体外构建人工仿生骨膜

背景：小肠黏膜下层既具有良好的生物相容性和降解性,又富含多种生长因子,能明显促进细胞的黏附、增殖及分化,在国外已被广泛应用于骨与软骨、血管、皮肤、膀胱、平滑肌及胰岛等组织的修复,且已表现出良好的组织工程化细胞支架性能。 目的：探讨兔骨髓间充质干细胞经体外诱导成成骨细胞与猪小肠黏膜下层复合构建组织工程骨膜的可行性。 方法：采用贴壁筛选法分离2周龄健康新西兰大白兔骨髓间充质干细胞,并进行体外扩增培养、诱导分化及鉴定。将经成骨诱导分化的骨髓间充质干细胞与猪小肠黏膜下层复合构建组织工程骨膜,观察细胞在生物材料上的附着、生长、增殖情况。 结果与结论：接种5 d后,细胞散在附着于小肠黏膜下层材料上,细胞形态呈圆形,细胞之间无连接;10 d后细胞之间形成桥粒连接,成骨细胞伸出突起,与小肠黏膜下层贴附;15 d后细胞增殖,分泌基质,在小肠黏膜下层表面形成多层细胞组成的复层膜样结构。表明将骨髓间充质干细胞诱导成成骨细胞后与猪小肠黏膜下层复合可构建组织工程骨膜,有可能成为理想的组织工程支架材料。     

A biomimetic gelatin-calcium phosphate bone cement

The interest in new bone substitutes is rapidly increasing in the field of orthopedic surgery. A variety of calcium phosphate bone cement has been developed and different additives have been used to improve their biocompatibility and bioactivity. Following a biomimetic strategy aimed at reproducing bone characteristics, this study investigates the biological properties of a new gelatin enriched calcium phosphate cement (GEL-CP) that exhibits improved mechanical properties with respect to cement prepared without gelatin (C-CP). Human osteoblast MG63 were cultured on the surfaces of GEL-CP and were compared to cells cultured on C-CP samples, and on polystyrene of plate culture as control (C). Cell attachment, proliferation and differentiation were evaluated up to 21 days. SEM revealed that osteoblasts grown on GEL-CP showed a normal morphology and biological tests demonstrated very good rate of proliferation and viability in every experimental time. The presence of gelatin stimulated alkaline phosphatase activity, collagen and transforming growth factor 31 production. The data indicate that the new cement GEL-CP favors osteoblast proliferation, activation of their metabolism and differentiation. The remarkable improvement of the setting properties of the calcium phosphate cement due to the presence of gelatin suggest that the biomimetic composite material could be successfully applied as bone substitute.     

纳米羟基磷灰石仿生骨材料的研究进展

纳米羟基磷灰石仿生骨材料因其与天然骨结构和成分相近,已成为组织工程领域研究的热点之一。介绍了纳米羟基磷灰石的各种制备方法及其复合材料的合成方法,并对纳米羟基磷灰石复合材料的特性进行了说明。通过将纳米羟基磷灰石表面修饰改性后,其复合材料有着广阔的应用前景,可用于修复骨缺损,也可以作为药物载体治疗肿瘤。对近年来纳米羟基磷灰石仿生骨材料的研究进展进行了综述。     

Use of a biomimetic strategy to engineer bone

Engineering trabecular-like, three-dimensional bone tissue throughout biodegradable polymer scaffolds is a significant challenge. Using a novel processing technique, we have created a biodegradable scaffold with geometry similar to that of trabecular bone. When seeded with bone-marrow cells, new bone tissue, the geometry of which reflected that of the scaffold, was evident throughout the scaffold volume and to a depth of 10 mm. Preseeded scaffolds implanted in non-healing rabbit segmental bone defects allowed new functional bone formation and bony union to be achieved throughout the defects within 8 weeks. This marks the first report of successful three-dimensional bone-tissue engineering repair using autologous marrow cells without the use of supplementary growth factors. We attribute our success to the novel scaffold morphology.     

Hierarcially biomimetic bone materials: from nanometer to millimeter

The bone composite was produced by biomimetic synthesis.It shows somefeatures of natural bone in both composition and microstructure.And the collagenmoleculars and the nano-crystal hydroxyapatite assemble into ultrastructure similarto natural bone.It possesses porous structure with porosity from 1 0 0μm to 50 0μmafter mixed with PLA (poly lactic acid) .　　 In the present study,1 5mm segmental defectmodel in the radius of rabbit wasapplied to evaluate the bone composite.The segmental defec…     

仿生骨基质材料的研究进展

骨缺损修复是临床中所面临的难题之一,为了解决这个难题,人们研制了不同的仿生骨基质材料。本文对仿生骨基质材料的研究进展进行综述。     

羟基磷灰石复合骨组织工程支架的研究进展

近年来,以生物活性陶瓷、聚合物等材料为基础复合而成的人工骨骼材料得到了广泛的研究并取得了巨大的进展。纳米羟基磷灰石(nano Hydroxyapatite,n HA)因其具有良好的生物相容性和生物活性,被大量应用于骨组织的移植与修复,但由于现有工艺制备的磷灰石本身力学性能不够完美,进而限制了其应用的广泛性,因此,制备综合性能优越的纳米羟基磷灰石/聚合物复合生物材料是当今骨组织工程中研究的热点。在此,就纳米羟基磷灰石与壳聚糖、胶原、聚乳酸等高分子材料复合而成的新型骨移植替代材料的合成方法、力学性能和生物相容性进行简单的介绍。     

Anisotropic bone remodeling of a biomimetic metal-on-metal hip resurfacing implant

Hip resurfacing (HR) is a highly attractive option for young and active patients. Some surgeons have advocated cementing the metaphyseal stem of the femoral component to improve fixation and survivorship of HR. However, extending component fixation to the metaphysis may promote femoral head strain shielding, which in turn may reduce survival of the femoral component. Replacing the metallic metaphyseal stem by a composite material with bone-matching properties could help to alleviate this phenomenon. This study uses finite element analysis to examine the strain state in the femoral head for three types of implant fixation: an unfixed metallic stem, an osseointegrated biomimetic stem and a cemented metallic stem. Bone remodeling is also simulated to evaluate long-term bone resorption due to strain shielding. Results show that the unfixed stem causes strain shielding in the femoral head, and that cementing the stem increases strain shielding. The biomimetic stem does not eliminate the strain shielding effect, but reduces it significantly versus the metallic cemented version. The current finite element study suggests that an osseointegrated metaphyseal stem made of biomimetic material in hip resurfacing implants could become an interesting alternative when fixation extension is desired.     

A novel route in bone tissue engineering: Magnetic biomimetic scaffolds

In recent years, interest in tissue engineering and its solutions has increased considerably. In particular, scaffolds have become fundamental tools in bone graft substitution and are used in combination with a variety of bio-agents. However, a long-standing problem in the use of these conventional scaffolds lies in the impossibility of re-loading the scaffold with the bio-agents after implantation. This work introduces the magnetic scaffold as a conceptually new solution. The magnetic scaffold is able, via magnetic driving, to attract and take up in vivo growth factors, stem cells or other bio-agents bound to magnetic particles. The authors succeeded in developing a simple and inexpensive technique able to transform standard commercial scaffolds made of hydroxyapatite and collagen in magnetic scaffolds. This innovative process involves dip-coating of the scaffolds in aqueous ferrofluids containing iron oxide nanoparticles coated with various biopolymers. After dip-coating, the nanoparticles are integrated into the structure of the scaffolds, providing the latter with magnetization values as high as 15 emu g^?1 at 10 kOe. These values are suitable for generating magnetic gradients, enabling magnetic guiding in the vicinity and inside the scaffold. The magnetic scaffolds do not suffer from any structural damage during the process, maintaining their specific porosity and shape. Moreover, they do not release magnetic particles under a constant flow of simulated body fluids over a period of 8 days. Finally, preliminary studies indicate the ability of the magnetic scaffolds to support adhesion and proliferation of human bone marrow stem cells in vitro. Hence, this new type of scaffold is a valuable candidate for tissue engineering applications, featuring a novel magnetic guiding option.     

Biomimetic artificial ECMs stimulate bone regeneration

We demonstrate that a biomimetic polymer network is capable of affecting bone regeneration in vivo. Starting with a foundation consisting of an environmentally responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) hydrogel, we incorporated matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) degradable crosslinkers and peptides containing integrin-binding domains (i.e., Arg-Gly-Asp) to create a biomimetic matrix designed to encourage osteoblast migration and proliferation. We independently tuned matrix stiffness and peptide concentration to generate a response surface model of osteoblast proliferation on different types of matrices. Osteoblast proliferation was significantly influenced by matrix stiffness (i.e., its complex modulus) and peptide concentration. When implanted in a rat femoral ablation model, these matrices induced bone regeneration only when protease degradable crosslinks were used to create the network. For the matrices with MMP-13 degradable crosslinkers, the bone formed had a trabecular-like structure and was distributed throughout the marrow space. Based on the correlated effects of matrix stiffness and ligand concentration, the response surface model will facilitate improvements in the regenerative capacity of these artificial extracellular matrices.     

载药人工骨研究的应用进展

背景：骨科药物缓释系统现已成为治疗骨科疾病的一大重要方法,作为其中之一的载药人工骨是目前新兴前沿的治疗手段。 目的：综述载药人工骨的分类及特点、研究方法和研究方向。 方法：由第一作者检索2001至2011年 PubMed数据库及维普外文期刊库有关载药人工骨材料分类、载药人工骨研究方法及载药人工骨应用研究等方面的文献。 结果与结论：载药人工骨主要分为羟基磷灰石、磷酸钙骨水泥、生物玻璃3类,前两者已逐步应用于临床研究及治疗中,生物玻璃是最近比较新的研究材料,在充当填充骨材料和药物释放载体上具有独特的功能,关于其特性、具体应用还要进一步研究。载药人工骨的研究方法主要从药物载体孔洞选择、人工骨制备、载药人工骨药物成分、人工骨药物释放机制等方面入手。载药人工骨具有药物载体和修复骨缺损的双重作用,且能诱导骨的生长和同步降解,具有操作简便,疗效好等优点,应用于骨髓炎、骨缺损和预防人工关节感染等方面是一种理想且有效的方法。     

Biocompatibility and osteogenesis of biomimetic Bioglass-Collagen-Phosphatidylserine composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

A novel biomimetic composite scaffold Bioglass-Collagen-Phosphatidylserine (BG-COL-PS) was fabricated with a freeze-drying technique. The macrostructure and morphology as well as mechanical strength of the scaffolds were characterized. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) showed that the BG-COL-PS scaffolds exhibited interconnected porous structures with pore sizes of several microns up to about 300 μm. The scaffolds have a porosity of 75.40% and the corresponding compressive strength of 1.5469 Mpa. Rat mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs) were seeded on BG-COL-PS or BG-COL scaffolds and cultured for 21 days in vitro. Based on the results of SEM, dsDNA content, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, osteogenic gene expression analysis and alizarin red staining, the responses of MSCs to the scaffold exhibited a higher degree of attachment, growth as well as osteogenic differentiation than those on BG-COL scaffolds in vitro. To investigate the in vivo biocompatibility and osteogenesis of the composite scaffolds, both pure BG-COL-PS scaffolds and MSC/scaffold constructs were implanted in rat femurs defects for 6 weeks and studied histologically and radiographically. The in vivo results showed that BG-COL-PS composite scaffolds exhibited good biocompatibility and extensive osteoconductivity with host bone. Moreover, the BG-COL-PS/MSC constructs dramatically enhanced the efficiency of new bone formation than pure BG-COL-PS scaffolds or BG-COL/MSC constructs. All these results demonstrate the usefulness of PS composited BG-COL-PS scaffolds for inducing enhanced bone formation. The BG-COL-PS scaffolds fulfill the basic requirements of bone tissue engineering scaffold and have the potential to be applied in orthopedic and reconstructive surgery.     

Preparation and characterization of a multilayer biomimetic scaffold for bone tissue engineering

In scaffold based bone tissue engineering, both the pore size and the mechanical properties of the scaffold are of great importance. However, an increase in pore size is generally accompanied by a decrease in mechanical properties. In order to achieve both suitable mechanical properties and porosity, a multilayer scaffold is designed to mimic the structure of cancellous bone and cortical bone. A porous nano-hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite scaffold with a multilayer structure is fabricated and encased in a smooth compact chitosan membrane layer to prevent fibrous tissue ingrowth. The exterior tube is shown to have a small pore size (15-40 microm in diameter) for the enhancement of mechanical properties, while the core of the multilayer scaffold has a large pore size (predominantly 70-150 microm in diameter) for nutrition supply and bone formation. Compared with the uniform porous scaffold, the multilayer scaffold with the same size shows an enhanced mechanical strength and larger pore size in the center. More cells are shown to grow into the center of the multilayer scaffold in vitro than into the uniform porous scaffold under the same seeding condition. Finally, the scaffolds are implanted into a rabbit fibula defect to evaluate the osteoconductivity of the scaffold and the efficacy of the scaffold as a barrier to fibrous tissue ingrowth. At 12 weeks post operation, affluent blood vessels and bone formation are found in the center of the scaffold and little fibrous tissue is noted in the defect site.     

Tissue-engineered bone biomimetic to regenerate calvarial critical-sized defects in athymic rats.

A tissue-engineered bone biomimetic device was developed to regenerate calvaria critical-sized defects (CSDs) in athymic rats. Well-documented evidence clearly confirms that left untreated, CSDs will not spontaneously regenerate bone. To accomplish regeneration, four candidate treatments were assessed: porous poly(D,L-lactide) and type I collagen (PLC), PLC and human osteoblast precursor cells (OPCs) at 2 x 10(5) (PLC/OPCs), PLC and 50 microg of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (PLC/rhBMP-2), and PLC/OPCs/rhBMP-2 (the bone biomimetic device). The hypotheses for this study were PLC/OPCs/rhBMP-2 would promote more new bone formation in CSDs than the other treatments and the amount of bone formation would be time dependent. To test the hypotheses, outcomes from treatments were measured at 2 and 4 weeks postoperatively by radiomorphometry for percent radiopacity and by histomorphometry for square millimeters of new bone formation. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and Fisher's protected least significant difference for multiple comparisons with p < or = 0.05. At 2 and 4 weeks, radiomorphometric data revealed PLC/rhBMP-2 and PLC/OPCs/rhBMP-2 promoted significantly more radiopacity than either PLC or PLC/OPCs. Histomorphometry data at 2 and 4 weeks indicated significantly more new bone formation for PLC/rhBMP-2, PLC/OPCs/rhBMP-2, and PLC/OPCs compared to PLC. By 4 weeks, PLC/OPCs/rhBMP-2 and PLC/rhBMP-2 had regenerated the CSDs with more new bone than the other treatments; the quantity of bone at 4 weeks for these treatments was greater than at 2 weeks.     

胶原多糖基纳米羟基磷灰石仿生骨支架材料的研制

目的依据仿生原理制备新型的胶原多糖基纳米羟基磷灰石（HA）复合骨支架材料,并与成骨细胞复合培养,检测其细胞相容性。方法以胶原分子与透明质酸钠的交联产物为模板,调制钙磷盐在液相中沉积其上,得到矿化胶原多糖基复合材料;采用液相分离法与少量聚乳酸复合进一步制备成为三维多孔支架,使用成骨细胞（Mc3T3-E1）接种于该支架上培养。用X—ray衍射、扫描电镜、万能材料测试机等对材料进行观察和测试分析;并用倒置相差显微镜、荧光显微镜、扫描电镜、CCK-8细胞计数试剂盒、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）活性测定等观察和分析细胞在支架材料中的生长、分化情况。结果胶原多糖基纳米HA仿生复合材料的晶粒度较低,晶体极为细小,与天然骨中羟基磷灰石的组装结构类似;该复合支架为多孔状,孔隙率约82％,孔径大小为200～650μm;抗压性能好,成骨细胞可在其上贴附、生长和繁殖,并表现出较高的成骨活性。结论所制备的胶原多糖基纳米HA仿生骨支架材料,无论从组分和结构上均与天然松质骨类似,与成骨细胞相容性好,可望成为较理想的骨组织工程支架材料。     

Electrospun biomimetic nanocomposite nanofibers of hydroxyapatite/chitosan for bone tissue engineering

The development of bioinspired or biomimetic materials is essential and has formed one of the most important paradigms in today's tissue engineering research. This paper reports a novel biomimetic nanocomposite nanofibers of hydroxyapatite/chitosan (HAp/CTS) prepared by combining an in situ co-precipitation synthesis approach with an electrospinning process. A model HAp/CTS nanocomposite with the HAp mass ratio of 30wt% was synthesized through the co-precipitation method so as to attain homogenous dispersion of the spindle-shaped HAp nanoparticles (ca. 100x30nm) within the chitosan matrix. By using a small amount (10wt%) of ultrahigh molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide) (UHMWPEO) as a fiber-forming facilitating additive, continuous HAp/CTS nanofibers with a diameters of 214+/-25nm had been produced successfully and the HAp nanoparticles with some aggregations were incorporated into the electrospun nanofibers. Further SAED and XRD analysis confirmed that the crystalline nature of HAp remains and had survived the acetic acid-dominant solvent system. Biological in vitro cell culture with human fetal osteoblast (hFOB) cells for up to 15 days demonstrated that the incorporation of HAp nanoparticles into chitosan nanofibrous scaffolds led to significant bone formation oriented outcomes compared to that of the pure electrospun CTS scaffolds. The electrospun nanocomposite nanofibers of HAp/CTS, with compositional and structural features close to the natural mineralized nanofibril counterparts, are of potential interest for bone tissue engineering applications.     

血管化在骨组织工程中的应用

随着骨缺损修复治疗方法的不断完善发展,组织工程化人工骨被逐渐应用于此治疗,但随着组织工程技术的提高,血管化应用于人工骨将代替单纯应用人工骨,并被认为是将来较理想的修复方法。本文将对骨组织血管化的机理,血管化在骨组织工程中的作用和具体应用进行综述。     

硫酸钙人工骨修复骨缺损的研究进展

硫酸钙（CS）材料由于其具有生物相容性好、生物可吸收降解性高、制备成本相对低廉、原材料来源丰富等特点,常用于大段骨缺损修复的治疗。然而,其材料存在着降解速度快、骨诱导活性差等问题。因此硫酸钙材料与不同材料的复合,使其相关性能得到改进与加强成为了目前研究的热点,近年来研究人员通过将硫酸钙与不同的材料相结合,负载各种抗生素、药剂、生长因子等无机、有机分子,制备出新型复合硫酸钙材料,并经体外细胞实验和体内动物实验探究评价新型材料的机械和生物性能,为进一步硫酸钙人工骨材料的研究和开发提供了理论与实践支持。本文将通过对近年来以硫酸钙材料为载体的新型复合材料在骨缺损修复方面的研究进展进行综述总结,以期为后续的研究提供参考。     

磷酸钙人工骨修复骨缺损的研究进展

继发于各类病因的大段骨缺损通常需要人工骨材料进行修复,目前常用的人工骨材料包括磷酸钙和硫酸钙基人工骨、生物活性玻璃等,以磷酸钙为主要成分的人工骨,复合其他一种或多种材料以期改善人工骨的性能是目前的研究热点。本文将总结以磷酸钙为基质的各类复合材料,包括与聚合物复合的磷酸钙材料、以磷酸钙为基质的合金材料、药物缓释材料以及骨组织工程材料在骨缺损修复中的研究进展,为以磷酸钙为基质新材料的研究奠定基础。