于症状组（36.4% vs 13.1%,P =0.009, OR =3.786）。 结论 在颈内动脉重度狭窄或闭塞时,侧支循环与患者的临床表现密切相关,无症状的患者有更丰 富的侧支循环代偿途径及更完整Willis环,Willis环在侧支循环代偿中起重要作用。     

脑血管病颈动脉粥样硬化14例病理研究

目的探讨颈动脉粥样硬化与脑血管病的关系。方法对１４例脑血管病死亡病例（脑出血及脑梗死各７例）的颈动脉进行病理观察及形态定量分析。结果脑血管病患者颈动脉粥样硬化导致管腔狭窄的程度，轻度占６３％，中、重度狭窄约占３７％。脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化导致管腔狭窄的程度比脑出血患者严重；７例脑梗死患者中２例的病因为颈内动脉栓塞，脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块具备不稳定的组织学特性，常见质地松散、密度不均易脱落的斑块。脑出血组出血灶同侧的颈内动脉较对侧显著狭窄。结论颈内动脉栓塞是大面积脑梗死的常见病因之一；不稳定的颈动脉粥样硬化导致的斑块脱落可能也是脑梗死的病因之一。