儿童个性特征与其父母养育方式的相关性

目的：探讨儿童个性与父母养育方式的相关性。方法：抽取某中学一年级283名学生，采用父母养育方式评价量表和艾森克个性问卷（儿童版）对其中279名有效问卷进行独立样本t检验、Pearson相关分析。结果：儿童人格中精神病倾向与父母亲的惩罚、严厉、过分干涉、拒绝、否认及父亲过度保护呈显著正相关，与情感温暖因子呈负相关。内、外向与父母亲情感温暖、偏爱被试呈显著正相关。神经质与父母亲的惩罚、严厉、过分干涉及母亲偏爱被试呈显著正相关，与情感温暖呈显著负相关。掩饰度与父母亲情感温暖呈显著正相关，与惩罚、严厉、拒绝及母亲的过度干涉呈显著负相关。结论：父母的养育方式与儿童的个性密切相关，提示父母的养育方式对其子女人格形成有重要影响。     

Investigation on parental rearing attitudes and behavior in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

目的 分析注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童的行为特征及父母养育态度和行为特征,探讨其临床干预方式.方法 采用Conners父母问卷(PSQ)和父母养育方式评价量表(EMBU),对146例6-15岁ADHD儿童及父母进行问卷调查分析.结果 与常模对比,ADHD儿童在品行问题、学习问题、心身障碍、冲动-多动、焦虑和多动指数6个因子差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);ADHD家庭父亲在养育过程中的情感温暖、理解,惩罚、严厉,偏爱被试,拒绝、否认,过度保护5个因子差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);母亲在养育过程中情感温暖、理解,拒绝、否认,惩罚、严厉和偏爱被试4个因子差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 ADHD儿童的父母存在不恰当的养育态度和行为,提示对ADHD儿童应根据个体情况给予药物治疗、心理干预和父母不良教养方式纠正等临床综合治疗.     

学习障碍儿童家庭环境和父母教育方式特征

目的探讨家庭环境和父母养育方式对学习障碍儿童的影响,为改善和矫治儿童学习障碍提供依据。方法采用对照研究,对某小学3～6年级的儿童进行整群抽样筛查。采用学习障碍筛查量表和多重成就测验成绩筛出学习障碍儿童158名作为研究对象,并随机选取与学习障碍儿童同年龄、同性别、同班级的非学习障碍儿童158名为对照组。采用家庭环境量表中文版和父母养育方式评价量表对两组儿童进行测评。结果研究组儿童家庭环境量表的亲密感、情感表达、成功性、文化性、娱乐性、组织性因子分低于对照组,而矛盾性因子分则高于对照组;父母养育方式评定中,研究组儿童父亲的情感温暖理解、惩罚严厉、拒绝否认因子分高于对照组,母亲的过度保护干涉、惩罚严厉因子分高于对照组。结论家庭环境和父母养育方式对儿童学习障碍的发生、发展有重要影响。     

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童父母养育方式调查

目的分析注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童的行为特征及父母养育态度和行为特征,探讨其临床干预方式。方法采用Conners父母问卷(PSQ)和父母养育方式评价量表(EMBU),对146例6～15岁ADHD儿童及父母进行问卷调查分析。结果与常模对比,ADHD儿童在品行问题、学习问题、心身障碍、冲动-多动、焦虑和多动指数6个因子差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);ADHD家庭父亲在养育过程中的情感温暖、理解,惩罚、严厉,偏爱被试,拒绝、否认,过度保护5个因子差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);母亲在养育过程中情感温暖、理解,拒绝、否认,惩罚、严厉和偏爱被试4个因子差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论 ADHD儿童的父母存在不恰当的养育态度和行为,提示对ADHD儿童应根据个体情况给予药物治疗、心理干预和父母不良教养方式纠正等临床综合治疗。     

中学生父母养育方式与心理健康状况

目的探讨中学生的心理健康状况及心理问题与父母养育方式关系。方法使用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、父母养育方式评价量表(EMBU)、基本资料问卷,采取现况研究整群抽样方法,在南宁市7所中学中采用问卷调查方式调查学生2700名。结果SCL-90筛选出有心理问题学生379例,占14.5%。经相关分析表明,SCL-90总分及各项因子分与EMBU的父母亲严厉惩罚、过分干涉、偏爱、过度保护、拒绝否认等项呈明显正相关;SCL-90总分数及各项因子分与父母亲温暖理解项呈明显负相关。结论中学生的心理异常与父母养育方式有密切关系,不良的父母养育方式是中学生心理问题发展的一个危险因素。实用儿科临床杂志,2006,21(17):1179-1180     

伴品行行为问题的注意缺陷多动障碍患儿父母养育方式特点分析北大核心CSCD

目的探讨伴品行行为问题的注意力缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童父母养育方式特点。方法本研究采用横断面研究,研究对象为2017年9月至2019年12月就诊于深圳市儿童医院儿童保健与心理健康中心门诊,伴品行行为问题的ADHD患儿84例,不伴品行行为问题的ADHD患儿75例,及健康对照儿童(深圳市普通中小学的健康儿童)54例。采用父母养育方式评定量表(EMBU)分别评估父亲和母亲教育方式特点。使用协方差分析首先对EMBU各因子得分在3组间进行比较,对3组间差异有统计学意义的因子进一步采用Tukey法进行两两比较,相关检验均对年龄、性别进行校正。结果EMBU量表各因子得分中,伴品行行为问题的ADHD组患儿在父亲及母亲养育方式中的"惩罚、严厉"[父亲(22.10±4.92)分比(19.40±4.01)分比(17.40±2.51)分,母亲(15.10±3.54)分比(13.70±2.78)分比(12.40±1.97)分]和"拒绝、否认"[父亲(10.60±2.49)分比(9.40±2.06)分比(8.90±1.61)分,母亲(13.90±3.28)分比(12.40±2.64)分比(11.60±2.19)分]因子两个分量表的得分明显高于不伴品行行为问题的ADHD组及健康对照组(均P<0.001)。在父亲养育方式的"过度保护"因子上,2组ADHD患儿得分均高于健康对照组[(10.30±2.03)分比(9.80±2.13)分比(8.70±1.92)分,P<0.001];在母亲养育方式的"过分干涉"因子上,伴品行行为问题的ADHD患儿得分明显高于不伴品行行为问题的ADHD组和健康对照组[(36.00±4.64)分比(34.60±4.38)分比(33.30±4.92)分,P=0.009]。结论伴品行行为问题的ADHD患儿中,父母普遍对患儿采用过度严厉的教养方式,更多使用惩罚以及持否认和拒绝的态度。父母的养育方式在一定程度上导致了ADHD患儿品行行为问题的发生。     

受虐儿童个性特征初步分析

目的探讨受虐儿童的个性特征,以期减少儿童受虐事件发生。方法采用自编一般资料问卷和儿童受虐筛查表、艾森克个性问卷(儿童版),对随机抽取湘潭某工厂子弟中学二年级学生282名施测。结果1年内遭受虐待儿童86名,未曾遭受虐待196名;受虐组N分值(情绪不稳分)高于非受虐组[(55.62±10.60)/(52.65±10.98)],(t=-2.114P=0.035),而受虐组L分值(“掩饰”倾向)低于非受虐组[(42.21±9.87)/(46.04±9.20)],(t=3.184P=0.002),均存在差异显著性;两组男童中受虐组的P分值高于非受虐组[(52.37±11.49)/(48.04±9.97)],(t=-2.227P=0.028),L分值较非受虐组分值低[(41.03±9.18)/(46.18±8.79)](t=3.125P=0.002),均存在显著性差异。两组女童EPQ分值无差异。结论儿童情绪与儿童受虐关系密切,因此培养情绪控制与表达是有望减少儿童受虐的一个干预策略。     

学习障碍儿童的家庭环境及养育方式研究

目的　探讨家庭环境对学习障碍儿童的影响。方法　采用问卷调查、家庭环境量表和父母养育方式量表 ,对 30例学习障碍儿童及 50例健康对照组家庭情况进行调查。结果　学习障碍儿童家庭的亲密度、情感表达、成功性、知识性的评分低于对照组 (P <0 .0 5或P <0 .0 1 ) ,而家庭矛盾性评分显著高于对照组 (P <0 .0 1 ) ;学习障碍儿童父母在养育方式上对孩子过于严厉 ,惩罚过多 ;而关心理解和鼓励不够 (P <0 .0 1 ) ;学习障碍儿童发生率受父母离异影响显著 (P <0 .0 5)。结论　学习障碍儿童处在相对不良家庭环境中 ,提示在矫治儿童学习障碍时要注意对家庭环境进行干预。     

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目的探讨父母养育方式对子女人格特质的影响。方法2004-04四川大学华西临床医学院采用“父母养育方式评价量表(EMBU)”和“艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)”对成都市区586名高一学生进行问卷调查,并采用SPSS10·0软件分析人格特质与父母养育方式之间的关系。结果在EMBU中,父亲的教养方式存在性别差异,而母亲的教养方式无性别差异;在EPQ中,P,N,L3个维度得分有性别差异,E维度得分无性别差异;相关及回归分析显示父母养育方式中母亲的惩罚、严厉(m4)对子女精神质(P),掩饰或纯朴性(L)两维度的影响更显著,母亲的过分干涉、过度保护(m2)对子女内外向(E)维度影响更为显著;父亲的惩罚、严厉(f2),母亲的过分干涉、过度保护(m2)对子女神经质或情绪的稳定性(N)维度的影响更显著。结论父亲对子女的养育方式存在性别差异;男、女生的人格特质有差别;父母养育方式对子女人格特质有影响。表明培养子女健全人格需父母采取个体化、正性的养育方式。     

遗传和环境因素对双生子儿童攻击行为的影响

目的 了解相关遗传与环境因素对双生子儿童攻击行为的影响，为进一步探索影响其攻击行为的因果关系提供线索。方法 采用问卷法对261对4~12.8岁双生子儿童的攻击行为、气质类型及父母教养方式等进行测评；采用Holzinger法和最大似然法构建结构方程模型进行遗传度估计。采用二元logistic回归、多元线性回归和一般线性模型分析双生子儿童攻击行为和相关环境因素的关联。结果 双生子儿童攻击行为的发生遗传度为44.4%，攻击行为得分呈中度遗传（男60.9%，女65.6%）。多因素分析显示，双生子儿童攻击行为得分受母亲情感温暖/理解、母亲惩罚/严厉和父亲过度保护的共同影响（P < 0.05），其中母亲情感温暖/理解与父亲过度保护有交互作用（P < 0.05）。结论 遗传和环境因素对儿童攻击行为均有影响；影响双生子儿童攻击行为的环境因素主要是父母教养方式。     

Temperament, parenting, and depressive symptoms in a population sample of preadolescents

Background:  Depressive symptoms can be triggered by negative social experiences and individuals' processing of these experiences. This study focuses on the interaction between temperament, perceived parenting, and gender in relation to depressive problems in a Dutch population sample of preadolescents.
Methods:  The sample consisted of 2230 ten-to-twelve-year-olds from the North of the Netherlands. Perceived parenting (overprotection, rejection, emotional warmth) was assessed by the EMBU (a Swedish acronym for My Memories of Upbringing) for Children, temperament (fearfulness and frustration) by the parent version of the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire-Revised, and depressive problems by the Child Behavior Checklist (parent report) and the Youth Self-Report (child report).
Results:  All parenting and temperament factors were significantly associated with depressive problems. Frustration increased the depressogenic effect of parental overprotection and lack of emotional warmth. Fearfulness increased the effect of rejection in girls, but not in boys. Furthermore, the association between frustration and depression was stronger in boys.
Conclusions:  These findings support the hypothesis that the effect of specific parenting behaviors depends on the temperament and gender of the child.     

特发性矮小男童个性及心理行为研究

目的探讨特发性矮小男童的个性特征及心理行为有无异常。方法采用艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)及Achenbach儿童行为量表(CBCL)对学龄期特发性矮小男童32例及32例正常儿童进行测试。结果1.EPQ测试结果:特发性矮小组E分值明显低于对照组(P<0.01),N分值明显高于对照组(P<0.01);2.CBCL测试:特发性矮小男童组活动及社交能力均明显低于对照组(P<0.02,P<0.01),但学习情况无显著差异;行为问题中,除社交退缩、交往不良两组有显著差异外(P<0.01),特发性矮小组无其他行为障碍。结论学龄期特发性矮小男童性格偏内向、情绪较不稳定,存在交往不良、社交退缩现象。     

Unraveling the effect of genes and environment in the transmission of parental antisocial behavior to children's conduct disturbance, depression and hyperactivity

Background: A critical issue in devising effective interventions for the treatment of children’s behavioral and emotional problems identifying genuine family environmental factors that place children at risk. In most twin and family studies, environmental factors are confounded with both direct genetic risk from parents and the indirect effect of genes influencing parents’ ability to provide an optimal rearing environment. The present study was undertaken to determine whether parental psychopathology, specifically parental antisocial behavior (ASP), is a genuine environmental risk factor for juvenile conduct disturbance, depression and hyperactivity, or whether the association between parental ASP and children’s behavioral and emotional problems can be explained as a secondary consequence of the intergenerational transmission of genetic factors. Methods: An extended children of twins design comprised of data collected on 2,674 adult female and male twins, their spouses, and 2,454 of their children was used to test whether genetic and/or family environmental factors best accounted for the association between parental antisocial behavior and children’s behavioral problems. An age‐matched sample of 2,826 juvenile twin pairs from the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development was also included to examine developmental differences in gene expression by partitioning child‐specific transmissible effects from those effects that persist into adulthood. The fit of alternative models was evaluated using the statistical program Mx. Results: We found distinct patterns of transmission between parental antisocial behavior and juvenile conduct, depression and hyperactivity. Genetic and family environmental factors accounted for the resemblance between parents’ ASP and children’s conduct disturbance. Family environmental factors alone explained the association between child depression and parental ASP, and the impact of parental ASP on hyperactivity was entirely genetic. Conclusions: These findings underscore differences in the contribution of genetic and environmental factors on the patterns of association between parental antisocial behavior and juvenile psychopathology, having important clinical implications for the prevention and amelioration of child behavioral and emotional problems.     

844名青春期学生情感虐待发生危险因素分析

目的：对青春期学生在过去一年内情感虐待发生的危险因素进行调查,为预防并干预情感虐待的发生提供科学有效的理论依据及建议。方法：以哈尔滨市的某3所学校的初一、初二、初三年级的865名学生作为调查对象,采用无记名自填式问卷调查,共获得有效问卷844份。结果：844名被调查者中在过去一年内有情感虐待经历的占47.3%。单因素分析显示情感虐待与学生本人健康状况、父母婚姻状况、家庭气氛等19个因素有关。多因素非条件logistic回归分析显示：儿童健康状况不良、父母婚姻状况不良,干涉型教育方式及盲从型教育方式是发生情感虐待的危险因素,而家庭气氛融洽以及儿童与父母亲的关系融洽是情感虐待发生的保护性因素。结论：青春期学生的情感虐待现象普遍存在,其发生与学生的健康状况、父母的婚姻状况、不良的家庭教育方式密切相关。应完善家庭功能,改变传统教育观念,提高家庭教育能力,为儿童营造宽松和谐的学习生活环境。     

Cognitive development of term small for gestational age children at five years of age.

AIM: To assess the relative significance for cognitive development of small for gestational age, parental demographic factors, and factors related to the child rearing environment. METHODS: IQ of a population based cohort of 338 term infants who were small for gestational age (SGA) and without major handicap, and a random control sample of 335 appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants were compared at 5 years of age. RESULTS: The mean non-verbal IQ was four points lower, while the mean verbal IQ was three points lower for the children in the SGA group. The results were not confounded by parental demographic or child rearing factors. However, parental factors, including maternal non-verbal problem solving abilities, and child rearing style, accounted for 20% of the variance in non-verbal IQ, while SGA versus AGA status accounted for only 2%. The comparable numbers for verbal IQ were 30 and 1%. Furthermore, we found no evidence that the cognitive development of SGA children was more sensitive to a non-optimal child rearing environment than that of AGA children. Maternal smoking at conception was associated with a reduction in mean IQ comparable to that found for SGA status, and this effect was the same for SGA and AGA children. The cognitive function of asymmetric SGA was comparable to that of symmetric SGA children. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that child cognitive development is strongly associated with parental factors, but only marginally associated with intrauterine growth retardation.