CRP与妊娠期糖尿病相关性分析

目的 探讨C-反应蛋白(CRP)在妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)中的临床应用.方法 采用全自动生化分析仪检测48例GDM患者即GDM组、42例正常糖耐量妊娠妇女即NGT组患者空腹血糖(FBG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)水平、CRP的水平.结果 (1)GDM组CRP、FINS、HOMA-IR水平明显高于NGT组(P＜0.01);(2) Pearson相关分析显示CRP与HOMA-IR显著正相关.结论 高CRP与妊娠期糖尿病的FBG水平密切相关,检测CRP有利于妊娠期糖尿病的发现并指导治疗.     

妊娠期糖尿病患者胱抑素C与hs-CRP水平相关性分析

目的探讨胱抑素C（Cys C）与超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）在妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）中的相关性。方法选取124例GDM高危孕妇作为研究组（包括正常糖耐量组、妊娠期糖耐量受损组及GDM组）,30例无糖尿病高危因素的健康孕妇作为对照组,分别测定各组孕妇空腹血糖、血清Cys C及hs-CRP水平。结果妊娠期糖耐量受损组孕妇空腹血糖、Cys C及hs-CRP均高于对照组,其中GDM组孕妇Cys C和hs-CRP浓度明显高于妊娠期糖耐量受损组和正常糖耐量组,而妊娠期糖耐量受损组高于正常糖耐量组（P〈0.01）。妊娠晚期GDM孕妇空腹血糖、Cys C、hs-CRP水平高于妊娠早、中期（P〈0.01）。GDM组孕妇血清Cys C与hs-CRP、空腹血糖呈正相关（P〈0.01）,血清hs-CRP与空腹血糖呈正相关（P〈0.01）。结论 Cys C和hs-CRP水平与GDM的发生、发展密切相关,检测Cys C、hs-CRP对GDM的诊断和监测具有重要意义。     

血清铁蛋白及胱抑素-C与妊娠糖尿病相关性研究

目的研究血清铁蛋白及胱抑素C在妊娠糖尿病患者中的变化及临床意义,探讨与妊娠糖尿病相关性。方法选取孕期为24~32周GDM(GDM组)及健康孕妇(正常妊娠组)各60例为研究对象,另选择同期健康体检女性50例为对照组,比较三组血清铁蛋白、胱抑素C、空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白及C-反应蛋白水平,并对结果进行相关性分析。结果GDM组血清SF、CysC、FPG、2hPG、HbA1c及CRP明显高于正常妊娠组和对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),而在正常妊娠组和对照组间无显著差异;Person相关分析显示,GDM组血清SF与FPG、2hPG、HbA1c及CRP呈正相关(r=0.462,r=0.359,r=0.327,r=0.746,P0.05),血清CysC与CRP(r=0.452,P0.05)呈正相关。结论 GDM患者血清SF及CysC明显升高,或可能参与GDM的发生。     

妊娠期糖尿病患者血清视黄醇结合蛋白4的临床研究

目的：探讨血清视黄醇结合蛋白4（RBP4）和超敏C反应蛋白（hsCRP）水平与妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）的关系及其临床意义。方法选取GDM患者50例为GDM组,葡萄糖耐量试验正常孕妇50例为NGT组,健康的非妊娠妇女50例为NC组,对三组采用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清RBP4的水平,用免疫散射比浊法检测血清hsCRP的水平,检测体重指数（BMI）、糖脂代谢指标和胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）,并作相关分析。结果 GDM组血清RBP4和hsCRP水平均明显高于NGT组和NC组,差异均有统计学意义（t分别=2.87、3.19;2.55、2.96, P均＜0.05）,GDM组患者血清RBP4均与空腹血糖（FBG）、空腹血清胰岛素（FINS）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、hsCRP和HOMA-IR呈正相关（r分别=0.37、0.29、0.31、0.42、0.33, P均＜0.05）;GDM组中HbA1c和HOMA-IR还是RBP4浓度的影响因素（OR分别=1.04、0.98, P均＜0.05）。结论 GDM患者体内存在RBP4异常表达,RBP4与FBG、HbA1c、hsCRP和HOMA-IR相关,并且GDM组中HbA1c和HOMA-IR还是血清RBP4水平的影响因素,提示RBP4可能参与了GDM和IR的发生与发展。     

妊娠期糖尿病患者脂联素及C-反应蛋白水平的临床研究

目的探讨妊娠期糖尿病患者早、中孕期的脂联素及C-反应蛋白水平的相关性。为早期预测妊娠期糖尿病提供科学依据。方法选于10-14周已在我院确诊妊娠并产检孕妇,所有孕妇于孕10-14周进行常规体检测身高、体重、血压、血浆脂联素、C-反应蛋白、空腹血糖、孕24-28周复查血浆脂联素、C-反应蛋白、OGTT葡萄糖耐量试验及胰岛素,计算胰岛素抵抗指数,跟踪孕妇至妊娠分娩,根据糖耐量结果分为妊娠期糖尿病组与正常妊娠妇女组对照。对照妊娠期糖尿病孕早、中期血浆脂联素、C-反应蛋白水平及其他检验指标。结果 GDM组10-14周及24-28周血清脂联素均明显低于NGT组,差异显著(P<0.05);GDM组C-反应蛋白明显高于NGT组,差异显著(P<0.05),孕10-14周血清脂联素与C-反应蛋白、孕前体重指数、胰岛素抵抗指数,存在显著负相关性。结论妊娠期糖尿病患者早、中孕期的血浆脂联素及C-反应蛋白水平的存在相关性,脂联素及C-反应蛋白水平是预测妊娠期糖尿病的敏感指标,具有早期预测妊娠期糖尿病的意义。     

超敏C反应蛋白检测在妊娠糖尿病的应用

妊娠糖尿病（GDM）是指妊娠前无糖尿病和糖耐量异常,在妊娠期间发生或首次发现的糖尿病或糖耐量异常。GDM可引起先兆子痫、胎膜早破、妊娠期高血压、早产等多种并发症,而且巨大儿的发生率和新生儿的发病率也会增高,因此早发现、早治疗GDM是十分重要的。C反应蛋白（CRP）作为人体急性时相反应中最主要、最敏感的标志物,为此,我们对468例妊娠早期孕妇的空腹血清超敏CRP（Hs-CRP）进行回顾性的分析,以探讨其与GDM的关系。     

2型糖尿病肾病C-反应蛋白与糖化血红蛋白检测的意义

【摘要】目的探讨2型糖尿病肾病C-反应蛋白（CRP）、糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）变化水平检测的意义。方法根据尿清蛋白排泄率（UAER）将80例2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者分为单纯糖尿病组（SDM组）、糖尿病肾病组（DN组）,30例健康者作为对照组,分别测定各组血清CRP和HbAlc的水平,并与对照组比较。结果DN组C-反应蛋白、HbAlc均值显著高于SDM组和对照组（P〈0.05）。CRP和HbAlc分别与UAER呈正相关（r=0．613,0.397,P〈0．01）,血清空腹血糖（FBG）与HbAlc呈正相关（r=0．507,P〈0．01）。结论CRP、HbAlc可以作为2型糖尿病早期肾损伤的监测指标。     

血清RBP4与妊娠期糖尿病胰岛素抵抗关系

目的探讨血清视黄醇结合蛋白4（RBP4）水平与妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法采用酶联免疫吸附法测定了30例GDM病人（GDM组）及30例糖耐量正常孕妇（对照组）血清RBP4水平,葡萄糖氧化酶法检测空腹血糖（FPG）,放射免疫法检测空腹胰岛素（FIN）,计算胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）。结果 GDM组血清RBP4水平显著高于对照组（t=8.298,P〈0.05）。GDM组FPG、FIN及HOMA-IR水平明显高于对照组（t=7.259～16.409,P〈0.05）。GDM组血清RBP4水平与HOMA-IR呈明显正相关（r=0.744,P〈0.05）。结论 GDM病人血清RBP4水平升高,可能参与了糖尿病胰岛素抵抗的发生。     

妊娠糖尿病患者血清脂联素与炎症因子的关系及临床意义

目的 检测妊娠糖尿病(GDM)患者血清脂联素(APN)与炎症因子IL-6,IL-17,C-反应蛋白(CRP)的水平并分析其关系,探讨炎症因子在妊娠糖尿病发展进程中的作用.方法 按照ADA诊断标准选取GDM组60例,妊娠糖耐量正常组(非GDM组)39例,健康对照组(NGT组)45例.分别采用ELISA检测空腹血清APN,IL-6,IL-17,免疫比浊法测CRP水平.结果 ①与NGT组比较,非GDM组、GDM组APN水平明显下降(P<0.05,P<0.01),且GDM组较非GDM组下降更明显(P<0.01),而CRP,IL-6,IL-17在非GDM组明显上升(P<0.01,P<0.01,P<0.05),且GDM组较非GDM组明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.05,P<0.01);②GDM患者妊娠中期与晚期比较,APN水平下降明显(P<0.05),CRP,IL-6,IL-17明显上升(P<0.01,P<0.01,P<0.01);③相关性分析显示:APN与炎症因子CRP,IL-6,IL-17在GDM患者中晚期均呈负相关.结论 脂联素与炎症因子的负相关,提示炎症与抗炎症失衡机制参与妊娠糖尿病的发生发展.     

妊娠糖尿病病人血清FABP4的变化及意义

目的观察妊娠糖尿病（GDM）病人血清脂肪细胞脂肪酸结合蛋白（FABP4）的含量变化,探讨其与GDM发病的关系。方法 2008年5月—2009年4月,选择在我科行择期剖宫产术的GDM孕妇30例为GDM组,以同期行选择性剖宫产术的糖耐量正常孕妇30例为对照组。采用酶联免疫吸附法检测两组孕妇血清FABP4水平,放射免疫法检测空腹胰岛素（FINS）水平,葡萄糖氧化酶法检测空腹血糖（FBG）水平,计算稳态模型的胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）,并对GDM组孕妇血清FABP4水平与HOMA-IR行相关性分析。结果 GDM组孕妇血清FABP4、FINS、FBG水平及HOMA-IR均显著高于对照组（t=5.80~23.01,P〈0.05）。GDM组孕妇血清FABP4水平与HOMA-IR呈显著相关性（r=0.595,P〈0.05）。结论 GDM孕妇血清中FABP4水平升高可能与GDM发病有关。     

The impact of insulin resistance on proinsulin secretion in pregnancy: hyperproinsulinemia is not a feature of gestational diabetes

OBJECTIVE: Excessive secretion of the insulin precursor proinsulin, as manifested by an increased serum proinsulin-to-insulin ratio, has been associated with beta-cell dysfunction. In women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), previous studies of the proinsulin-to-insulin ratio have yielded conflicting results, despite the presence of beta-cell dysfunction. The interpretation of the proinsulin-to-insulin ratio, however, may be confounded by the variable effects of hepatic insulin extraction. Thus, we sought to determine whether GDM is characterized by relative hyperproinsulinemia as measured by the proinsulin-to-C-peptide ratio, an alternate measure of proinsulin secretion that is not affected by hepatic insulin extraction. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Serum proinsulin, C-peptide, and insulin were measured in a cross-sectional study of 180 women undergoing oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) in the late second or early third trimester. Based on the OGTT, participants were stratified into three groups: 1) normal glucose tolerance (NGT; n = 93), 2) impaired glucose tolerance (IGT; n = 39), and 3) GDM (n = 48). Insulin sensitivity (IS) was measured using the IS(OGTT) index of Matsuda and DeFronzo, which has been previously validated in pregnant women. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in mean fasting proinsulin-to-C-peptide ratio between the three glucose tolerance groups (NGT, 0.024; IGT, 0.022; GDM, 0.019; P = 0.4). Furthermore, adjustment for age, weeks' gestation, prepregnancy BMI, ethnicity, previous GDM, and family history of diabetes did not reveal any association between the proinsulin-to-C-peptide ratio and glucose tolerance status. Using Spearman univariate correlation analysis, fasting proinsulin-to-C-peptide ratio was significantly correlated with IS(OGTT) (r = 0.29, P < 0.0001) and inversely related to the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (r = -0.36, P < 0.0001) and prepregnancy BMI (r = -0.23, P < 0.005). On multiple linear regression analysis, IS(OGTT) emerged as the strongest independent correlate of the dependent variable proinsulin-to-C-peptide ratio. Furthermore, after adjustment for potential covariates, a stepwise decrease in proinsulin-to-C-peptide ratio was observed per decreasing tertile of IS(OGTT) (trend P = 0.0019), consistent with enhanced efficiency of proinsulin processing (i.e., reduced proinsulin-to-C-peptide ratio) as insulin resistance increases. CONCLUSIONS: GDM is not independently associated with hyperproinsulinemia as measured by the proinsulin-to-C-peptide ratio. Instead, in pregnant women, increased insulin resistance is associated with decreased proinsulin-to-C-peptide ratio, independently of glucose tolerance status. These data suggest that relative proinsulin secretion in late pregnancy is primarily related to insulin resistance and does not necessarily reflect beta-cell function.     

Gestational diabetes mellitus is associated with increased C-reactive protein concentrations in the third but not second trimester

OBJECTIVE: Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations were measured longitudinally throughout pregnancy to test the hypothesis that CRP could relate more closely to glucose tolerance than to adiposity. METHODS: The CRP concentrations in pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and those with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) were measured at the same time as the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), at the 24th and 28th weeks of gestation and between the 37th and 38th weeks of gestation. RESULTS: At the end of the third trimester, women with GDM had significantly higher CRP levels than women with NGT [median (interquartile range), 9.7 mg L(-1) (5.4-16.0) and 5.7 mg L(-1) (5.1-7.2); P < 0.001, respectively], but at the time of the diagnostic OGTT no significant difference between the two groups was observed. This was owing to a significant increase of CRP in women with GDM between the time of the OGTT and the 37th-38th gestational weeks [median (interquartile range), 1.9 mg L(-1) (-2.2, 6.7); P = 0.01]; whereas, no change in CRP was found in women with NGT [median (interquartile range), -0.1 mg L(-1) (-2.4, 3.1); P = 0.76]. Multiple linear regression analysis showed only a significant independent influence of GDM (P < 0.001) on maternal CRP concentrations in the 37th-38th gestational weeks and a significant influence of body mass index (P < 0.007), but no influence of GDM at the time of the OGTT. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that in women with gestational diabetes the CRP concentration is primarily related to the degree of adiposity until the second trimester and that thereafter impaired glucose metabolism appears to be the predominant predictor of changes in CRP.     

Large-for-gestational-age newborns in women with insulin-treated gestational diabetes under strict metabolic control

OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of strict metabolic control in women with insulin-treated gestational diabetes on the risk of large-for-gestational-age (LGA) newborns, the frequency of obstetrical complications and fetal outcome. METHODS: In this prospective cohort study, 875 women were screened for gestational diabetes mellitus with a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) between weeks 24 and 28 of gestation. The study group (n = 162) consisted of women with insulin-treated gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and the control group (n = 713) of women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT). In the women with diabetes, strict adjustments of fasting glucose levels to 90 mg/dl and 130 mg/dl postprandially were achieved with insulin administration. RESULTS: No increased risk for LGA newborns was observed in women with GDM and good metabolic control (16.7% vs. 12.3%; p = 0.1). In women with NGT, maternal prepregnancy BMI was significantly higher in those who delivered LGA newborns than in those who gave birth to newborns below the 90th percentile [27.2 kg/m(2) (5.0) vs. 24.4 kg/m(2) (5.6); p = 0.006], whereas there was no influence of maternal BMI on birth weight of newborns in women with GDM. There was no difference between the two groups with respect to maternal birth traumata and fetal outcome, except for plexus palsy which occurred in three GDM women with macrosomic newborns. CONCLUSION: Strict metabolic control and surveillance in women with insulin-treated GDM seems to attenuate the risk for LGA newborns, diabetic fetopathia, and the influence of maternal BMI on fetal growth.     

α2-HS糖蛋白与妊娠期糖尿病关系的研究

目的观察不同程度糖代谢异常孕妇血清α2-HS糖蛋白(AHSG)浓度的变化并探讨其与血糖、血脂代谢及胰岛素抵抗的关系。方法根据75 g口服葡萄糖耐量(OGTT)结果将135名孕周为36～41周的孕妇分为3组:妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)组(45例)、糖耐量异常(GIGT)组(45例)、正常糖耐量(NGT)组(45例)。检测各组血清AHSG、空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、空腹血脂([总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)]水平并计算体重指数(BMI)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、胰岛β细胞功能指数(HOMA-β)。结果 GDM组、GIGT组、NGT组的AHSG浓度分别为150.2±20.0、131.9±16.0(、124.0±15.0)μg/L,3组之间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。GDM组FPG、TG、LDL-C、FINS水平均高于NGT组(P<0.05、P<0.01),HDL-C水平低于NGT组(P<0.05);GDM组TG、FINS水平高于GIGT组(P均<0.05、P<0.01);GIGT组TG、LDL-C、FINS高于NGT组(P<0.05、P<0.01);3组之间TC水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。NGT组、GIGT组、GDM组HOMA-IR逐渐升高、HOMA-β逐渐下降3,组之间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。AHSG浓度与BMI、TG、FINS、HOMA-IR呈正相关[相关系数(r)分别为0.406、0.503、0.533、0.612,P均<0.05],与HDL-C、HOMA-β呈负相关(r分别为-0.321、-0.589,P均<0.05),与FPG、TC无相关性(r分别为0.0580、.095,P均>0.05)。结论 AHSG在GDM患者的血糖、血脂代谢中发挥重要作用。AHSG参与了胰岛素抵抗、加重了β细胞损害,与GDM的发病关系密切。     

血清网膜素1与妊娠期糖尿病的相关性

目的探讨血清网膜素1(omentin 1)与妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)的关系。方法酶联免疫法定量85例孕前肥胖GDM,85例孕前正常GDM及匹配设置的85例糖耐量正常（NGT）孕妇血清网膜素1水平,同时检测3组血清空腹血糖（FPG）、空腹胰岛素（FINS)水平,计算胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA IR)。结果①GDM组FPG、FINS及HOMA IR均明显高于NGT组,且后二者还表现为：肥胖GDM＞非肥胖GDM＞NGT组(P＜0.05);②GDM组血清网膜素1明显低于NGT组,表现为：肥胖GDM＜非肥胖GDM＜NGT组(P＜0.05);③相关性分析：血清网膜素1与BMI、FPG、FINS 及HOMA IR明显负相关(P＜0.05);④多元回归分析：孕前肥胖GDM组：网膜素 1=484.126 5.015BMI 7.016FPG 13.224FINS;孕前正常GDM组：网膜素 1=497.008 4.092BMI 6.079FPG 11.258FINS。结论血清网膜素1与GDM关系密切,能反映孕妇糖、脂代谢紊乱和胰岛素抵抗程度,可能参与了GDM疾病的发生和发展。     

妊娠中晚期孕妇血清Gremlin1水平变化及其对妊娠期糖尿病的影响

目的 了解妊娠中晚期孕妇血清Gremlin1水平变化,探究Gremlin1对妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)的影响.方法 选取2020年9-11月就诊于安徽医科大学第一附属医院行孕期体检的妊娠24～28周并完善口服葡萄糖耐量试验(oral glucose toleran...     

Early onset of subclinical atherosclerosis in women with gestational diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE: Common carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) is a non-invasively assessed marker of subclinical atherosclerosis. Our aim in this study was to investigate CIMT in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). METHODS: Thirty women with GDM and 40 unaffected women (as a control group) were included in the study. Blood samples were drawn from each woman in the morning after they had fasted for at least 8 h, and levels of fasting glucose, insulin, homocysteine, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol were measured, along with the CIMT in the two groups. RESULTS: The mean triglyceride (P = 0.016) and VLDL cholesterol (P = 0.011) levels in the GDM group were significantly higher than those in the unaffected women. There were no significant differences between the groups with respect to plasma levels of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and insulin. The mean homocysteine (P = 0.027) and fasting glucose (P = 0.019) levels in women with GDM were significantly higher than those in the control group. Patients with GDM had significantly higher CIMT than did the unaffected women (0.582 +/- 0.066 mm vs. 0.543 +/- 0.049 mm, P = 0.006). CIMT correlated positively with maternal age (r = 0.316, P = 0.008), body mass index (BMI) at the time of a 50-g oral glucose load test (r = 0.414, P = 0.001) and homocysteine levels (r = 0.332, P = 0.008), and fasting glucose (r = 0.265, P = 0.031) and 1-h glucose value (r = 0.410, P = 0.001) at the time of the oral glucose tolerance test. There was a positive correlation between the presence of GDM and CIMT (r = 0.372, P = 0.001). However, stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that GDM/no GDM (95% CI +0.012 to +0.076, P = 0.008) and BMI at the time of the 50-g test (95% CI +0.001 to +0.009, P = 0.011) were independent parameters related to CIMT. CONCLUSION: Women with GDM have increased CIMT compared with unaffected women.     

Clinically useful estimates of insulin sensitivity during pregnancy: validation studies in women with normal glucose tolerance and gestational diabetes mellitus

OBJECTIVE: We examined whether selected indexes of insulin sensitivity derived from an oral glucose tolerance test (IS(OGTT)) or fasting glucose/insulin levels (IS(QUICKI) and IS(HOMA)) can be used to predict insulin sensitivity in women before and during pregnancy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A 2-h euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp (5 mmol/l glucose, 40 mU. m(-2). min(-1) insulin) and a 120-min oral glucose tolerance test (75 g load pregravid, 100 g pregnant) were repeated on 15 women (10 with normal glucose tolerance [NGT] and 5 with gestational diabetes mellitus [GDM]) pregravid and during both early (12-14 weeks) and late (34-36 weeks) pregnancy. An index of insulin sensitivity derived from the clamp (IS(CLAMP)) was obtained from glucose infusion rates adjusted for change in fat-free mass and endogenous glucose production measured using [6,6(-2)H(2)]glucose. RESULTS: Univariate analysis using combined groups and periods of pregnancy resulted in significant correlations between IS(CLAMP) and IS(OGTT) (r(2) = 0.74, P < 0.0001), IS(QUICKI) (r(2) = 0.64, P < 0.0001), and IS(HOMA) (r(2) = 0.53, P < 0.0001). The IS(OGTT) provided a significantly better correlation (P < 0.0001) than either IS(QUICKI) or IS(HOMA.) Multivariate analysis showed a significant group effect (P < 0.0003) on the prediction model, and separate equations were developed for the NGT (r(2) = 0.64, P < 0.0001) and GDM (r(2) = 0.85, P < 0.0001) groups. When subdivided by period of pregnancy, the correlation between IS(CLAMP) and IS(OGTT) pregravid was r(2) = 0.63 (P = 0.0002), during early pregnancy was r(2) = 0.80 (P < 0.0001), and during late pregnancy was r(2) = 0.64 (P = 0.0002). CONCLUSIONS: Estimates of insulin sensitivity from the IS(OGTT) during pregnancy were significantly better than from fasting glucose and insulin values. However, separate prediction equations are necessary for pregnant women with NGT and women with GDM.