探讨软胶囊崩解迟缓的方法

软胶囊制剂近年来在国内外发展迅速,已有多种产品上市.目前在研制和生产中存在的主要问题为软胶囊崩解迟缓,具体表现为胶囊壳内壁出现一层膜状物质,崩解时间延长,溶出速率下降甚至完全不溶.根据实验证明,软胶囊崩解迟缓现象主要由囊壳成分明胶产生交联反应引起老化,使胶囊壳的溶解性质改变所致.低分子醛类物质及明胶自氧化过程均可使明胶中氨基酸侧链基团之间产生交联,这是软胶囊出现崩解迟缓的主要原因[1,2].根据资料,大豆油和大豆磷脂研磨而成的乳剂能够破坏明胶的交联结构,从而使崩解时间变短.     

探讨软胶囊崩解迟缓的方法

软胶囊制剂近年来在国内外发展迅速,已有多种产品上市。目前在研制和生产中存在的主要问题为软胶囊崩解迟缓,具体表现为胶囊壳内壁出现一层膜状物质,崩解时间延长,溶出速率下降甚至完全不溶。根据实验证明,软胶囊崩解迟缓现象主要由囊壳成分明胶产生交联反应引起老化,使胶囊壳的溶     

软胶囊崩解迟缓现象机理的初步研究

分别测定甲醛处理后明胶胶片的平衡溶胀量、蛋白质溶出量和氨基酸残基含量,考察常用附加剂对明胶中氨基酸残基含量的影响.结果表明,平衡溶胀量、溶出量和氨基酸残基含量之间呈良好线性关系.软胶囊的崩解迟缓与明胶中氨基酸残基的含量有关,加入丙二醇和山梨醇可使明胶中氨基酸残基含量显著下降,加入甘氨酸和焦亚硫酸钠则含量降低的幅度较小.     

明胶冻力对尼莫地平软胶囊溶出稳定性的影响

将不同来源和冻力差异的明胶制成软胶囊和胶皮后,通过测定软胶囊的溶出度、胶皮的平衡膨胀量和氨基酸残基含量,考察软胶囊的稳定性,对明胶的组分进行分离和测定,考察其交联反应活性.结果显示,加速条件下放置90 d后,软胶囊的溶出度显著降低(P<0.05),且明胶冻力越高,溶出度越低,胶皮的平衡膨胀量和ω-氨基酸残基含量亦有相同变化.DSC图谱显示,考察后样品囊壳吸热峰向温度较高的区域偏移,且明胶冻力越高,偏移幅度越大.明胶分子主要含有α、β和γ等组分,其中α组分与明胶的冻力有良好的相关性,各组分的交联反应活性依次为α>β>γ.     

麻黄复配胶软胶囊的制备及其稳定性研究

目的:探讨提高麻黄软胶囊稳定性的方法.方法:明胶与羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)复配作为软胶囊的囊壳材料,减少明胶交联反应.采用中心复合试验设计,优选复配胶的处方和工艺,测定复配胶的凝胶性质,并进行复配胶软胶囊的稳定性考察.结果:复配胶处方确定为明胶(冻力180 g)、明胶(冻力240 g)、HPMC、甘油、水用量比为49∶26∶25∶30∶200,复配软胶囊胶凝时间5.72 min,崩解时限4.6 min,加速90 d的崩解时限11.2 min,加速90 d的累积溶出百分率86.6％.结论:明胶-HPMC复配可以提高麻黄软胶囊的稳定性.     

生化软胶囊的活血及镇静作用

目的：观察生化软胶囊对凝血酶原时间（PT）、活化部分凝血活酶时间（KPTT）的影响及其镇静作用。方法：体外测定PT及KPTT，观察生化软胶囊对其影响；用小鼠多功能自主活动记录仪记录小鼠自主活动次数，观察其镇静作用。结果：生化软胶囊可显著延长家兔PT及KPTT（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）；显著减少小鼠自主活动次数（P〈0．01）。结论：生化软胶囊有抑制内源性及外源性凝血系统的作用，故可以活血；同时，有明显的镇静作用。     

盐酸法舒地尔对急性脑梗死的疗效及其对血清hsCRP含量的影响

目的探讨盐酸法舒地尔对急性脑梗死的疗效及作用机制。方法选取确诊为急性脑梗死并在72h内接受治疗的住院患者,根据入院时斯堪的纳维亚卒中量表（SSS）评分及一般情况进行配对,共选择有效病例43对,分别应用法舒地尔60mg,2次／d或银杏叶提取物20mL,1次／d静脉滴注治疗,疗程均为14d。所有患者于确诊后进行SSS评分和改良Rankin量表（mRS）评分,测定血清高敏C-反应蛋白（hsCRP）含量,在治疗结束时复查SSS评分和血清hsCRP含量,1月后评估患者mRS评分。结果法舒地尔及银杏叶提取物治疗2周后SSS评分均有显著增高（P均小于0．01）,法舒地尔组比银杏叶提取物组更显著（P〈0．01）;法舒地尔组神经功能及临床结局改善显著高于银杏叶提取物组（P均小于0．01）;两组患者治疗后血清hsCRP含量均明显下降（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）,法舒地尔组比银杏叶提取物组更显著（P〈0．01）。两组均未观察到严重不良反应。结论法舒地尔治疗急性脑梗死安全、有效,其机制可能部分与抑制缺血脑组织炎性反应有关。     

不同厂家左氧氟沙星片含量、溶出度比较

目的：考察不同厂家左氧氟沙星片的质量，为临床选用提供参考。方法：利用紫外分光光度计测定药物含量；采用桨法测定药物的溶出度，提取溶出参数进行统计分析。结果：5个厂家生产的左氧氟沙星片含量均符合规定，各厂产品的溶出参数差异极显著（P〈0．01）。A厂样品批间T50和Td差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），其余各厂样品批间T50和Td均存在不同程度的差异（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论：不同厂家生产的左氧氟沙星片质量有差异，A厂质量较稳定。     

肉苁蓉醇溶成分对致衰大鼠肝线粒体的保护作用

目的：研究肉苁蓉醇溶成分对D-半乳糖所致衰老大鼠模型肝线粒体的保护作用。方法：用D-半乳糖刺备衰老模型大鼠,连续灌服肉苁蓉醇溶成分6周,测定肝脏Ca^2＋-ATP酶活性、肝线粒体MDA含量、膜流动性、PLA2活性。结果：肉苁蓉醇溶成分显著提高衰老模型大鼠肝脏Ca^2＋-ATP酶活性,肝线粒体膜流动性（P〈0．01）,显著降低肝线粒体MDA含量、PLA2活性（P〈0．01）,但各指标不能恢复到青年组水平。结论：肉苁蓉醇溶成分对衰老模型大鼠肝线粒体具有保护作用,是其抗衰老作用的有效成分。     

银杏叶提取物与刺梨配伍抗实验性肝损伤作用

目的：比较复方银杏叶胶囊（CGB）与单方银杏叶提取物（GBE）的保肝作用。方法：用CGB、GBE给小鼠灌胃30d后,腹腔注射CCl4诱发肝损伤,测定小鼠血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）及肝匀浆超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）含量;用H2O2诱导人肝L-02细胞氧化损伤,观察细胞增殖及总抗氧化能力。结果：CGB2．4、0．8和0．4g／kg3个剂量组与模型组比较,小鼠血清ALT、AST明显降低（P〈0．01,P〈0．05）,同时肝匀浆中SOD显著升高、MDA下降（P〈0．01,P〈0．05）;CGB组细胞增殖率和总抗氧化能力分别较模型组和单方组显著提高（P〈0．05、P〈0．01）。结论：CGB的抗肝损伤作用优于单方银杏叶提取物。     

选用优质明胶改善软胶囊的崩解

目的：解决软胶囊崩解迟缓、崩解不合格的问题。方法：从更换明胶、添加加速溶出辅料、抗氧剂三方面改进囊皮，应用胶片溶解速率法筛选囊皮处方，并进行软胶囊留样考察。结果：加入L-半胱氨酸、柠檬酸，选用优质明胶均有明显的增溶效果，选用优质明胶可解决软胶囊崩解迟缓、崩解不合格的问题。结论：不同厂家生产的明胶质量存在较大差异，选用优质明胶是改善软胶囊崩解迟缓、崩解不合格问题的关键所在。     

坎地沙坦酯自微乳软胶囊的制备和溶出度评价

目的研制坎地沙坦酯自微乳软胶囊,并对其溶出度进行评价。方法制备坎地沙坦酯自微乳软胶囊,并按药典方法考察自微乳软胶囊与普通胶囊在三种不同溶出介质（水、0.1mol/L盐酸和pH6.8的缓冲溶液）中的溶出度。结果坎地沙坦酯自微乳释药系统处方为乙酸乙酯：聚氧乙烯氢化蓖麻油RH40：聚乙二醇400为9∶14∶7。坎地沙坦酯自微乳受溶出介质的影响小,且溶出速率高于普通胶囊。结论自微乳软胶囊能显著提高坎地沙坦酯的体外溶出。     

Effect of fill weight, capsule shell, and sinker design on the dissolution behavior of capsule formulations of a weak acid drug candidate BMS-309403

Two strengths of BMS-309403 capsules were developed from a common stock granulation. Dissolution testing of the capsules was conducted utilizing the USP apparatus 2 (paddle) with a neutral pH dissolution medium. Unexpectedly, the lower-strength capsules exhibited slower dissolution than the higher-strength capsules filled with the same stock granulation. Higher variability was also observed for the lower-strength capsules. This was found to be mainly caused by a low fill weight in a relatively large size hard gelatin capsule shell. Instead of bursting open, some gelatin capsule shells softened and collapsed onto the granulation, which delayed the release of the active drug. The problem was aggravated by the use of coil sinkers which hindered the medium flow around the capsules. Switching from the gelatin capsule shells to the HPMC (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose) shells reversed the dissolution rate ranking between the two capsule strengths. However, both dissolved at a slower rate initially than the gelatin capsules due to the inherent dissolution rate of the HPMC shells at pH 6.8. Notably, the HPMC shells did not occlude the granulation as observed with the gelatin shells. The study demonstrated that the dissolution of capsule formulations in neutral pH media was significantly affected by the fill weight, sinker design, and capsule shell type. Careful selection of these parameters is essential to objectively evaluate the in vitro drug release.     

Effect of Fill Weight,Capsule Shell,and Sinker Design on the Dissolution Behavior of Capsule Formulations of a Weak Acid Drug Candidate BMS‐309403

Two strengths of BMS‐309403 capsules were developed from a common stock granulation. Dissolution testing of the capsules was conducted utilizing the USP apparatus 2 (paddle) with a neutral pH dissolution medium. Unexpectedly, the lower‐strength capsules exhibited slower dissolution than the higher‐strength capsules filled with the same stock granulation. Higher variability was also observed for the lower‐strength capsules. This was found to be mainly caused by a low fill weight in a relatively large size hard gelatin capsule shell. Instead of bursting open, some gelatin capsule shells softened and collapsed onto the granulation, which delayed the release of the active drug. The problem was aggravated by the use of coil sinkers which hindered the medium flow around the capsules. Switching from the gelatin capsule shells to the HPMC (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose) shells reversed the dissolution rate ranking between the two capsule strengths. However, both dissolved at a slower rate initially than the gelatin capsules due to the inherent dissolution rate of the HPMC shells at pH 6.8. Notably, the HPMC shells did not occlude the granulation as observed with the gelatin shells. The study demonstrated that the dissolution of capsule formulations in neutral pH media was significantly affected by the fill weight, sinker design, and capsule shell type. Careful selection of these parameters is essential to objectively evaluate the in vitro drug release.     

盐酸头孢他美酯片剂与胶囊剂体外溶出度比较

目的:测定并比较4家不同生产厂家的头孢他美酯片剂与胶囊剂的溶出度,为临床选择用药提供依据。方法:按《中国药典》(2005版),采用紫外分光光度法,测定波长为263nm,以0.1mol/L盐酸为溶出介质,转速100r/min,温度为(37±0.5)℃,测定头孢他美酯片剂与胶囊剂溶出度。结果:4家(A、B、C、D厂)不同生产厂家的头孢他美酯片剂与胶囊在45min内溶出均在80%以上,符合部颁标准。溶出参数t30,t50,td,t80,m,kr具有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论:头孢他美酯溶出度胶囊剂(D厂)明显>片剂,片剂溶出度A>C>B,B厂生产的片剂溶出度最慢。     

Crosslinking studies in gelatin capsules treated with formaldehyde and in capsules exposed to elevated temperature and humidity

Incomplete in vitro capsule shell dissolution and subsequent drug release problems have recently received attention. A modified USP dissolution method was used to follow capsule shell dissolution, and a 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) assay was used to follow loss of epsilon-amino groups to study this shell dissolution problem postulated to be due to gelatin crosslinking. The dissolution problems were simulated using hard gelatin capsule (HGC) shells previously treated with formaldehyde to crosslink the gelatin. These methods were also used to study the effect of uncrosslinked HGC stored under stressed conditions (37 degrees C and 81% RH) with or without the presence of soft gelatin capsule shells (SGC). A 120 ppm formaldehyde treatment reduced gelatin shell dissolution to 8% within 45 min in water at 37 degrees C. A 200 ppm treatment reduced gelatin epsilon-amino groups to 83% of the original uncrosslinked value. The results also support earlier reports of non-amino group crosslinking by formaldehyde in gelatin. Under stressed conditions, HGC stored alone showed little change over 21 weeks. However, by 12 to 14 weeks, the HGC exposed to SGC showed a 23% decrease in shell dissolution and an 8% decrease in the number of epsilon-amino groups. These effects on the stressed HGC are ascribed to a volatile agent from SGC shells, most likely formaldehyde, that crosslinked nearby HGC shells. This report also includes a summary of the literature on agents that reduce gelatin and capsule shell dissolution and the possible mechanisms of this not-so-simple problem.     

3D Printing and Dissolution Testing of Novel Capsule Shells for Use in Delivering Acetaminophen

Individualized drug delivery improves drug efficacy and safety for patients. To implement individualized drug delivery, patient-specific tailored dosages produced on a small scale are needed. However, current pharmaceutical manufacturing is not suitable for personalized dosage forms. Although convenient to deliver various drugs, current gelatin capsules using animal collagen protein have many limitations, such as releasing drugs too fast and incompatibility with some diets. In contrast, 3D printed capsules have great potential to advance individualized treatments. In this paper, we 3D printed and tested non-animal-based capsule shells for the delivery of acetaminophen. Capsule shells were composed of poly(vinyl) alcohol (PVA) and PVA blends with 5-25% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). Dissolution of acetaminophen when delivered in –hese capsule shells was tested using a USP dissolution test apparatus 2 (paddle type) at gastric pH. The novel shells were compared to each other and to commercially available hard gelatin capsules. Dissolution results show that acetaminophen when delivered in 3D printed capsules was slower than when delivered by gelatin capsules. Increasing the percentage of HPMC in the blend further delayed its release and dissolution. This delay could potentially increase the efficacy and reduce the side effects of acetaminophen. These shells also offer a non-animal-based alternative to gelatin capsules. Furthermore, 3D printing of capsule shells with specific polymer blends may be useful for patient-specific therapy in compounding pharmacies across the country.     

肾骨软胶囊中牡蛎的醋提工艺研究

目的：优选肾骨软胶囊中牡蛎的醋提工艺。方法：以钙含量为指标,以食用醋量、浸提时间、浸提次数、浸提温度为考察因素,采用正交试验筛选肾骨软胶囊中牡蛎的最佳醋提工艺。对制备的肾骨软胶囊进行质量检查。结果：最佳浸提工艺为食用醋于80℃浸提3次,第1次加10倍量醋浸提24h,第2、3次均加8倍量浸提12h。在此工艺下制得的肾骨软胶囊的崩解度、装量差异均达到2010年版《中国药典》要求,平均钙含量为110.9mg/粒。结论：优选的工艺稳定、可行,可作为肾骨软胶囊的醋提工艺。     

坎地沙坦酯自微乳软胶囊的制备

目的通过坎地沙坦酯自微乳软胶囊的制备工艺研究,确定其最佳工艺条件。方法采用伪三元相图优化了软胶囊内容物的配方,并制备和优化了载药自微乳软胶囊的工艺。结果内容物以乙酸乙酯为油相,RH40为乳化剂,聚乙二醇400为助乳化剂,且三者最佳配比为9∶14∶7。软胶囊囊壳材料最佳配比为明胶∶甘油∶水=1∶0.5∶1,且评价了坎地沙坦酯自微乳软胶囊的相关特性。结论本工艺简单、稳定、可靠。     

Effect of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate in Dissolution Media on Dissolution of Hard Gelatin Capsule Shells

PURPOSE: Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) is a commonly used surfactant in dissolution media for poorly water soluble drugs. However, it has occasionally been observed that SLS negatively impacts the dissolution of drug products formulated in gelatin capsules. This study investigated the effect of SLS on the dissolution of hard gelatin capsule shells. METHODS: The USP paddle method was used with online UV monitoring at 214 nm (peptide bond). Empty size #0 capsule shells were held to the bottom of the dissolution vessel by magnetic three-prong sinkers. RESULTS: SLS significantly slowed down the dissolution of gelatin shells at pH < 5. Visually, the gelatin shells transformed into some less-soluble precipitate under these conditions. This precipitate was found to contain a higher sulfur content than the gelatin control sample by elemental analysis, indicating that SLS is part of the precipitate. Additionally, the slowdown of capsule shell dissolution was shown to be dependent on the SLS concentration and the ionic strength of the media. CONCLUSIONS: SLS interacts with gelatin to form a less-soluble precipitate at pH < 5. The use of SLS in dissolution media at acidic pH should be carefully evaluated for gelatin capsule products.