塞来昔布对正常脑胶质细胞和脑胶质瘤细胞放射增敏效应的比较及其机制

目的 探讨塞来昔布对正常少突胶质细胞（oln93）及脑胶质瘤细胞（u373）的放射增敏作用及其作用机制。方法 将两种细胞按空白处理、单独接受塞来昔布或X射线、塞来昔布联合X射线4种不同处理方式分为对照组、给药组、照射组和联合组,MTT法、克隆形成法对比两种细胞的增殖和放射敏感性,流式法测细胞的周期分布,Western blot法分析相关蛋白表达。结果 与未加药物相比,塞来昔布能抑制oln93细胞和u373细胞生长（t=2.215~30.996,P<0.05;t=0.383~11.732,P<0.05）,但相同药物浓度下抑制两种细胞差异无统计学意义。放射增敏比SER分别为1.13和1.21,并诱导G₀/G₁期阻滞（t=-6.1~5.141,P<0.05）。联合组与照射组比较,oln93细胞发生S期阻滞（t=-18.174,P<0.05）,CyclinA蛋白表达增加（t=-8.087,P<0.05）;u373细胞发生G₂/M期阻滞,Cyclin B1、DNA-PKcs、MRE11蛋白表达下降（t=-8.838~10.45,P<0.05）。结论 塞来昔布对u373的放射增敏作用比oln93细胞明显,其机制与调节细胞周期分布及DNA损伤修复有关。     

放射增敏机制的研究进展

目前约有70％的肿瘤需要进行放射治疗,但大多数肿瘤都存在一定的放射抗拒性,即便在精确放疗占主导地位的今天,临床上放疗野内复发的情况依旧存在。因此放射增敏剂成为了近年来的研究热点,而放射增敏机制的研究因其能为增敏剂的临床应用和新药的研制和开发提供理论依据而备受关注。现将放射增敏机制的相关研究进展综述如下。     

香兰素衍生物BVAN08对人脑胶质瘤细胞的放射增敏作用及机制研究

目的 研究香兰素衍生物6-溴异香兰素(BVAN08)对人脑胶质瘤细胞的增殖影响、放射增敏作用和相关机制,为开发新的放射增敏抗癌药物提供实验依据。方法 采用MTT法、克隆形成率法检测BVAN08对U-251细胞增殖活性和⁶⁰Coγ射线敏感性的影响(照射剂量率为2.3 Gy/min);光学显微镜观察BVAN08作用后细胞形态学变化;透射电镜检测细胞自吞噬死亡;流式细胞术检测细胞周期和凋亡的变化;Western blot检测DNA修复蛋白DNA-PKcs的表达变化。结果 6-溴异香兰素BVAN08对U-251细胞增殖有显著抑制作用(t=1.83～3.07,P＜0.05),在10～100 μmol/L浓度范围内呈剂量和作用时间依赖性,药物作用48和72 h的IC50分别为55.3 和52.7 μmol/L。60 μmol/L BVAN08作用4 h后,U-251细胞产生明显的G₂/M期阻滞, 12 h达到峰值,G₂/M阻滞达到63.3 %,并开始同时出现细胞凋亡和自吞噬死亡。BVAN08对U-251细胞有明显的放射增敏作用,而且在照射前12 h给药的增敏效果最好,20 μmol/L浓度对2 Gy照射杀伤U-251细胞的增强比为3.14。Western blot检测表明BVAN08能显著抑制DNA-PKcs的表达。结论 香兰素衍生物BVAN08具有明显抑制人脑胶质瘤U-251细胞增殖和辐射增敏作用、并同时诱发凋亡和自吞噬死亡。BVAN08对U-251细胞的辐射增敏作用可能与G₂/M期阻滞和DNA双链断裂修复关键蛋白DNA-PKcs表达的抑制敏感性有关。     

香兰素衍生物BVAN08对人脑胶质瘤细胞的放射增敏作用及机制研究

Objective To provide more convincing evidences and experimental data for exploring vanillin derivative BVAN08,6-bromine-5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzaldehyde,as a new anticancer drug,and to investigate the effect on the growth,radiosensitization of human glioma cell line U-251 and the relative mechanism.Methods The effect of BVAN08 on cell proliferation of U-251 and radiosensitivity to 60Co γ-rays (irradiation dose rate 2.3 Gy/min) were analyzed with MTT and colony-forming ability assay.Change in cellular morphology was observed by using light microscope.Change in cell cycle and apoptosis was detected with flow cytometry.The autophagy was observed by using TEM (irradiation dose rate is transmission electron microscope).DNA-PKcs protein level was detected through Western blot analysis.Results BVAN08 exhibited a dose- and time-dependent inhibition on the proliferation of U-251 cells during the concentration range of 10-100 mol/L (t = 1.83-3.07,P ＜ 0.05).IC50 at 48 h and 72 h after administration with BVAN08 were 55.3 and 52.7 mol/L,respectively.Obvious G2/M arrest was induced in U-251 cells after 4 h administration with BVAN08,and reached peak at 12 h.The G2/M population reached 63.3% in U-251 cells after 12 h administration of 60 μmol/L BVAN08 and kept increasing with the time,while both apoptosis and autophagic cell death were induced.The most effective radiosensitization time for BVAN08 treatment was 12 h before irradiation.The enhancement ratio of radiosensitivity was 3.14 for 20 μmol/L of BVAN08 12 h before 2 Gy irradiation.Conclusions BVAN08 can nduce apoptosis as well as autophygic cell death of U-251 cells,and sensitize U-251 cells.The mechanism of its radiosensitizing effect might be associated with the induction of G2/M arrest and inhibition of DNA-PKcs expression.BVAN08 seemed to be a romising radiosensitizing anticancer drug.     

核定位序列修饰的二氧化钛纳米颗粒对胶质瘤U251细胞的放射增敏作用

目的 研究核定位序列（nuclear localization sequence,NLS）修饰的二氧化钛（titanium dioxide,TiO₂）纳米颗粒对胶质瘤U251细胞放射敏感性的作用。方法 合成并表征具有细胞核靶向性的TiO₂-NLS纳米颗粒,分别用纳米颗粒和电离辐射单独或联合处理U251细胞,流式细胞仪检测活性氧（ROS）含量和细胞凋亡率,γ-H2AX焦点（foci）染色检测DNA损伤修复的情况,细胞克隆形成实验检测细胞放射敏感性的改变。结果 NLS修饰可促进TiO₂纳米颗粒进入U251细胞核,与未修饰的TiO₂纳米颗粒相比,TiO₂-NLS纳米颗粒可促进电离辐射诱导的细胞凋亡（t=8.96,P<0.05）,细胞克隆实验显示,TiO₂-BSA纳米颗粒组的放射增敏比为1.18,TiO₂-NLS纳米颗粒处理组的放射增敏比为1.29,两组比较,差异有统计学意义（t=14.72,P<0.05）。结论 具有细胞核靶向性的TiO₂纳米颗粒能够增强胶质瘤U251细胞的放射敏感性。     

吩噻嗪类药物对人胶质瘤U-251细胞的杀伤和放射增敏作用

目的观察吩噻嗪类化合物对肿瘤细胞的杀伤及放射增敏作用。方法三氟拉嗪（TFP）和吩噻嗪作用于体外培养的U-251细胞，克隆形成法检测辐射敏感性，流式细胞术检测细胞周期变化。结果TFP和吩噻嗪有明显的抑制U-251细胞增殖和提高其放射敏感性的作用，TFP的作用比吩噻嗪更加明显，20μmol／L的TFP可抑制4Gy照射后6h的G2/M阻滞的发生。结论TFP对人胶质瘤U-251细胞具有杀伤及放射增敏作用。     

青蒿素对人鼻咽癌CNE细胞的放射增敏作用及机制的研究

目的 探讨青蒿素对人鼻咽癌CNE细胞的放射增敏作用。方法 应用甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)比色法检测青蒿素对鼻咽癌CNE细胞的抑制效应;克隆形成实验观察青蒿素对CNE细胞的放射敏感性的影响;流式细胞术测定照射后CNE细胞周期的再分布。结果 青蒿素对CNE细胞的抑制率呈药物剂量依赖性增加。青蒿素能明显增加γ射线对CNE细胞的克隆形成抑制作用,1 μmol/L青蒿素对CNE细胞的放射增敏比(SER)为1.26。青蒿素能够去除γ射线照射后CNE细胞的G₂/M期阻滞,与单纯6 Gy照射组相比,青蒿素+照射组G₂/M期阻滞减少。结论 青蒿素通过减弱辐射诱导的G₂/M期阻滞,从而增加γ射线对CNE细胞的杀伤作用。     

青蒿素对人鼻咽癌CNE细胞的放射增敏作用及机制的研究

Objective To investigate the radiosensitizing effects of artemisinin on CNE human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells in vitro.Methods CNE human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line was used in this study.Cell growth kinetics was determined by MTT assay.Effect of the drug on radiosensitivity of CNE cells was analyzed by clonogenic assay.The change of cell cycle was measured by flow cytometry.Results The inhibition of CNE cells growth by artemisinin was increased with concentrations.Artemisinin (1 μmol/L)could enhance the radiosensitizing effects on CNE cell line,and the sensitizing enhancement ratio(SER)was 1.26.Artemisinin abrogated radiation-induced G2/M arrest of the tested CNE cells.Compared with the radiation alone group,the proportion of G2/M phase cells increased in radiation combined with drug group.Conclusions Artemisinin could reduce radiation-induced G2/M arrest and enhance the cytotoxicity of γ-irradiation on the CNE ceils.     

青蒿素对人鼻咽癌CNE细胞的放射增敏作用及机制的研究

Objective To investigate the radiosensitizing effects of artemisinin on CNE human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells in vitro.Methods CNE human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line was used in this study.Cell growth kinetics was determined by MTT assay.Effect of the drug on radiosensitivity of CNE cells was analyzed by clonogenic assay.The change of cell cycle was measured by flow cytometry.Results The inhibition of CNE cells growth by artemisinin was increased with concentrations.Artemisinin (1 μmol/L)could enhance the radiosensitizing effects on CNE cell line,and the sensitizing enhancement ratio(SER)was 1.26.Artemisinin abrogated radiation-induced G2/M arrest of the tested CNE cells.Compared with the radiation alone group,the proportion of G2/M phase cells increased in radiation combined with drug group.Conclusions Artemisinin could reduce radiation-induced G2/M arrest and enhance the cytotoxicity of γ-irradiation on the CNE ceils.     

塞来昔布对人肺腺癌细胞株A549的放射增敏效应及细胞迁移力的影响

Objective To investigate the effects of radiosensitivity enhancement and inhibition of migration ability of human lung adenocarcinoma cells by celecoxib,a selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor.Methods Human lung adenocarcinoma cells of the line A549 were cultured and then inoculated into six-well plates and randomly divided into 4 groups:control group,celecoxib group administered with celecoxib at the subtoxic doses 30 and 50 μmol/L,irradiated group exposed to 0,1,2,4,6,or 8 Gy by linear accelerator,and combined treatment (celecoxib + irradiation) group.The radiosensitizing effect of celecoxib was assessed by clonogenic cell survival test.The migration ability of the A549 cells was measured by scratch-wound test and the content of metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in culture supernatant was detected with ELISA.Results The sensitization enhancement ratio of the celexib group was increased dosedependently.The values of D0 ,Dq,SF2 and D0.01 of the celecoxib + irradiation group were all significantly lower than those of the irradiated group.Scratch-wound test showed that the no-scratch area of the celecoxib + irradiation group and celecoxib group were all significantly wider than those of the mere irradiation and control groups and there was a dose-dependent manner,and the no-scratch area of the celecoxib + irradiation group was wlider than that of the celecoxib group.ELISA showed that the MMP-2 levels in the supernatant of the celecoxib group and celecoxib + irradiation group were respectively significantly lower than those of the control group and mere irradiated group (t = 3.78,5.79、3.15,P ＜ 0.05),however,there was not significant difference between the mere irradiation and control groups (t = 2.73,2.38,P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions Celecoxib enhances concentration-dependently the radiosensitivity of human lung carcinoma cell and inhibits the secretion of MMP-2 of the carcinoma cells,thus inhibiting their migration ability.     

塞来昔布对人肺腺癌细胞株A549的放射增敏效应及细胞迁移力的影响

目的 观察选择性COX-2抑制剂塞来昔布(celecoxib)对人肺腺癌细胞株A549的放射增敏效应及抑制细胞迁移力的作用。方法 选用人肺腺癌细胞株A549作为研究对象。选择适当浓度的塞来昔布,设置对照组、药物组、单纯放射组和放射加药组,成克隆分析法测定塞来昔布对细胞的放射增敏效应,细胞划痕试验观察A549细胞的迁移力,酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)检测细胞培养上清液中基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-2的含量。结果 细胞划痕试验结果显示,放射加药组比单纯放射组和药物组的无细胞划痕区均增宽,细胞迁移力均明显下降,且随着药物浓度的增加,抑制细胞迁移的能力增强。30和50 μmol/L 塞来昔布对A549细胞显示出浓度依赖性放射增敏作用,放射加药与单纯放射组相比, SF₂、D₀、D\-q出现不同程度的下调。ELISA检测发现,细胞培养上清液中MMP-2的含量,药物组较对照组,放射加药组较单纯放射组均明显下降(t=3.78、5.79,P<0.05),但单纯放射组和对照组对细胞分泌MMP-2的抑制效应不明显(t=2.73、2.38,P>0.05)。结论 塞来昔布在体外试验中对肺腺癌细胞株A549具有浓度依赖性放射敏感性,机制可能为降低了细胞对放射的亚致死损伤修复能力。塞来昔布可能通过抑制A549细胞分泌MMP-2,从而抑制细胞的迁移能力。     

Radiosensitization of human glioma cells by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition: Independent on COX-2 expression and dependent on the COX-2 inhibitor and sequence of administration

Purpose: Patients with a malignant glioma have a very poor prognosis. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein is regularly upregulated in gliomas and might be a potential therapeutic target. The effects of three selective COX-2 inhibitors were studied on three human glioma cell lines.

Materials and methods: The selective COX-2 inhibitors NS-398, Celecoxib and Meloxicam and three human glioma cell lines (D384, U251 and U87) were used. Cell growth was assessed by a proliferation assay, the interaction with radiation (0 – 6 Gy) was studied using the clonogenic assay and cell cycle distribution was determined by FACS (fluorescence-activated cell sorting) analysis.

Results: All COX-2 inhibitors reduced proliferation of the glioma cell lines irrespective of their COX-2 expression level. Incubation with 200 μM NS-398 24 h before radiation enhanced radiation-induced cell death of D384 cells and 750 μM Meloxicam resulted in radiosensitization of D384 and U87 cells. No radiosensitization was observed with COX-2 inhibitor administration after radiotherapy. Treatment of D384 with NS-398 (200 μM) or Celecoxib (50 μM) and U87 with NS-398 (200 μM) after radiation resulted even in radioprotection.

Conclusions: Effectiveness of COX-2 inhibitors on cell proliferation and radio-enhancement was independent of COX-2 protein expression. The sequence of COX-2 inhibitor addition and irradiation is very important.     

三氧化二砷提高恶性淋巴瘤细胞放射敏感性的观察

目的研究三氧化二砷对恶性淋巴瘤细胞辐射敏感性的影响。方法采用细胞染色方法观察细胞凋亡的形态，流式细胞仪检测细胞的DNA含量和Bcl-2蛋白的表达。结果0．5—2.0μmol／L三氧化二砷和1-4Gyγ射线均能抑制B淋巴瘤细胞株Raji细胞生长，诱导细胞凋亡，流式细胞仪检测Raji细胞亚G1期细胞明显增多，Bcl-2蛋白的表达明显降低，呈现时间剂量依赖效应，联合应用比单独应用抑制作用显著。结论三氧化二砷能够提高恶性淋巴瘤细胞的放射敏感性。     

氯碘羟喹联合锌离子对人宫颈癌HeLa细胞的放射增敏研究

目的 探讨氯碘羟喹(CQ)联合锌离子(zinc)对人宫颈癌HeLa细胞系的放射增敏作用。方法 将细胞分为对照组、药物组、单纯照射组、药物+照射组。CCK-8法检测不同浓度氯碘羟喹联合锌离子对HeLa细胞的毒性作用;集落形成实验检测氯碘羟喹联合锌离子对HeLa细胞放射敏感性的影响,依据单击多靶模型拟合剂量-生存曲线,并计算放射增敏参数;流式细胞仪检测HeLa细胞周期与凋亡率;单荧光素酶报告基因法检测核转录因子NF-κB的活性。结果 氯碘羟喹联合锌离子对HeLa细胞的生长抑制作用呈浓度依赖性(F=188.00,P<0.01)。单纯照射组和药物+照射组的平均致死剂量(D₀)分别为3.16和2.04 Gy,放射增敏比(SER)为1.55。药物+照射组较单纯照射组相比,G₂期阻滞降低(t=10.39,P<0.05),24 h凋亡率增加(t=5.64,P<0.01),药物+照射组NF-κB活性降低(t=21.42,P<0.05)。与对照组比较,药物组NF-κB活性降低(t=12.48,P<0.05),单纯照射组NF-κB活性升高(t=6.23,P<0.05)。结论 氯碘羟喹和锌离子二者联合使用可增加HeLa细胞的放射敏感性,其机制可能与药物去除X射线诱导的G₂期阻滞,增加射线诱导的细胞凋亡,以及抑制细胞NF-κB活性有关。     

Radiosensitization by misonidazole, pimonidazole and azomycin and intracellular uptake in human tumour cell lines

The radiosensitization of two human tumour in vitro cell lines, HT-1080 and LoVo, has been compared with that of the Chinese hamster cell line V79-379A. Although the two human tumour cell lines were more radiosensitive than the V79 cell line sensitizer, enhancement ratios for misonidazole, pimonidazole and azomycin were similar (relative to extracellular concentration) for all three cell lines. Average intracellular concentrations of radiosensitizer were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. In all three cell lines the uptake of misonidazole and azomycin was extremely rapid whereas that of pimonidazole was initially much slower before reaching a plateau. The ratios of intracellular concentration of radiosensitizer to extracellular concentration (Ci to Ce) for misonidazole were 0.8 (HT-1080) and 0.7 (LoVo and V79); for azomycin 0.9 (HT-1080 and LoVo) and 0.8 (V79). In contrast Ci/Ce for pimonidazole varied with cell line, the values being 1.8 (LoVo), 2.6 (HT-1080) and 3.3 (V79). Intracellular amounts of non-protein sulphydryl (NPSH) varied between cell lines by about a factor of three. However, when the average cell volume was taken into consideration the concentrations of NPSH were very similar, being 4.2 (HT-1080), 5.6 (LoVo) and 5.7 (V79) mmol dm-3. NPSH levels expressed as nmol per mg protein were also similar.     

The response of human glioma cell lines to low-dose radiation exposure

PURPOSE: To examine the low-dose radiation response of a series of radioresistant human glioma cell lines and determine if low-dose hypersensitivity is a characteristic of these cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The clonogenic survival of six radioresistant human glioma cell lines was measured following exposure to graded, single, very low doses of X-rays in vitro. High resolution was achieved using either a Dynamic Microscopic Image Processing Scanner (DMIPS) or a cell sorter (CS). RESULTS: In five of the six cell lines tested, low-dose hypersensitivity (HRS) was demonstrated although in the sixth, a grade III astrocytoma line, it was not. These results are consistent with previous data indicating that low-dose hypersensitivity is more marked in more radioresistant cell lines although the difference between the glioblastoma cell lines with differing SF2 is not marked. CONCLUSION: Low-dose hypersensitivity is common in radioresistant glioma cell lines. This may have implications for the treatment of these tumours if further studies confirm that HRS translates to increased effectiveness per gray in vivo when very low doses per fraction are used.     

The response of human glioma cell lines to low-dose radiation exposure

Purpose: To examine the low-dose radiation response of a series of radioresistant human glioma cell lines and determine if lowdose hypersensitivity is a characteristic of these cells. Materials and methods: The clonogenic survival of six radioresistant human glioma cell lines was measured following exposure to graded, single, very low doses of X-rays in vitro. High resolution was achieved using either a Dynamic Microscopic Image Processing Scanner (DMIPS) or a cell sorter (CS). Results: In five of the six cell lines tested, low-dose hypersensitivity (HRS) was demonstrated although in the sixth, a grade III astrocytoma line, it was not. These results are consistent with previous data indicating that low-dose hypersensitivity is more marked in more radioresistant cell lines although the difference between the glioblastoma cell lines with differing SF2 is not marked. Conclusion: Low-dose hypersensitivity is common in radioresistant glioma cell lines. This may have implications for the treatment of these tumours if further studies confirm that HRS translates to increased effectiveness per gray in vivo when very low doses per fraction are used.