影响脑转移瘤伽玛刀治疗效果相关因素分析

目的　探讨影响伽玛刀治疗脑转移瘤治疗效果的因素。方法　用伽玛刀治疗脑转移瘤 2 72例共 396个病灶。中心剂量 2 5～ 70Gy ,周边剂量 1 0～ 35Gy;靶点数 1～ 1 1个。并对肿瘤体积、数目、照射剂量、原发灶控制和全脑放疗等影响疗效因素进行统计分析。结果　本组病例随访 1 0～ 46个月 ,平均 2 4个月。 396个病灶完全缓解 32 6个 (82 3 % ) ,部分缓解 38个 (9 5 % ) ,无变化及进展 32个 (8 2 % ) ,平均生存期 (1 3 6± 7 9)个月。原发灶控制好者、伽玛刀治疗前后结合放疗、化疗者 ,其生存期较长。结论　伽玛刀是治疗脑转移瘤安全可靠的手段之一。并发症少、有效率高。伽玛刀治疗脑转移瘤的疗效主要与病灶体积、周边剂量等密切相关。肿瘤体积小于 1 5cm3,周边剂量大于 1 8Gy时 ,完全缓解率较高。     

X刀治疗脑转移瘤临床效果观察

目的 :总结X刀治疗脑转移瘤临床效果。方法 :X刀治疗脑转移瘤 5 8例 ,共 78个病灶 ,肿瘤周边剂量平均为 19 73Gy ,一般以 70 %～ 10 0 %等剂量线覆盖肿瘤周边 ,2 8例患者配合全脑放疗。结果 :随访 3～ 2 6个月 ,CT和MRI随访 47例 ,证实肿瘤治疗后完全消失 (CR) 2 0例( 42 6% ) ,大部分消失 (PR) 8例 ( 17 0 % ) ,部分消失 (MR) 8例 ( 17 0 % ) ,无变化 (NC) 6例 ( 12 8% ) ,增大 (PG) 5例 ( 10 6% ) ;脑水肿反应严重 3例。临床随访 5 0例 ,死亡 36例 ,平均存活期 12 0个月 ;生存 14例 ,已平均存活 9 5个月。X刀术后颅外病变稳定者生存期比颅外病变活跃者长。对部分患者应配合全脑放疗。结论 :该技术治疗脑转移瘤近期效果较为满意 ,是一种安全有效的方法。     

伽玛刀治疗脑转移瘤46例临床分析

目的：伽玛刀是治疗脑转移瘤的一种途径，尤其对多发病灶者。方法：用伽玛刀治疗脑转移瘤随访１０个月以上者共４６例，其中单发２７例，多发１９例，共１０３个病灶。结果：脑转移瘤相对较小，而靶周边剂量相对较大者，完全缓解率较高。结论：无论单发及多发病灶伽玛刀治疗１年存活率均较开颅手术为高。多发病灶需配合全脑放疗及化疗，否则易产生新病灶，使病情进展。     

伽玛刀治疗脑转移瘤的临床研究(附112例临床分析)

目的 探讨伽玛刀治疗脑转移瘤的临床疗效及相关因素.方法 采用伽玛刀治疗为主,结合手术、放疗、化疗等综合治疗手段治疗112例脑转移瘤患者.结果 随访83例患者,随访期6～32个月,肿瘤控制率94%,中位生存期10.8个月,1年生存率55.9%,2年生存率15.8%.结论 伽玛刀治疗脑转移瘤是一种安全有效的治疗手段,配合科学合理的综合治疗措施可进一步提高疗效.     

伽玛刀治疗脑转移瘤18例报告

报告经伽玛刀治疗的脑转移瘤18例。原发肿瘤中肺及乳房癌占72.5％。脑转移瘤中属单发有11例,多发有7例。肿瘤平均直径19.46mm,肿瘤照射野覆盖平均为56.3％,瘤周边剂量平均为21.5Gy。出院后12例随访9天～1年(平均6.9个月),其中8例存活(平均8.4个月),4例死亡。获CT随访7例,示肿瘤缩小7例,消失4例(3例为多发肿瘤)。认为伽玛刀治疗简便、安全,对控制肿瘤生长有明显作用,并就伽玛刀治疗的指征等进行了讨论。     

脑转移瘤62例临床分析

目的　探讨脑转移瘤 (BM)的诊断和治疗方法。方法　采用CT、MRI诊断BM 62例 ,其中 8例术前误诊。 47例单发BM全切 ,15例多发BM行大瘤切除。术后 5 5例行综合治疗。结果　本组 5 5例生存至少半年。 3 5例随访 8个月至6年半 ,存活期 8～ 75个月 ,平均 2 7个月。其中手术加放疗组 ,平均存活 11个月 ;手术加放疗及化疗组 ,平均存活 2 9个月 ;手术加γ 刀及化疗组 ,平均存活 14个月。未查到原发灶的单发BM组 ,平均存活 3年 ;有明确原发灶及多发BM ,平均存活14个月。术后死亡 7/62。结论　对有手术适应证的BM ,积极手术治疗 ,术后综合治疗能延长BM生存期 ,最佳治疗方案为手术加放疗和化疗。     

脑转移瘤伽玛刀治疗的临床疗效评估

目的评估伽玛刀治疗脑转移瘤的适应证和临床疗效。方法回顾性分析440例行伽玛刀治疗脑转移瘤病人的临床随访资料。结果术后生存期最长62个月,平均14个月。存活2年以上49例(11.1%),其中存活3年以上32例,4年以上16例,5年以上1例。结论伽玛刀治疗脑转移瘤安全可靠,致残率低,尤其适用于颅内多发性转移瘤的治疗。     

脑转移瘤X-刀治疗31例临床报告

脑转移瘤临床较常见,长期以来治疗一直采用手术和全脑放疗、化疗。近几年来立体定向放射神经外科的发展,为脑转移瘤的治疗提供了一个崭新的方法和手段。我院于1996年3月至1998年3月2日年间采用X一刀治疗脑转移瘤病人,且随访者31例。效果较满意。报告如下：l对象和方法l．l一般资料男性18例,女性13例,比例1．38：l。平均年龄55．7（31－76）岁。50－70岁占632％。本组对例X一刀治疗的脑转移病人,随访2－24个月,平均10．3个月。其中单发病灶14例,多发病灶门例,共72个病灶。初次治疗26例,全脑放疗后复发3例,Y一刀治疗后复发2例。…     

伽玛刀治疗肺癌脑转移瘤疗效分析

目的 探讨伽玛刀对肺癌脑转移瘤治疗后肿瘤局部控制情况及病人生存期。方法 回顾旋转式伽玛刀治疗的37例原发肺癌的脑转移瘤，颅内单个转移灶14例，多发转移灶23例。其中15例在术前或术后接受了全脑放疗。患者术前通过肺部活检明确病理，其中小细胞癌ll例，鳞癌10例，腺癌13例，鳞腺混合癌3例。随访内容包括影像学检查肿瘤变化的情况，生存质量评分(KPS)，伽玛刀治疗后生存时间及死亡原因。结果 随访6～26个月，平均14个月。仅2例病人因脑内肿瘤未控制死亡。6个月生存率腺癌69．2％(9／13)、鳞癌60％(6／10)、小细胞癌63．6％(7／11)；12个月生存率腺癌38．5％(5／13)、鳞癌20％(2／lO)、小细胞癌27．3％(3／11)。肿瘤局部控制率腺癌87．9％；鳞癌94．1％；小细胞癌100％；鳞腺混合癌94．7％。结论 伽玛刀治疗原发肺癌的脑转移瘤安全有效，肿瘤局部控制率高，能改善病人的生活质量。     

肺癌脑转移瘤伽玛刀治疗

目的回顾性研究肺癌脑转移瘤伽玛刀治疗的疗效、生存时间及并发症.方法伽玛刀治疗42例肺癌脑转移瘤病人(151个病灶).年龄34-76岁,男29例,女13例.脑转移瘤的诊断依据典型的脑部CT或MRI影像表现及肺癌的诊断证据.应用Gamma plan3.01-5.12软件系统进行剂量计划,23004B型Gamma Knife治疗.肿瘤边缘剂量8～25Gy,平均21Gy,边缘等剂量线40～95%,肿瘤平均治疗容积4.75cm3.结果随访3～26个月,平均10.27个月,中位生存时间8个月(3～26个月),平均生存时间为10.27个月.1年的生存率35.7%,2年的生存率7.1%.肿瘤控制率为98.7%,在术后6～20个月有5个肿瘤先后复发.40例病人术前的症状体征明显缓解或消失,2例加重.有2例病人出现伽玛刀治疗后的并发症.结论伽玛刀放射外科治疗是一种安全、有效的脑转移瘤治疗方法.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.