RP-HPLC法测定复方甲硝唑片中甲硝唑和维生素B_6的含量

目的 :建立RP HPLC法测定复方甲硝唑片中甲硝唑和维生素B6的含量。方法 :采用Shim packCLC ODS柱 (4 .6mm× 2 0 0mm ,5 μm) ,甲醇 水 (30∶70 )为流动相 ,2 90nm为检测波长 ,外标法测定含量。 结果 :甲硝唑和维生素B6的线性范围分别为 5 0～ 5 0 0 μg·ml-1(r=0 .9996 ) ,5～ 5 0 μg·ml-1(r =0 .9998) ,平均回收率分别为 10 0 .2 % (RSD =0 .93% ) ,99.5 %(RSD =0 .4 2 % ) ,n =6。结论 :RP HPLC法测定复方甲硝唑片中甲硝唑和维生素B6的含量 ,方法准确 ,操作简便 ,结果可靠。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定滴鼻剂中盐酸麻黄素和氢化可的松的含量

目的 :用HPLC法同时测定滴鼻剂中盐酸麻黄素氢化可的松的含量。方法 :采用C18色谱柱 ,流动相为甲醇 0 .0 5mol·L-1KH2 PO4 三乙胺 (5 0∶5 0∶0 .2 ) ,用磷酸调 pH3.7,检测波长 2 5 7nm。结果 :盐酸麻黄素在 36 0～ 6 0 0 μg·ml-1浓度范围内线性关系良好 (r =0 .9999) ,回收率 10 1.3% ,RSD为 1.0 %。氢化可的松在 36～ 6 0 μg·ml-1浓度范围内线性关系良好 (r =0 .9998) ,回收率 10 1.5 % ,RSD为 1.0 %。结论 :该方法可同时测定滴鼻剂中盐酸麻黄素氢化可的松含量。     

氯霉素滴眼液及其相关物质二醇物的毛细管电泳分析法

目的　建立适合氯霉素滴眼液含量测定及其杂质二醇物检测的高效毛细管电泳定量检测方法。 方法 　采用毛细电泳法 ,以水杨酸为内标 ,运行电压 2 5 KV,运行缓冲液为 2 5 mmol· L- 1 磷酸盐缓冲液 (p H=6.0 ) ,检测波长 2 14 nm。结果 　氯霉素滴眼液及二醇物线性范围分别为 5 0～ 2 5 0 μg·ml- 1 (r=0 .9992 )和 4.0～ 2 0 .0 μg· ml- 1 (r=0 .9988)。平均回收率分别为 99.8%和 10 1.5 % ,RSD分别为 0 .8%和 2 .0 % (n=5 )。结论 　本方法能同时进行含量测定和杂质检测 ,对控制氯霉素滴眼液的质量有一定的价值     

HPLC法同时测定复方诺氟沙星滴鼻液中的诺氟沙星和盐酸麻黄碱

目的　建立一种快速、准确的高效液相色谱法同时测定诺氟沙星 ( NOR)和盐酸麻黄碱 ( EPH)的含量。 方法　使用 C1 8色谱柱 ,流动相为乙腈— 0 .1%磷酸 ( 15 :85 V/V) ,检测波长为 2 5 6nm。结果 　样品测定在 9min内完成。诺氟沙星在 10～ 60μg· ml- 1 浓度范围内 ,r=0 .9999,RSD= 0 .46% ,平均回收率为 99.91% ;盐酸麻黄碱在 2 5～ 12 5 μg· ml- 1浓度范围内 ,r=0 .9992 ,RSD=0 .5 1% ,平均回收率为 10 0 .0 3%。 结论 　方法可快速准确地检测复方诺氟沙星滴鼻液中的诺氟沙星和盐酸麻黄碱含量     

HPLC测定新复方大青叶片中对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因含量

建立测定新复方大青叶片中对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因含量的HPLC。采用反相ODS色谱柱 ,甲醇 -水(2 0∶80 )为流动相 ,检测波长为 2 80nm。对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因的线性范围分别在 2 0～ 60 μg·ml-1(r =0 9998) ,2～ 6μg·ml-1(r =0 9997) ;平均回收率分别为 98 82 % (RSD =1 74 % ) ,99 4 5 % (RSD =2 0 4 % ) ,n =5。HPLC测定新复方大青叶片中对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因含量 ,方法准确、灵敏、回收率高     

RP-HPLC测定盐酸西替利嗪的含量及相关物质

目的　采用RP -HPLC法测定盐酸西替利嗪的含量及其有关物质。方法　采用ODS色谱柱 (5 μm ,4 .6mm× 15 0mm) ,流动相为乙腈 -水 -冰醋酸 (36∶6 4∶0 .1) ,流速 1.0ml·min-1,检测波长 2 2 9nm ,柱温为室温 (2 5℃ )。结果　盐酸西替利嗪测定的线性范围为 12 .5～ 15 0 μg·ml-1(r=0 .9998,n =6 ) ;日内RSD =0 .36 % (n =5 ) ,日间RSD =0 .6 4 % (n =5 ) ;最低检出限 0 .3ng。结论　所用方法简便、准确 ,专属性好     

高效液相色谱法测定复方茶碱麻黄碱片的含量

建立高效液相色谱法测定复方茶碱麻黄碱片中可可碱、茶碱、盐酸麻黄碱及咖啡因的含量测定方法.采用Kromasil C18色谱柱;流动相0.05mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液-甲醇-三乙胺(72280.2);检测波长215nm;流速1.0ml·min-1;柱温42℃.线性范围可可碱为5～125μg·ml-1(r=0.9999,n=6),茶碱为5～125μg·ml-1(r=0.9999,n=6),盐酸麻黄碱2～50μg·ml-1(r=0.9996,n=6),咖啡因3～75μg·ml-1(r=0.9999,n=6);平均回收率(X±SD)分别为可可碱(99.9±0.19)%,茶碱(99.9±0.26)%,盐酸麻黄碱(99.6±0.33)%,咖啡因(99.8±0.23)%.本方法简便、准确、重现性好,适用于复方茶碱麻黄碱片的质量控制.     

氯菧唑栓剂的制备和质量控制

目的　制备氯 艹底 唑栓剂 ,建立氯 艹底 唑栓剂的含量测定方法。方法 　采用差示分光光度法测定其中两主要成分甲硝唑和氯霉素的含量。结果 　甲硝唑线性范围为 6～ 2 0 μg·ml- 1 ,回归方程为 ΔA=0 .0 0 974+0 .0 45 87C甲 ( μg· ml- 1 ) ( r=0 .9998,n=6)。甲硝唑的平均回收率为98.7% ,RSD为 0 .8% ,氯霉素的平均回收率为 98.5 % ,RSD为 0 .6%。结论　制备工艺合理可行 ,测定方法简便准确 ,为健全制剂质量管理提供了手段。     

欧可欣乳剂中氧氟沙星和盐酸达克罗宁的含量测定

目的　采用双波长分光光度法测定欧可欣乳剂中氧氟沙星及盐酸达克罗宁的含量。方法　以 0 .1mol·L- 1 盐酸溶液为溶媒 ,分别在 2 94、2 68、2 83、30 2 5nm处测定。结果　氧氟沙星在 5～ 2 5μg·ml- 1 ,盐酸达克罗宁在2 5～ 1 2 5μg·ml- 1 范围内浓度与吸光度差呈良好线性关系 ,其相关系数分别为 0 .9998、0 9999。氧氟沙星平均回收率为 99 32 % ,RSD =1 30 % (n =3) ;盐酸达克罗宁平均回收率为 1 0 0 61 % ,RSD =0 69% (n =3)。结论　该方法简便、快速、准确可靠。     

毛细管区带电泳法测定己烯雌酚片剂中己烯雌酚的含量

目的 :用毛细管区带电泳法测定己烯雌的含量。方法 :采用 4 0cm× 5 0 μm (i.d)毛细管柱 ,以肉桂酸为内标 ,2 5mmol·L- 1硼砂 (pH =9 18)为缓冲液 ,电压 2 4kV ,虹吸进样 ,时间 1s ,紫外检测波长 2 14nm。 结果 :在 4min内可完成乙烯雌酚与内标物的分离和测定 ,最低检测限 10 0 μg·ml- 1,在 10 5 7～ 5 2 8 5 μg·ml- 1范围内线性关系良好 (r =0 9998,n =5 ) ;回收率 97 91%～ 10 1 5 8% ,日内RSD≤ 1 6 1% ,日间RSD≤3 76 %。结论 :本方法简便、快速、准确 ,适用于该制剂的质量控制     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.