升麻常见伪品的性状鉴别

升麻，始载于《名医别录》，是一味常用中药。李时珍日：“其叶似麻，其性上升，故名。”它具有发表透疹、清热解毒、升阳举陷的功能。主要含有：p谷甾醇、升麻醇、升麻醇木糖苷、去羟北升醇等化学成分。《中国药典》(2000版)对其来源定为毛茛科植物大三叶升麻Cimicifuga heracleifolia Kom.,兴安升麻Cimicifuga dahurica(Turcz.) Maxim，或升麻Cimicifuga foetida L.的干燥根茎。但因升麻在各地有很多异物同名品，加之历代本草对其记载又不统一，故升麻的品种较混乱，有些品种虽有升麻之名，但与正品升麻无论是在植物基原方面或是在功效主治方面均有不同。为便于基层中药工作者及时，方便的鉴别升麻之真伪，现将其正品及常见的伪品野升麻、南升麻、白升麻、腺毛马兰等主要性状特点分述如下。     

黑升麻治疗妇女围绝经期综合征的临床研究

目的对黑升麻治疗围绝经期综合征的临床试验进行综述。方法利用国外权威数据库,查找相关的黑升麻临床试验的文献,并对其进行分析。结果研究表明黑升麻能较好地缓解围绝经期的症状。结论黑升麻是治疗围绝经期综合征的具有潜力的药物。     

升麻功用演变

升麻是一味临床常用的中药,《本草纲目》中对其释名为＂其叶似麻,其性上升,故名＂。首载于《神农本草经》,被列于上品之中,谓其＂味甘,平。解百毒,杀百精老物殃鬼,辟温疫、瘴气、邪气、蛊毒。久服不夭。＂可见,在秦汉时期,人们对升麻功用的认识主要为解毒,可以解百毒,     

绿升麻和绿色升麻品种考证

本文依据古代本草学中升麻的资料,结合现代药物鉴定学及一些医家的认识及用药习惯,考证绿升麻和绿色升麻的品种。通过研究发现绿升麻应该是绿色升麻(川升麻或关升麻中佳品)的简称。     

升麻与广东升麻挥发油成分的GC-MS分析

目的:分析研究升麻与广东升麻的挥发油成分,为其临床应用与开发提供基础。方法:以水蒸气蒸馏法提取挥发油成分,用乙酸乙酯溶解,通过气相色谱质谱联用法(GC-MS)进行分析。结果:不同批次升麻共分离鉴定出共有成分22种,不同批次广东升麻分离鉴定出共有成分24种。其中升麻挥发油中主要有4-乙烯基愈创木酚、肉豆蔻醚、~1H-4-(3-甲基-2-丁烯基)吲哚、棕榈酸和亚油酸等成分;而广东升麻挥发油中主要有(+)-γ-古芸烯、α-檀香萜、(Z,Z,Z)-顺-9,12,15-十八碳三烯-1-醇、棕榈酸和亚油酸等。结论:升麻和广东升麻中均含有较高含量的棕榈酸和亚油酸,但其他成分存在较大差异。升麻中含有具有抗炎活性的4-乙烯基愈创木酚和丹皮酚,其中4-乙烯基愈创木酚的含量较高,并含吲哚类生物碱成分;而广东升麻均不含此类成分。此差异可作为两种不同药材鉴别的依据之一。     

兴安升麻地上部分研究进展

我国兴安升麻植物资源分布较广泛,其根茎部分入中药组方治疗各种内科疾病已广泛应用于临床,近几年来,我国学者对其地上部分的研究逐渐增多,从对其有效成分的分析及有效成分功效的的研究到对其有效成分提取方式的改进,进而开发兴安升麻地上部分在临床中的应用,有了较大进展。不仅扩大了兴安升麻地上部分资源的应用范围而且为其提出了更明确的研究方向,使兴安升麻地上部分更好的为我所用打下良好的基础。     

升麻的来源、性状及混淆品的鉴别

升麻始载于《名医别录》，被列为上品。陶弘景说：“旧出宁州者第一，形细而黑，极坚实，今惟出益州，好者细削，皮清绿色，谓之鸡骨升麻。北部亦有，形又虚大，黄色。建平亦有，形大味薄，不堪用。”李时珍说：“其叶如麻，其性上升，故名升麻。”又说：“今人惟取里白外黑而紧实者，谓之鬼脸升麻。去须及头芦，锉用。”由此可见，古代本草所载的升麻除正品之外，仍有其他植物做升麻用，但以毛茛科升麻属的植物为主。     

升麻药材化学成分及药理作用研究进展

升麻在我国有着悠久的药用历史，具有发表透疹、清热解毒、升举阳气功效，中医临床常用于治疗风热感冒、发热头痛、麻疹不透、齿痛、口疮、咽喉肿痛、阳毒发斑、气虚下陷、胃下垂、久泻脱肛、子宫脱垂、肾下垂、崩漏下血。是一味既具有升浮药性，又具有沉降药性的代表药物。由于升麻属植物资源分布广且品种繁多，为深入开展升麻升降浮沉药性物质基础及作用机制研究，根据中医临床用药传统，以《中国药典》收载的升麻基原品种为研究对象，分别以“升麻”“Cimicifuga heracleifolia”“Cimicifuga dahurica”“Cimicifuga foetida”为检索词，检索1990—2021年在中国知网、PubMed数据库中的相关研究文献，共检索到国内外文献1075篇，筛除非药典基原品种研究文献后，纳入有效文献156篇，对近30年来《中国药典》基原品种升麻的化学成分及药理作用研究进展进行总结和归纳，提出传统中药升麻的升降浮沉药性研究应在中医药理论指导下，选用《中国药典》2020年版收载的升麻基原品种，紧密结合升麻的传统中医功效主治进行药性物质基础及作用机制研究，对于弘扬中医药特色，进一步揭示升麻升降...     

基于大麻素2型受体和雌激素受体α研究升麻和黑升麻含药血清对成骨细胞功能的影响

目的 研究升麻Cimicifuga foetida和黑升麻含药血清基于大麻素2型受体（cannabinoid receptor type 2，CB2R）与雌激素受体α（estrogen receptorα，ERα）对成骨细胞骨形成的调控作用。方法 采用高分辨质谱法鉴定升麻和黑升麻中的化学成分；升麻与黑升麻含药血清或与CB2R反向激动剂AM630或ERα抑制剂ICI联合处理MC3T3-E1成骨细胞，CCK-8法测定细胞增殖活性；试剂盒测定碱性磷酸酶（alkaline phosphatase，ALP）活性；茜素红染色观察成骨细胞骨矿化结节的形成；Western blotting检测骨形成相关蛋白及CB2R与ERα的表达。结果 升麻和黑升麻中分别鉴定了12、14个化学成分，其中有3个共有成分。升麻和黑升麻含药血清可显著增加成骨细胞的增殖、ALP活性和骨矿化结节形成，增加CB2R和ERα及骨形成相关蛋白的表达。15%升麻含药血清对MC3T3-E1成骨细胞增殖、ALP活性、骨矿化结节形成及骨形成相关蛋白表达的促进作用可被AM630和ICI所逆转，15%黑升麻含药血清对MC3T3-E1细胞骨形成的促进作用仅可被ICI所逆转。结论 升麻含药血清可通过CB2R与ERα双靶点促进成骨细胞的骨形成，黑升麻含药血清仅通过激活ERα增加成骨细胞的骨形成。     

升麻的临床应用近况

本品为毛莨科多年生草本植物升麻、兴安升麻、大三叶升麻及菊花植物麻花头的根茎。味甘、辛,性微寒。入脾、胃、肺、大肠经。具有升阳发表、透疹解毒的功能,治疗鼻渊头痛,久泻脱肛,升麻具有抗炎、抗菌、抗病毒的作用。现将近十年来有关升麻的临床新用综述如下。一急性细菌性痢疾杨氏报导用加     

Black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) relaxes the isolated rat thoracic aorta through endothelium-dependent and -independent mechanisms

Aim of the study

The rhizome of the Cimicifuga racemosa (commonly known as black cohosh) has been used in treatment of climacteric complaints for decades in North America and Europe. A number of studies investigated the estrogenic potential of black cohosh, but its effectiveness is still controversial. Recently, it was reported that the extract of black cohosh acted as an agonist at the serotonin (5-HT) receptor and 5-HT derivative was isolated out of the black cohosh extract. Because it is well known that the 5-HT elicited the various cardiovascular effects including vasorelaxation, we investigated the vasorelaxant effects of the extract of black cohosh and its possible mechanisms of action.

Materials and methods

The extract of black cohosh (BcEx) was examined for its vasorelaxant effects in isolated rat aorta. The aortic rings were equilibrated under resting tension and induced reproducible contraction in organ bath. The control contraction was produced by 300 nM NE, and then BcEx were added. In experiments where specific inhibitors were used, they were added 20 min before NE contraction.

Results

BcEx elicited two phases of relaxation in rat aorta pre-contracted with norepinephrine. The first, a rapid relaxation, which occurred within seconds of BcEx administration, was eliminated by pretreatment with N^G-nitro-l-arginine (l-NNA) or methylene blue. The endogenous NO synthase substrate l-Arg markedly reversed the action of l-NNA, indicating that BcEx elicited the vasorelaxant effect via the NO/cGMP pathway. The second, slowly developing relaxation was not affected by the endothelium denudation. BcEx-induced endothelium-independent vasorelaxation appears to involve the inhibition of calcium influx mediated by the opening of inward rectifier potassium channels.

Conclusions

BcEx elicits the vasorelaxant effect via endothelium-dependent and -independent mechanisms and may contribute to a better understanding of a potential link between the use of black cohosh and its beneficial effects on vascular health.     

莪术油诱导小鼠HepA肝癌细胞凋亡及其对bcl-2蛋白表达的影响

目的研究莪术油诱导HepA肝癌细胞凋亡的生物学活性,探讨莪术油对肝癌细胞bcl-2表达水平的影响及其作用的分子机制。方法用莪术油进行小鼠肝癌体内抑制实验,运用细胞凋亡原位末端标记及免疫组化方法分析莪术油对小鼠肝癌细胞凋亡的影响。结果莪术油能有效降低小鼠肝癌细胞bcl-2的表达,诱导细胞凋亡。结论莪术油对小鼠肝癌细胞具有明显抑制作用,其主要作用机制为降低bcl-2蛋白表达、诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡。     

Black cohosh: Coming full circle?

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Black cohosh (Actaea racemosa L.), Ranunculaceae, thrives in temperate climates east of the Mississippi River in the USA. It is economically important to the Appalachian region where it is wild harvested, but it has resisted most efforts at deliberate cultivation. Black cohosh has been used for many centuries both in Europe and in the US (by indigenous people and subsequent Caucasian medical practitioners), most notably for indications of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), menstrual pain and cramping.

Aim of the study

To highlight black cohosh as an example in which disregard for the ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacologic usages of a plant has perhaps hindered modern scientific attempts to understand the mechanism of action of its bioactive phytochemicals, and ascribe cause to effect.

Results

Research on its mode of action has historically focused on its presumed hormonal (phytoestrogenic) activity, but very recent work suggests that it may in fact be acting as an antinociceptive agent. Re-examination of some of the writings of 19th and 20th century physicians and folk literature suggests that this mode of action may have been overlooked in modern experimentalists’ in vitro and animal studies and in the very few well conducted human trials to date.

Conclusions

The common folk perception of this plant as a “remedy for female problems” may thus require revision, as it may possess more general analgesic properties. In the broader context, ethnopharmacologic indications for other herbal remedies must be revisited in light of the explosion in understanding of mechanisms of action of small molecule effectors of which actein and cimicifugoside (from black cohosh) are only two examples.     

白茅根治疗肾综合征出血热急性肾功能衰竭效果分析

目的分析研究白茅根治疗肾综合征出血热急性肾功能衰竭患者的临床效果。方法本次研究资料均随机选自本院接收治疗的肾综合征出血热急性肾功能衰竭患者,共102例,手术时间为2013年5月—2016年5月期间。对102例患者采用随机数字抽取表法进行分组,分别为西医西药治疗组和中医白茅根治疗组。西医西药治疗组采用支持治疗及利尿等,中医白茅根治疗组在此基础上采用以白茅根为主的中药治疗,对两组患者的治疗效果、出血情况、尿闭情况、休克情况、肾功能及生化指标变化等进行比较。结果中医白茅根治疗组患者治疗总有效率为92.16%,西医西药治疗组患者治疗总有效率为70.59%,中医白茅根治疗组治疗效果更好,数据比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);中医白茅根治疗组患者出血、尿闭及休克情况均显著低于西医西药治疗组,数据比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);中医白茅根治疗组血浆尿素氮、血肌酐、丙氨酸转氨酶及天冬氨酸转氨酶等均显著低于西医西药治疗组,数据比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论白茅根治疗肾综合征出血热急性肾功能衰竭患者疗效显著,能够有效缩短出血时间,改善患者肾功能等,值得在临床上推广应用。     

中药治疗原发性肺癌的药味频率分析

检索1989—2007年维普数据库,查阅中药治疗中晚期肺癌的临床报道1109篇,筛选出文献67篇,方剂98首,进行用药频率的统计分析,结果显示:中晚期肺癌的治疗中所用中药以益气健脾、养阴润肺、清热解毒、止咳化痰、补肾益精类较为常用。气阴两虚证常用中药依次为:麦冬、黄芪、沙参、五味子、太子参、白术、党参、茯苓、生地。肺阴虚证常用中药依次为:麦冬、沙参、生地、百合。气滞血瘀证的常用中药依次为:枳壳、当归、桃仁、延胡索、赤芍、川芎、丹参。痰湿阻肺证常用中药依次为:半夏、陈皮、茯苓、薏苡仁、杏仁、白芥子、苏子。脾虚痰湿证常用中药依次为:半夏、茯苓、白术、陈皮、党参、薏苡仁、天南星。肺脾气虚证常用中药依次为:白术、半夏、薏苡仁、陈皮、党参、黄芪、茯苓、山药、砂仁。     

夏天无滴丸的提取工艺研究

目的研究并建立夏天无滴丸的最佳提取工艺。方法紫外分光光度法测定夏天无总生物碱的含量;高效液相色谱法同时测定夏天无原阿片碱和延胡索乙素的含量。结果最佳提取条件为A3B1C3D2,即浸泡时间为48小时,药材粒度约为20目,渗漉溶液的体积为12倍量药材,渗漉的速度为1.5ml/min。结论为夏天无滴丸的最佳提取工艺的确立提供依据。     

Bioactivity-guided isolation of GABA(A) receptor modulating constituents from the rhizomes of Actaea racemosa

Black cohosh (Actaea racemosa) is a frequently used herbal remedy for the treatment of mild climacteric symptoms. In the present study, the modulation of γ-aminobutryic acid (GABA)-induced chloride currents (I(GABA)) through GABA type A (GABA(A)) receptors by black cohosh extracts and isolated compounds was investigated. GABA(A) receptors, consisting of α(1), β(2), and γ(2S) subunits, were expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, and potentiation of I(GABA) was measured using the two-microelectrode voltage clamp technique. In a bioactivity-guided isolation procedure the positive modulation of I(GABA) could be restricted to the plant terpenoid fractions, resulting in the isolation of 11 cycloartane glycosides, of which four significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced I(GABA). The most efficient effect was observed for 23-O-acetylshengmanol 3-O-β-d-xylopyranoside (4, 100 μM), enhancing I(GABA) by 1692 ± 201%, while actein (1), cimigenol 3-O-β-d-xylopyranoside (6), and 25-O-acetylcimigenol 3-O-α-l-arabinopyranoside (8) were significantly less active. In the absence of GABA, only 4 induced small (not exceeding 1% of I(GABA-max)) chloride inward currents through GABA(A) receptors. It is hypothesized that the established positive allosteric modulation of GABA(A) receptors may contribute to beneficial effects of black cohosh extracts in the treatment of climacteric symptoms.     

川芎治疗心力衰竭的网络药理学研究

目的:采用网络药理学方法对川芎治疗心力衰竭的机制进行分析,为深入研究川芎在心力衰竭方面的作用奠定基础。方法:根据Therapeutic Target Database(TTD)、Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man(OMIM)、中药系统药理学数据库(TCMSP)检索关于心力衰竭的靶点,在中医药综合数据库(Symmap)中搜索关于心力衰竭胸胁刺痛症状的靶点,并结合Uniprot数据库剔除非人源靶点,获得心力衰竭及胸胁刺痛症状的人源靶点,并与Symmap查询的川芎OB值≥30化学成分所对应的人源靶点进行映射,进一步筛选活性成分。利用String数据库和Cytoscape 3.2.1软件将得到的川芎治疗心力衰竭的靶点构造PPI网络分析,采用The Database for Annotation,Visualization and Integrated Discovery(DAVID)数据库进行通路分析,并通过Cytoscape 3.2.1软件构建中药-靶点-成分网络图。结果:得到川芎治疗心力衰竭的靶点共12个,心力衰竭胸胁刺痛的靶点1个,川芎治疗心力衰竭对应的化学成分47个,12个靶点应用DAVID数据库进行KEGG通路分析,得到川芎治疗心力衰竭相关通路29个。结论:川芎通过抑制炎性反应、调控细胞凋亡、改善血管收缩功能等来改善心功能,治疗心力衰竭。