Sevelamer hydrochloride: a review of its use for hyperphosphataemia in patients with end-stage renal disease on haemodialysis

Sevelamer (Renagel), an orally administered metal-free cationic hydrogel polymer/resin that binds dietary phosphate in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, is approved for use in the US, Europe and several other countries for the treatment of hyperphosphataemia in adult patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis.Clinical evidence shows that sevelamer was at least as effective as calcium acetate and calcium carbonate at controlling serum phosphorus, calcium-phosphorus product (Ca x P) and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) levels, but generally reduced serum calcium levels to a greater extent and was associated with a lower risk of hypercalcaemic episodes than calcium-based phosphate binders. Sevelamer appeared to slow the progression of cardiovascular calcification in patients with ESRD and also had a beneficial effect on serum low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. In patients receiving chronic haemodialysis, there was no between-group difference in all-cause mortality between sevelamer and calcium-based phosphate binder therapy in the primary efficacy analysis in the large (n >2100), 3-year DCOR trial; in the smaller (n = 109) nonblind RIND trial in patients new to dialysis, data suggest there is an overall survival benefit with sevelamer versus calcium-based phosphate binder treatment. The relative survival benefits and cost effectiveness of these phosphate binder therapies remains to be fully determined. Sevelamer treatment was generally as well tolerated as calcium acetate or calcium carbonate treatment. Overall, sevelamer is a valuable option for the management of hyperphosphataemia in patients with ESRD on haemodialysis.     

The role of sevelamer in achieving the kidney disease outcomes quality initiative (K/DOQI) guidelines for hyperphosphatemia

BACKGROUND: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is a chronic health care problem associated with multiple co-morbidities and escalating costs. Disregulation of mineral metabolism (principally hyperphosphatemia and hypercalcemia) contributes to substantial morbidity and mortality. Accordingly, new and more-aggressive Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) Guidelines from the National Kidney Foundation promote lower serum phosphorus (3.5-5.5 mg/dL), lower calcium (8.4-9.5 mg/dL), and lower calcium-phosphorus product (< 55 mg(2)/dL(2)) targets. REVIEW FINDINGS: Traditional calcium-based and metal-based phosphate binders are effective but are associated with side effects and toxicity that limit their use. Achieving rigorous K/DOQI goals demands higher therapeutic doses of phosphate binders and may require more-aggressive use of calcium-free and metal-free phosphate binders. Sevelamer hydrochloride is a calcium- and metal-free polymer that binds phosphate effectively without contributing to calcium load or metal accumulation. In the Treat-to-Goal trial, sevelamer-treated dialysis patients had less progression of coronary and aortic calcification than patients treated with calcium-based binders. This offers the potential promise of reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The 800-mg tablet (Renagel) increases the daily sevelamer dose while reducing the number of tablets required per meal. Nine of the 800-mg tablets per day (3 x 800-mg tablets tid with meals) of sevelamer monotherapy have been shown to achieve K/DOQI serum phosphorus and calcium-phosphorus product targets. CONCLUSION: In summary, this review of the current evidence-base concludes that the new, more-aggressive, K/DOQI goals limit the use of metal-based and calcium-based phosphate binders. Sevelamer offers the advantages of lowering serum phosphorus without the risks of calcium or metal accumulation - and offers the promise of slowing the progression of vascular calcification and potentially reducing the morbidity and mortality of hemodialysis patients.     

The role of sevelamer in achieving the kidney disease outcomes quality initiative (K/DOQI) guidelines for hyperphosphatemia

SUMMARY

Background: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is a chronic health care problem associated with multiple co-morbidities and escalating costs. Disregulation of mineral metabolism (principally hyperphosphatemia and hypercalcemia) contributes to substantial morbidity and mortality. Accordingly, new and more-aggressive Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) Guidelines from the National Kidney Foundation promote lower serum phosphorus (3.5–5.5?mg/dL), lower calcium (8.4–9.5?mg/dL), and lower calcium-phosphorus product (< 55?mg²/dL²) targets.

Review findings: Traditional calcium-based and metal-based phosphate binders are effective but are associated with side effects and toxicity that limit their use. Achieving rigorous K/DOQI goals demands higher therapeutic doses of phosphate binders and may require more-aggressive use of calcium-free and metal-free phosphate binders. Sevelamer hydrochloride is a calcium- and metal-free polymer that binds phosphate effectively without contributing to calcium load or metal accumulation. In the Treat-to-Goal trial, sevelamer-treated dialysis patients had less progression of coronary and aortic calcification than patients treated with calcium-based binders. This offers the potential promise of reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The 800-mg tablet (Renagel*) increases the daily sevelamer dose while reducing the number of tablets required per meal. Nine of the 800-mg tablets per day (3 × 800-mg tablets tid with meals) of sevelamer monotherapy have been shown to achieve K/DOQI serum phosphorus and calcium-phosphorus product targets.

Conclusion: In summary, this review of the current evidence-base concludes that the new, more-aggressive, K/DOQI goals limit the use of metal-based and calcium-based phosphate binders. Sevelamer offers the advantages of lowering serum phosphorus without the risks of calcium or metal accumulation – and offers the promise of slowing the progression of vascular calcification and potentially reducing the morbidity and mortality of hemodialysis patients.     

Pharmacological and clinical trial data on a novel phosphate-binding polymer (sevelamer hydrochloride), a medicine for hyperphosphatemia in hemodialysis patients

Hyperphosphatemia is one of the major complications of hemodialysis patients and plays a key role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular calcification and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Dietary phosphate restriction and removal of phosphate by dialysis are insufficient to control hyperphosphatemia. Therefore, almost all patients undergoing hemodialysis should take oral phosphate binders. Sevelamer hydrochloride (sevelamer) is a novel phosphate-binding polymer that contains neither aluminum nor calcium, and it is not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. In rat models with progressive chronic renal insufficiency, in addition to lowering effects on serum levels of phosphorus, calcium x phosphorus product, and parathyroid hormone, dietary treatment of sevelamer can prevent parathyroid hyperplasia, vascular calcification, high turnover bone lesion, and renal functional deterioration. In clinical studies with hemodialysis patients, sevelamer lowers serum phosphorus and calcium x phosphorus product without any incidence of hypercalcemia. Switching calcium-containing phosphate binders to sevelamer can decrease the percentage of hypoparathyroidism and hyperparathyroidism by negative calcium balance and increased dosage of vitamin D, respectively. Sevelamer also decreases serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels by its bile acid-binding capacity. A long-term clinical study has demonstrated that the progression of coronary and aortic calcification in hemodialysis patients is attenuated by sevelamer. Thus, sevelamer offers the promise of impacting cardiac calcification and thereby reducing morbidity and mortality of hemodialysis patients.     

新型磷结合剂碳酸司维拉姆临床应用

碳酸司维拉姆作为一种不吸收的非钙、非金属的磷结合剂,临床用于控制正在接受透析治疗的慢性肾脏病成人患者的高磷血症,目前已在40多国上市并广泛使用。本文通过对碳酸司维拉姆进行文献检索,并对其作用机制、药效学、药动学、临床评价、适应证及药品相关不良反应等进行综述。     

Safety of new phosphate binders for chronic renal failure.

Phosphate (Pi) retention is a common problem in patients with chronic kidney disease, particularly in those who have reached end-stage renal disease (ESRD). In addition to causing secondary hyperparathyroidism and renal osteodystrophy, recent evidence suggests that, in ESRD patients, high serum phosphorus concentration and increased calcium and phosphorous (Ca x P) product are associated with vascular and cardiac calcifications and increased mortality. Dietary phosphorus restriction and Pi removal by dialysis are not sufficient to restore Pi homeostasis. Reduction of intestinal Pi absorption with the use of Pi binders is currently the primary treatment for Pi retention in patients with ESRD. The use of large doses of calcium-containing Pi binders along with calcitriol administration may contribute to over-suppression of parathyroid hormone secretion and adynamic bone disease as well as to a high incidence of vascular calcifications. When used in patients with impaired renal function, aluminium salts were found to accumulate in bone and other tissues, resulting in osteomalacia and encephalopathy.Sevelamer, an aluminium- and calcium-free Pi binder can reduce serum phosphorus concentration and is associated with a significantly lower incidence of hypercalcaemia, while maintaining the ability to suppress parathyroid hormone production. An additional benefit of sevelamer is its ability to lower low density lipoprotein-cholesterol and total cholesterol levels. Sevelamer attenuates the progression of vascular calcifications in haemodialysis patients, which may lead to lower mortality. The use of sevelamer in non-dialysed patients might aggravate metabolic acidosis, common in these patients. Several other calcium-free Pi binders are in development. Lanthanum carbonate has shown significant promise in clinical trials in ESRD patients. Magnesium salts do not offer a significant advantage over currently available Pi binders. Their use is restricted to patients receiving dialysis since excess magnesium must be removed by dialysis. Iron-based compounds have shown variable efficacy in short-term clinical trials in small numbers of haemodialysis patients. Mixed metal hydroxyl carbonate compounds have shown efficacy in animals but have not been studied in humans. Major safety issues include absorption of the metal component with possible tissue accumulation and toxicity.     

Hyperphosphatemia and phosphate binders.

PURPOSE: The pathophysiology of hyperphosphatemia associated with end-stage renal disease and treatment with phosphate binders are discussed. SUMMARY: Phosphorus is an essential element necessary for the normal function of the human body, required for skeletal construction and synthesis of DNA, proteins, and adenosine triphosphate. In healthy individuals, serum phosphorus concentrations are maintained between 2.5 and 4.5 mg/dL through diet and renal excretion. In renal insufficiency, phosphorus excretion declines and hyperphosphatemia develops. The body's compensation mechanisms cause secondary hyperparathyroidism and renal osteodystrophy. Phosphate binders provide an effective means for managing serum phosphate. Commercially available phosphate binders include calcium carbonate, calcium acetate, sevelamer, lanthanum, and, rarely, aluminum hydroxide. Because of aluminum's known toxicities, aluminum-based phosphate binders have a limited place in therapy. Calcium carbonate's benefits are seen over a narrow gastric pH range, thereby limiting the drug's utility. Calcium acetate is effective over a wide pH range. Other phosphate binders, including sevelamer hydrochloride and lanthanum carbonate, have recently entered the market, but their use remains controversial. CONCLUSION: If left untreated, hyperphosphatemia can result in secondary hyperparathyroidism, renal osteodystrophy, and metastatic calcification of blood vessels and soft tissue. The treatment of hyperphosphatemia in patients with chronic renal failure includes dialysis, dietary phosphorus restrictions, phosphate-binding medications, and vitamin D analogs. Selection of phosphate binders should be based on patient characteristics, including serum phosphate, serum calcium, and intact parathyroid hormone concentrations, and patient tolerability.     

肾衰宁胶囊联合司维拉姆治疗血液透析患者高磷血症的疗效观察

目的 观察肾衰宁胶囊联合司维拉姆治疗血液透析患者高磷血症的临床疗效。方法 选择2022年11月—2023年03月在山东大学齐鲁医院（青岛）治疗的80例高磷血症的血液透析患者,按照随机数字表法将患者分为对照组和治疗组,每组各40例。对照组患者口服碳酸司维拉姆片,3次/d,起始剂量每次1片或2片。治疗组在对照组的治疗基础上口服肾衰宁胶囊,3粒/次,3次/d。两组均连续治疗16周。观察两组患者临床疗效,比较治疗前后两组患者血磷、血钙、钙磷乘积和甲状旁腺激素（iPTH）水平。结果 治疗后,治疗组总有效率为72.50%,明显高于对照组47.50%(P<0.05)。治疗后,治疗组患者血磷水平持续下降,从第4周开始显著低于治疗前（P<0.05）,从第12周开始血磷水平明显低于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后,两组患者的血钙水平均显著低于治疗前（P<0.05）。治疗后,治疗组患者的钙磷乘积水平较治疗前持续下降（P<0.05）,治疗组内比较和两组间比较与血磷变化趋势一致。结论 肾衰宁胶囊联合司维拉姆能有效治疗血液透析患者的高磷血症,并有效降低钙磷乘积,且无明显不良反应。     

Management of hyperphosphataemia in dialysis patients: role of phosphate binders in the elderly

Phosphorus control remains a relevant clinical problem in dialysis patients. With age, however, serum phosphorus level decreases significantly because of a spontaneous decrease in protein intake. Older patients usually need lower doses of phosphorus binders. Nevertheless, hyperphosphataemia is observed in a quarter of patients aged >65 years. Phosphorus retention is related to an imbalance between phosphorus intake and removal by dialysis, and is usually aggravated when vitamin D analogues are employed. Hyperphosphataemia induces secondary hyperparathyroidism and the development of osteitis fibrosa. Recent publications describe an association between phosphorus retention and increased calcium and phosphorus product (Ca2+ x P), with significant progression of tissue calcification and higher mortality risk. Dietary intervention, phosphorus removal during dialysis and phosphorus binders are current methods for the management of hyperphosphataemia. However, the phosphorus removed by standard haemodialysis is insufficient to achieve a neutral phosphorus balance when protein intake is >50 g/day. Additional protein restriction may impose the risk of a negative protein balance. More frequent dialysis may help to control resistant hyperphosphataemia. Phosphorus binders constitute the mainstay of serum phosphorus level control in end-stage renal disease patients. Aluminium-based phosphorus binders, associated with toxic effects, have largely been substituted by calcium-based phosphorus binders. However, widespread use of calcium-based phosphorus binders has evidenced the frequent appearance of hypercalcaemia and long-term progressive cardiovascular calcification. Sevelamer, a relatively new phosphorus binder, has proved efficacious in lowering serum phosphorus and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels without inducing hypercalcaemia. Furthermore, several investigators have reported that sevelamer may prevent progression of coronary calcification. However, its efficacy in severe cases of hyperphosphataemia remains to be confirmed in large series. There are no specific guidelines for phosphorus control in the elderly. Until more information is available, levels of mineral metabolites should be targeted in the same range as those recommended for the general population on dialysis (calcium 8.7-10.2 mg/dL, phosphorus 3.5-5.5 mg/dL and Ca2+ x P 50-55 mg2/dL2). PTH values over 120 ng/L help to avoid adynamic bone disease. Since elderly patients have a higher incidence of adynamic bone (which buffers less calcium) and vascular calcification, sevelamer should be the phosphorus binder of choice in this population; but sevelamer is costly and its long-term efficacy has not been definitively validated. Patients with low normal levels of calcium may receive calcium-based phosphorus binders with little risk. Patients with low values of PTH and high normal calcium should receive sevelamer. Tailored combinations of calcium-based phosphorus binders and sevelamer should be considered, and calcium dialysate concentration adjusted accordingly.     

Hyperphosphatemia and phosphate binders: effectiveness and safety

In patients with kidney dysfunction hyperphosphatemia is more evident as renal failure progresses. It is related to increased FGF-23 levels, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and accelerated progressive vascular calcification. In CKD patients advanced coronary artery calcification is strongly associated with future cardiovascular events, cardiovascular death, and all-cause mortality. Apart from the above, phosphate per se is suspected as a causal risk factor for CKD progression. Keeping serum phosphorus within the target values are linked to improvement in life expectancy. A low phosphate diet, an efficient dialysis removal of phosphate load, and the administration of phosphate binders are the main recommended steps to control hyperphosphatemia. Calcium-based phosphate binders can lead to a positive calcium balance, hypercalcaemia, parathyroid gland suppression, adynamic bone disease, and coronary artery and aortic calcification. On the other hand Sevelamer hydrochloride and Lanthanum carbonate has been shown to be effective, safe and useful therapeutic tools for hyperphosphatemia. When prescribe pharmacological agents, one must take into account the large increase in health-care expenditure and the choice of phosphate binder should be individualized.     

司维拉姆片治疗慢性肾衰竭伴高磷血症患者的临床研究

目的 探讨司维拉姆片治疗慢性肾衰竭伴高磷血症的效果及对血清分泌型Klotho(sKlotho)和转化生长因子 β1(TGF-β1)水平的影响.方法 根据治疗方案将纳入的慢性肾衰竭伴高磷血症患者分为试验组61例和对照组67例.对照组给予常规治疗,试验组在对照组基础上给予碳酸司维拉姆每次800 mg,每天3次,随餐口服.观...     

司维拉姆治疗透析患者高磷血症的快速评估

摘 要 目的：快速评估司维拉姆治疗透析患者高磷血症的有效性、安全性和经济性。方法：通过计算机检索PubMed、Embase、the Cochrane Library和专业卫生技术评估数据库收集司维拉姆治疗透析患者高磷血症的卫生技术评估报告、系统评价/Meta分析和经济学评价。按照纳入排除标准筛选文献、提取资料和评价质量,对研究结果进行全面分析后得出结论。结果：共纳入22项研究,其中5项卫生技术评估报告、7项系统评价/Meta分析和10项经济学评价。结果显示司维拉姆可有效控制血磷水平,同时不增加血钙水平和高钙血症的风险。此外,和含钙磷结合剂相比,司维拉姆组患者总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇及C反应蛋白水平较低,且司维拉姆治疗并没有过度抑制血清全段甲状旁腺激素水平。国内外的经济学研究显示,与含钙磷结合剂相比,司维拉姆用于透析患者具有成本效果优势。国内的经济学研究显示,与碳酸镧相比,司维拉姆可能更具有成本效果优势,但仍需进一步研究。结论：基于目前可获得的证据支持司维拉姆用于透析患者高磷血症的治疗。     

Sevelamer as a phosphate binder in adult hemodialysis patients: an evidence-based review of its therapeutic value

INTRODUCTION: Patients on hemodialysis require phosphate binders to reduce dietary phosphate absorption and control serum phosphate. The standard therapy, calcium salts, can be associated with elevated serum calcium (hypercalcemia). Concern has been raised that hypercalcemia, especially combined with elevated serum phosphate, may be associated with arterial calcification, and this may contribute to increased risk of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Sevelamer is a nonmetal, nonabsorbed phosphate binder. AIMS: This review assesses the evidence for the therapeutic value of sevelamer as a phosphate binder in adult hemodialysis patients. EVIDENCE REVIEW: Strong evidence shows that sevelamer is as effective as calcium salts in controlling serum phosphate and calcium-phosphate product, has less risk of inducing hypercalcemia and is more effective at lowering lipid levels. Some evidence indicates that sevelamer reduces arterial calcification progression and loss of bone mineral density, but it may be more likely to induce metabolic acidosis, compared with calcium salts. Sevelamer-containing regimens may improve calcific uremic arteriolopathy, although the evidence is weak. Evidence is divided on whether the incidence of gastrointestinal adverse events with sevelamer is similar to or higher than that with calcium salts. Retrospective and modeling studies suggest lower cardiovascular morbidity and mortality with sevelamer than with calcium salts, with incremental cost-effectiveness of $US1100-2200 per life-year gained. Further direct evidence is needed on mortality, quality of life, and cost-effectiveness. PLACE IN THERAPY: Sevelamer is effective in controlling serum phosphate and lowering lipid levels in hemodialysis patients without inducing hypercalcemia, and may have beneficial effects on arterial calcification.     

Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins Lowering Effect of Sevelamer in Pre-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Patients with Hyperphosphatemia: A Randomized Controlled Trial

P-cresyl sulfate and indoxyl sulfate are strongly associated with cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD). This randomized controlled trial was conducted to compare the effects between sevelamer and calcium carbonate on protein-bound uremic toxins in pre-dialysis CKD patients with hyperphosphatemia. Forty pre-dialysis CKD patients with persistent hyperphosphatemia were randomly assigned to receive either 2400 mg of sevelamer daily or 1500 mg of calcium carbonate daily for 24 weeks. A significant decrease of total serum p-cresyl sulfate was observed in sevelamer therapy compared to calcium carbonate therapy (mean difference between two groups −5.61 mg/L; 95% CI −11.01 to −0.27 mg/L; p = 0.04). There was no significant difference in serum indoxyl sulfate levels (p = 0.36). Sevelamer had effects in terms of lowering fibroblast growth factor 23 (p = 0.01) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (p = 0.04). Sevelamer showed benefits in terms of retarding CKD progression. Changes in vascular stiffness were not found in this study.     

2种不同磷结合剂治疗维持性血液透析患者高磷血症的对比研究

目的观察对比2种不同的磷结合剂对维持性血液透析患者高磷血症的治疗效果。方法选取肾内科维持性血液透析并高磷血症患者64例,随机分为观察组和对照组各32例,对照组应用碳酸钙治疗,观察组应用盐酸司维拉姆进行治疗。观察两组患者的治疗有效率及血液生化指标中血清高密度脂蛋白、血磷、血清钙磷乘积的变化情况及不良反应。结果治疗后,观察组和对照组患者血磷、血清钙磷的乘积均较治疗前显著下降,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;观察组这两项指标下降更为明显,与对照组相比差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;观察组的治疗有效率显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）;观察组患者血清高密度脂蛋白较治疗前显著上升（P〈0.05）;观察组高钙血症发生率低于对照组,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论盐酸司维拉姆比碳酸钙对维持性血液透析患者高磷血症具有更好的短期疗效。     

A comparative review of the efficacy and safety of established phosphate binders: calcium,sevelamer, and lanthanum carbonate*

ABSTRACT

Background: Obstacles to successful management of hyperphosphatemia in chronic kidney disease include inadequate control of dietary phosphate and non-compliance with phosphate-binder therapy. Three major classes of phosphate binders include calcium-based binders, sevelamer HCl, and lanthanum carbonate.

Scope: A literature search was performed using MEDLINE and EMBASE databases to identify clinical trials from January 1966 to May 2007 comparing classes of phosphate binders with regard to efficacy, safety, compliance, or pharmacoeconomics. Search terms included lanthanum AND sevelamer, lanthanum AND calcium, and sevelamer AND calcium. A total of 1372 articles were identified in the search, with 125 review articles and clinical trials of interest identified.

Findings: Calcium-based binders are effective, but their potential to contribute to total body calcium overload and vascular calcification is an important long-term clinical concern. Sevelamer HCl is effective in reducing serum phosphate, has no systemic absorption, and does not increase total body calcium load. However, sevelamer HCl binds bile acids, is not an efficient phosphate binder in an acidic environment, and contributes to metabolic acidosis. Lanthanum carbonate is a potent and selective phosphate binder that retains high affinity for phosphate over a wide pH range, does not bind bile acids or contribute to metabolic acidosis, and has the potential to reduce pill burden and increase patient compliance compared with other phosphate binders.

Conclusions: All three classes of phosphate binders are effective at reducing serum phosphate levels. Lanthanum carbonate may result in increased adherence by decreasing the pill burden.     

Determination of the binding parameter constants of Renagel capsules and tablets utilizing the Langmuir approximation at various pH by ion chromatography

Sevelamer hydrochloride is a cross-linked polymeric amine; it is the active ingredient in Renagel capsules and tablets. Sevelamer hydrochloride is indicated for the control of hyperphosphatemia in patients with end-stage renal disease. The binding parameter constants of sevelamer hydrochloride were determined using the Langmuir approximation for three different dosage forms at pH 4.0, 5.5 and 7.0. The three dosage forms were Renagel 403 mg capsules, Renagel 400 mg tablets and Renagel 800 mg tablets. The results demonstrate the equivalency of all three dosage forms at each pH. The results also demonstrate a shift in the binding mechanism from pH 4.0 to 7.0.     

慢性肾脏病继发甲状旁腺功能亢进症50例临床分析

目的探讨慢性肾脏病(CKD)合并继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(SHPT)患者血清甲状旁腺激素(PTH)、钙磷水平的变化及其治疗对策。方法 50例CKD合并SHPT患者随机分为治疗组(30例)和对照组(20例),对照组采用常规治疗,治疗组在对照组基础上加用骨化三醇、磷结合剂及低钙透析液治疗。检测两组血清PTH、血清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、血清钙、磷浓度,计算钙磷乘积。结果与对照组和治疗前相比,治疗组治疗期间的PTH、ALP水平和钙磷乘积下降(P<0.05),治疗20周后心血管疾患、感染、肾性骨病、贫血等并发症减少(P<0.05)。结论积极调整CKD患者钙磷代谢及血清PTH、ALP水平,对减少CKD患者并发症有重要意义。     

Optimising the treatment of hyperphosphatemia and vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease

Accelerated atherosclerosis and vascular calcifications (VC) play a central role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Mineral metabolism disorders and increased serum calcium-phosphate product have been recently investigated as inducing factors of cardiovascular calcification. In fact, cardiovascular disease in renal failure appears greatly associated with bone metabolism alterations. Recently, the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in CKD patients changed from either calcium- or aluminium-based phosphate-binders to new free-calcium and aluminium phosphate binders, such as sevelamer hydrochloride and lanthanum carbonate. Therefore, control of serum phosphate in CKD patients becomes crucial in preventing increases in calcium-phosphate product, secondary hyperparathyroidism and ultimately VC.     

Optimising the treatment of hyperphosphatemia and vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease

Accelerated atherosclerosis and vascular calcifications (VC) play a central role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Mineral metabolism disorders and increased serum calcium-phosphate product have been recently investigated as inducing factors of cardiovascular calcification. In fact, cardiovascular disease in renal failure appears greatly associated with bone metabolism alterations. Recently, the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in CKD patients changed from either calcium- or aluminium-based phosphate-binders to new free-calcium and aluminium phosphate binders, such as sevelamer hydrochloride and lanthanum carbonate. Therefore, control of serum phosphate in CKD patients becomes crucial in preventing increases in calcium-phosphate product, secondary hyperparathyroidism and ultimately VC.