Effect of cardiopulmonary bypass on circulating lymphocyte function.

Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) has been associated with a wide variety of immunological derangements, including a transient postoperative impairment of lymphocyte function. We examined changes in phenotypic and nonspecific cytotoxicity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells after extracorporeal CPB. The peripheral blood samples obtained from 10 patients were subjected to natural killer and cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity assay before and at intervals after CPB. Phenotypic analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes was performed in 5 patients before and immediately after CPB. We observed a significant increase in peripheral blood CD8+ cells (cytotoxic/suppressor T lymphocytes) (16.1% +/- 2.5% versus 22.5% +/- 2.1%; p less than .005) and a decrease in CD4+ cells (helper/inducer T lymphocytes) (46.1% +/- 3.5% versus 36.1% +/- 3.5%; p less than 0.02) immediately after extracorporeal circulation. The CD8/CD4 ratio in peripheral blood was significantly increased immediately after bypass (0.53 versus 0.80; p less than 0.001). No significant changes in percentages of other leukocyte subsets in peripheral blood were noted. The activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells in peripheral blood was impaired on postoperative days 1 and 3 but was restored to preoperative values by removal of mononuclear phagocytes from these cells. The decrease in natural killer cell and cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity in peripheral blood may signify a temporary impairment of the effector arm of the cell-mediated immunity in the post-operative period. The observed changes in peripheral blood phenotype and function may be involved in early organ injury and infectious complications after CPB.     

Bone marrow transplantation in the rat. V. Lymphoid cell subclasses in the target organs during acute graft-versus-host disease

The distribution of white cell subclasses in different lymphoid (bone marrow, spleen, and blood) and parenchymal (liver, skin, lungs, and gut) target organs was studied after bone marrow transplantation in the rat. BN rats were irradiated and transplanted with 60-80 X 10(6) Lew (allogeneic) or BN (syngeneic) bone marrow cells. The recovery of lymphocytes was somewhat elevated in the bone marrow and spleen, slightly decreased in the blood, and markedly higher in the liver and skin in the allograft compared with the syngeneic graft recipient. A mild lymphocytic bronchitis was present in the lungs of the allografted animal, and the gut was hypocellular throughout the observation period. The total recovery of different lymphocyte subclasses; pan T, T helper, T suppressor-killer, class-II-positive cells, and surface-Ig-positive B cells in the different lymphoid organs--i.e., bone marrow, spleen, and blood--was similar in allogeneic compared with syngeneic graft recipients. In the liver and skin, which are the major target organs of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) in the rat, there was a massive infiltration of different T cell subclasses; high numbers of B cells were also seen in the liver. There was no difference in the T helper/T suppressor-killer ratio in the lymphoid organs or the liver of allograft compared with syngeneic graft recipients; in the skin and lungs the ratio was reduced more in the allograft compared with syngeneic graft recipient, whereas in the gut the situation was the opposite. These observations emphasize regional differences in the structure of inflammation in the different parenchymal target organs of aGVHD in the rat.     

Effect of cyclosporine on T lymphocyte development. Relationship to syngeneic graft-versus-host disease

This report investigates the effects of cyclosporine on the reconstitution of T lymphocytes after syngeneic bone marrow transplantation and its role in the development of a novel T cell-mediated autoimmune disease, syngeneic graft versus host disease. We analyzed the effect of CsA treatment on T lymphocyte differentiation during reconstitution after bone marrow transplantation and correlated the maturation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets with the onset of syngeneic GVHD. Administration of CsA following syngeneic bone marrow transplantation leads to a developmental arrest of mature CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in the thymus and a marked reduction in cells expressing the alpha beta T cell receptor. The reduction of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets is also reflected in the peripheral lymphoid compartment with an altered CD4/CD8 ratio. Functional assessment of the cells revealed that CD8+ cells respond normally to mitogenic signalling whereas CD4+ cells exhibit marginal proliferative responses. Both subsets of T lymphocytes respond to syngeneic B lymphoblasts, comparable to the response of T lymphocytes from non-CsA-treated syngeneic BMT recipients, suggesting that autoreactive cells are produced despite CsA treatment. Following discontinuation of CsA, T cell differentiation in the thymus is rapidly restored to normal. However, concurrent with the onset of syngeneic GVHD, a compensatory insurgence of CD4+ T helper cells is observed.     

Effect of immune response during cardiopulmonary bypass on post-operative infections

To study the effects of extracorporeal circulation on the post operative infections, the relationship between the influences of the immunologic change during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and post operative change of neutrophilia was evaluated in 52 patients. These patients were divided into two groups: group A (non-infected), 19 patients whose neutrophil count increased within 15,000/microliters in peripheral blood after operation. Group B (infected), 33 patients whose neutrophil count increased 15,000/microliters or more within one week after operation. Immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM) and complement fraction (C3, C4, CH50) levels decreased significantly during CPB, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. The amount of lymphocyte subsets of helper/inducer T cell and suppressor/cytotoxic T cell showed similar change in both groups. On the contrary the amount of lymphocyte subset of Natural Killer cell showed significant increase in A group during CPB when compared with B group, suggesting immunological activation, however, in the group which showed less than 40% increase of NK cell during CPB, there was significant increase of neutrophils after operation compared with the other group which showed high increase of NK cell. These findings suggested the increased activation of the Natural Killer cell during CPB is a favorable response, especially for preventing infections after operation.     

Immunologic recovery in thalassemic marrow graft recipients following high-dose busulfan and cyclophosphamide

T lymphocyte subsets, mitogenic response, and immunoglobulin levels were studied in peripheral blood from 95 thalassemic patients before and at different times after bone marrow transplantation. With the exception of patients receiving more than 100 transfusion units before transplant, who showed an increased percentage of CD8-positive cells, thalassemic patients were essentially immunologically normal. Depressed lymphocyte proliferative response to phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin-A, and pokeweed mitogen; decreased IgG, IgM and IgA levels; and abnormal T subpopulation distribution were observed early after transplant. Long-term transplanted patients showed complete recovery of the immunological profile with the exception of the IgA levels, which were significantly decreased up to 2 years after transplant.     

The repopulation capacity of bone marrow grafts following pretreatment with monoclonal antibodies against T lymphocytes in rhesus monkeys

Complement-mediated lysis of (subsets of) T lymphocytes in bone marrow grafts is increasingly used to prevent acute graft-versus-host disease in human bone marrow transplant recipients, especially in case of major immunogenetic disparity between donor and recipient. Since T lymphocyte depletion has resulted in an increased frequency of allogeneic engraftment failures, its effect on hemopoietic reconstitution was measured in rhesus monkeys. The reactivity patterns of commonly used types of antihuman T lymphocyte monoclonal antibodies (MCAs) with rhesus monkey lymphocytes was analyzed using a double-label cytofluorometry technique and found to be very similar to those with human lymphocytes. The antibodies investigated included CAMPATH-1 (recognizing an antigen present on virtually all lymphocytes and monocytes), OKT4 + 4a (CD4, helper/inducer T lymphocytes), B9 (CD8, suppressor/cytotoxic T lymphocytes), WT-1 (CD7, pan-T), and anti-DR MCAs as stem cell toxic controls. Their possible toxicity to hemopoietic stem cells was studied by using a semiquantitative autologous regeneration assay. Cytotoxic lysis of cells in the bone marrow grafts reacting with the T lymphocyte purging MCAs did not result in delayed regeneration compared to untreated autologous grafts. It is concluded that T lymphocyte depletion using anti-T-lymphocyte MCAs does not influence the repopulating capacity of an autologous bone marrow graft.     

Functional evaluation of T helper, T suppressor, and B lymphocytes in lethally irradiated rhesus monkeys injected with autologous bone marrow.

Lethally irradiated rhesus monkeys were treated with autologous bone marrow that had either been (1) nontreated, i.e., normal; (2) depleted of T lymphocytes with a monoclonal antibody directed against rhesus T lymphocytes; (3) fractionated with the soybean agglutinin (SBA- fraction); or (4) fractionated with SBA and further depleted of T cells by E-rosetting. There was no difference in hematologic reconstitution among the animals, but all showed a marked lowering of the T helper/T suppressor ratio during the first 10 months posttransplant and reduced capability of their peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) to produce Ig upon stimulation with pokeweed mitogen. This subnormal ability of PBL to produce Ig, as measured by plaque-forming cells in a reverse hemolytic plaque assay, was not explained entirely by the altered T-H/T-S ratio but was correlated with the functional status of the T-H, T-S, and B lymphocytes. Isolated populations of the different lymphocyte subsets from PBL of the experimental animals were cocultured with normal cells of the appropriate subset to obtain Ig synthesis when stimulated with PWM. Animals treated with normal bone marrow showed recovery of T-H cell function after 5 months, but their T-S cells showed excessive suppressor activity that persisted for 20 months posttransplant. In contrast, those animals receiving treated marrow (mAb plus complement, or SBA) showed a much-delayed (12 months or more) return to normal T-H cell function and an earlier return of T-S cells expressing a normal level of suppressor activity. Since the SBA- fraction of marrow contains very few or no T-H cells and T cell depletion of marrow with mAb also removes these cells, it is suggested that the kinetics of immune recovery of the different lymphocyte subsets of PBL is influenced by the presence or absence of T-H cells in the marrow inocula.     

Changes in lymphocyte number and phenotype in seven lymphoid compartments after thermal injury.

Thermal injury is associated with dysfunction of host defense systems. The present study used flow cytometric immunofluorescence analyses to investigate changes in number and phenotype of lymphocytes in seven different lymphoid compartments at 2, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 60 days after 50% total body-surface area thermal injury in the rat. Relative to sham-injured control rats, at postburn day 2, significant lymphopenia was observed in the peripheral blood along with depletion of lymphocytes from the spleen and thymus. By day 6 after injury, lymphocytes in the bone marrow and cervical lymph nodes decreased significantly while numbers in the spleen and thymus remained depressed. Splenic and cervical node lymphocyte numbers normalized by day 12, the bone marrow and thymus numbers still were significantly lower than control, and a 6.5-fold increase in number of lymphocytes was observed in the nodes draining the burn wound, pooled axillary, brachial, inguinal, and lumbar lymph nodes. At day 24 after injury, the thymus and bone marrow virtually were depleted of lymphocytes, the mesenteric lymph nodes manifested a significant decrease, and lymphocytes in the nodes draining the burn wound continued to increase in number. This same pattern was maintained on day 48, but numbers of lymphocytes in the mesenteric nodes normalized. At day 60 after injury, lymphocyte numbers in all tissues were normalized, but the spleen and nodes draining the burn wound where increased numbers compared to control persisted. Cell-surface phenotyping was performed on all lymphoid tissues at all time intervals to determine the percentages of lymphocytes comprising the following subsets: Ia+ cells (B cells and activated T cells), T cells, T-Helper/Inducer cells (T-H/I), and T-Suppressor/Cytotoxic (T-S/C) cells. Although changes in lymphocyte subset percentages were complex, they could be divided grossly into two phases. First, all compartments showed significant phenotypic changes in the first six days after burn. With the exception of the nodes draining the burn wound and the blood, this was followed by a return towards normal on day 12. The second phase then ensued with significant phenotypic changes again occurring in most tissues from days 24 to 60 after injury. These studies demonstrate that burn injury results in dramatic alterations in lymphocyte numbers and subset percentages in different lymphoid compartments. Immune alterations observed following thermal injury may be due, in part, to a redistribution of the cellular elements responsible for generation of the immune response.     

Effects of coronary artery bypass grafting on cellular immunity with or without cardiopulmonary bypass: changes in lymphocytes subsets

Cell-mediated immunity responses decrease after all kinds of surgical procedures. Either anesthesia or surgical trauma plays an important role in this effect. Identification of functional lymphocyte subsets, by using appropriate monoclonal antibodies and analysis of flow cytometry data, appears to provide an accurate measurement of cellular immune competence. We found a significant decrease in the total number of T helper/inducer cells (p<0.035), B cells (p<0.043) and natural killer cells (NK) (p<0.018) but in contrast, increase in NK cell activity (p<0.012) in the peripheral arterial blood of ten patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass (group 1) immediately after surgery and postoperative day 1 (POD1). On the other hand, there was no significant change of these parameters occurred in the peripheral arterial blood of ten patients (group 2) who were undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting without cardiopulmonary bypass. Therefore, we conclude that coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with cardiopulmonary bypass induce a greater decrease in immunologic response than CABG without cardiopulmonary bypass (off pump) operations. Nevertheless, off pump CABG operations do not induce a greater decrease in immunologic response than other surgical operations.     

调节性及辅助性T细胞在人类IgA肾病中的表达及意义

目的 探讨CD4+CD25high调节性T细胞（Treg）及辅助性T细胞亚群（Th1、Th2）比例失衡在IgA肾病（IgAN）免疫发病机制中的作用。 方法 用流式细胞仪检测IgAN患者外周血Treg及Th1、Th2的比例。以胞内染色技术检测叉头框蛋白3（FOXP3）的表达。Treg及Th1、Th2的比例与IgAN各项临床病理指标的相关性分析采用Spearman或Pearson相关分析法。 结果 IgAN患者外周血中Treg比例明显高于健康人[（2.14±0.82）％比（1.59±0.53）％，P ＜ 0.05]，与血IgA水平呈正相关（r = 0.397，P ＜ 0.05），与eGFR呈负相关（r = -0.376，P ＜ 0.05）。IgAN患者外周血中Th2细胞比例显著高于健康对照组[（2.57±0.72）％比（1.81±1.10）％，P ＜ 0.05]，与血IgA水平呈正相关（r = 0.468，P ＜ 0.05）。IgAN患者Th1/Th2比值显著低于健康对照组（5.75±1.89比12.73±9.79，P ＜ 0.05），但与临床各指标间没有相关性。 结论 IgAN患者体内存在T细胞亚群表达紊乱。Treg在外周血中的增多以及以Th2为优势的Th1/Th2失衡可能在IgAN的发病中起重要作用。     

Effect of urinastatin on immunity during anesthesia and surgery for malignant disease

The effect of urinastatin (Miraclid) on the changes of peripheral lymphocyte subpopulations during the operation for malignancy was investigated. Ten urinastatin-treated patients and twelve non-treated patients undergoing surgery for gastric cancer under general anesthesia were studied. Peripheral lymphocyte subpopulations were measured before and during operation employing two color analysis utilizing two kinds of monoclonal antibody, such as Leu3a and Leu8, Leu2a and Leu15, or Leu4 and HLA-DR. With this analysis, it was possible to classify peripheral lymphocytes into helper T cells, inducer T cells, cytotoxic T cells. suppressor T cells and B cells. Decrease in inducer T cells, increase in suppressor T cells and decrease in B cells were observed in the non-urinastatin-treated group during the operation. Furthermore, decrease in OKT4/OKT8 (Leu3a/Leu2a) ratio was demonstrated. But these changes were inhibited in the urinastatin-treated group. This result suggests that the administration of urinastatin improves immunosuppressive state during operation.     

Study of murine T cell migration using the Thy-1 allotypic marker. Demonstration of antigen-specific homing to lymph node germinal centers

We describe the use of Thy-1 alloantigen as a marker for in vivo T lymphocyte homing studies. Following transfer of 5 x 10(7) peripheral node T cells i.v., 32% of the transferred cells could be recovered in the host lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, and thymus); 11% of the T cells in the lymph nodes were donor derived. The transferred T cells assume the same microenvironmental and immunophenotypic distribution as the host T cells. The transferred T cells are identifiable in peripheral lymph nodes up to 170 days posttransfer, gradually declining in number during this time without evidence of rejection. This Thy-1 transfer technique permits T lymphocyte homing studies to be performed under physiologic conditions without problems of loss of lymphocyte subsets, selective labeling of lymphocyte populations, or long-term marker loss or dilution. We then employ this technique to demonstrate the antigen-directed homing of peripheral T cells to lymph node germinal centers.     

Temporal analysis of murine lymphocyte subpopulations by monoclonal antibodies and dual-color flow cytometry after burn and nonburn injury

The immune suppression that frequently accompanies severe injury undoubtedly contributes to subsequent infectious complications. Various lymphocyte subpopulations may be identified by surface antigen expression, and alterations in antigen expression by lymphocytes may reflect host immune competence. Using monoclonal antibodies (Moabs) and dual-color flow cytometry, we studied lymphocyte phenotypic expression in mice after either controlled burn injury or hind-limb amputation, with use of peripheral blood, lymph node, and spleen for cell preparation. Moabs were utilized specific for T cells (Lyt-1), helper/inducer cells (L3T4), suppressor/cytotoxic cells (Lyt-2), B cells (IgG), and activated T cells (Ia or IL-2 receptor). The assay techniques called for small amounts of tissue and avoided gradient procedures that might result in selective loss of some lymphocyte populations. The most consistent changes observed were depressions in percentages of L3T4+ and Lyt-2+ cells in spleens of burned mice, accompanied by depression in Ia+ (possibly activated or proliferating) subsets of L3T4+ and Lyt-2+ cells, and the appearance of increased percentages of non-B, non-T lymphocytes. Changes in lymph node cells were minimal. The major alteration seen in peripheral blood was substantial depression of Ia+ subsets, although burned mice had increased circulating Lyt-2+ cells on several late postburn days. Burned mice, unlike limb-trauma mice, had marked splenic hypertrophy with more than a 300% increase in spleen weight after the 30-day postburn period. Eschar excision/implantation experiments indicated that splenic hypertrophy and splenocyte phenotypic changes are related to the presence of burned tissue, which suggests that burned tissue may partially mediate immune changes that accompany severe burn injury.     

以生物衍生材料为支架的组织工程骨移植早期兔外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的变化

目的检测体外构建的组织工程骨移植后兔外周血T细胞亚群的变化，对移植组织进行组织学观察，探讨以生物衍生材料作为骨组织工程支架材料的可行性。方法组织工程骨以兔骨膜来源的成骨细胞为种子细胞，经抗原自消化、部分脱钙、冻干后的异体骨为支架材料于体外构建。将健康新西兰白兔48只制成1cm长桡骨缺损模型后，随机分成A～D4组，每组12只，分别用部分脱钙冻干骨（partial demineralized freeze—dried bone，PDFDB）、组织工程骨、自体骨、同种异体骨植入兔桡骨节段性缺损。术后1、2、4周取材，用流式细胞仪检测4种材料移植早期兔外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的变化；通过常规组织学检测观察2、4、8、12周时4种材料的成骨作用。结果B组术后2周材料孔隙内有成骨细胞和成软骨细胞，可见骨、软骨混合性新生物形成，周边分布有破骨细胞，部分网架呈蚕食状被破坏吸收。术后4周，形成的新生骨过渡为编织骨。A、B组材料植入后1、2周外周血CD4^＋和CD8^＋T细胞较术前明显升高（P〈0．05）；术后4周CD4^＋T细胞较术前轻度偏高，但无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。C组术后CD4^＋和CD8^＋T细胞升高不明显（P〉0．05）。D组术后1、2、4周外周血CD4^＋和CD8^＋T细胞较术前及其他各组同期均明显增高（P〈.．05）。结论PDFDB为支架材料构建的细胞一材料复合物移植后外周血T淋巴细胞增高，但不影响其良好的修复骨缺损能力，生物衍生骨可作为支架材料应用于骨组织工程研究。     

Immunological and clinical observations in diabetic kidney graft recipients pretreated with total-lymphoid irradiation

In a feasibility study, twenty patients with end-stage diabetic nephropathy were treated with fractionated total-lymphoid irradiation (TLI, mean dose 25 Gy), before transplantation of a first cadaveric kidney. During radiotherapy, only one patient had a serious side effect (bone marrow depression). After transplantation four patients died (one of a myocardial infarction, one of ketoacidosis, and two of infections occurring during treatment of rejection crises). One graft was lost because of chronic rejection. The other 15 patients have a functioning graft (mean follow-up 24 months) and receive low-dose prednisone alone (less than 10 mg/day, n = 11) or in conjunction with cyclosporine (n = 4) as maintenance immunosuppressive therapy. A favorable clinical outcome after TLI (no, or only one, steroid-sensitive rejection crisis) was significantly correlated with a high pre-TLI helper/suppressor lymphocyte ratio, a short interval between TLI and the time of transplantation, and the occurrence of functional suppressor cells early after TLI. The most striking immunological changes provoked by TLI consisted of a long-term depression of the mixed lymphocyte reaction and of the phytohemagglutinin, and Concanavalin A or pokeweed-mitogen-induced blastogenesis. A rapid and complete recovery of the natural killer cell activity was observed after TLI. A permanent inversion of the OKT4+ (T helper/inducer) over OKT8+ (T suppressor/cytotoxic) lymphocyte ratio was provoked by a decrease of the OTK4+ subpopulation, together with a supranormal recovery of the OKT8+ lymphocytes. A majority of the latter lymphocytes did also express the Leu 7 and the Leu 15 phenotype.     

Lymphocyte subsets in renal carcinoma--a sequential study using monoclonal antibodies

Using monoclonal antibodies in conjunction with flow cytometry, circulating lymphocyte subsets with distinct functions in the regulation of the immune response were enumerated in 32 patients with proven renal carcinoma. Analyses were performed at presentation and sequentially during the clinical course of the patients. Untreated patients with advanced disease had a deficit of T cells with the "helper/inducer" phenotype (Leu-3a+) and this resulted in abnormal T "helper/suppressor" (Leu-3a+/Leu-2a+) ratios. Following nephrectomy, performed in 26 patients, there was a significant increase in the number of T cells with the "helper/inducer" phenotype and a significant increase in T "H/S" ratios. Subsequent follow-up at a minimum of 2 months after nephrectomy showed that the increase in T cells with the "helper/inducer" phenotype was maintained (with the exception of 6 patients with disease progression) and was then accompanied by a significant increase of the T cell subset with the "suppressor/cytotoxic" phenotype (Leu-2a+). Pre-operative renal arterial embolisation resulted in an early transient lymphopenia. The response to embolisation combined with nephrectomy was little different when compared with nephrectomy alone. These observations represent a novel view of the immunosuppressive effects of renal carcinoma and their relation to anaemia and disease progression are discussed.     

Influence of Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Therapy on Systemic Immunological Status

Background: Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCC) therapy for superficial bladder cancer induces obvious local immunological responses. The purpose of this study was to examine the systemic immunological influences induced by intravesical BCG therapy.
Methods: We measured peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets (PBLS) and monocyte counts in 30 patients with superficial bladder carcinoma by two-colored flow cytometry before, during, and after intravesical BCG treatment. Comparisons were made between 24 good treatment responders and 6 poor responders.
Results: From 3 to 12 months after the beginning of treatment, PBLS and monocyte counts changed, as evidenced by an increase of suppressor T cells and a decrease of helper T cells. The good responders had higher cell counts than the poor responders, with differences in cell counts between good and poor responders more marked 1 month after beginning treatment, particularly of natural killer cells, cytotoxic T cells, and inducer T cells. These differences disappeared 3 months after the onset of treatment.
Conclusion: Intravesical BCG therapy caused a marked and persistent alteration of the systemic immunological status.     

Analysis of murine lymphocyte subpopulations by dual-color flow cytometry: technical considerations and specificities of monoclonal antibodies directed against surface markers

We performed detailed phenotypic analysis of murine lymphocytes from thymus, spleen, lymph node, and peripheral blood using commercially available monoclonal antibodies, each with specificities for membrane surface markers and dual-color flow cytometry. Erythrocyte lysis techniques were utilized for lymphocyte preparation so that inherent difficulties with gradient techniques would be avoided, such as the potential for loss of abnormally sized cells. These studies demonstrated that the specificities of each monoclonal must be carefully determined; for example, the Lyt-1 monoclonal, frequently utilized to identify helper/inducer T cells, also reacts with suppressor/cytotoxic (Lyt-2+) cells; helper/inducer cells are better studied with a more recently available monoclonal, L3T4. Cells from different tissues may differ greatly not only in the presence of surface markers, but also in the surface density of each marker; this density can be studied and quantitated using appropriate analytic software. We also show that larger and more granular lymphocytes appear to be enriched for surface Ia antigen, indicating that these cells may be activated or regulatory subsets; these large, Ia+ T-cells will be lost from analysis if standard, narrow gate settings are used for analyzing forward and side-scatter characteristics or for cell sorting.     

体外循环心内直视手术对患者外周血白细胞中性粒细胞T淋巴细胞亚群影响

选择３０例择期心内直视术患者，治疗期间连续观察麻醉前后、术毕、术后第１、７、１４天其外周血白细胞、中性粒细胞、Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群变化，借以判断麻醉与体外转流手术后上述免疫参数变化，为及时防治心内直视术患者术后并发症提供实验依据。结果发现静吸复合麻醉近１ｈ后外周血淋巴细胞数急剧下降，术毕、术后第１至１４天外周血白细胞、中性粒细胞数及其所占百分率显著升高，而淋巴细胞数及其百分率则明显下降。Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群分析发现麻醉后ＣＤ＋３、ＣＤ＋４细胞及ＣＤ＋４／ＣＤ＋８比值明显下降，术毕、术后第１天进一步下降，至术后第７天或１４天恢复至麻醉前水平，这些参数变化是患者术后易并发感染等的原因之一。     

体外循环前后T细胞亚群及红细胞免疫功能的改变

报告２３例体外循环（ＣＰＢ）心脏直视手术病人及１１例非ＣＰＢ病人的外周血Ｔ细胞亚群、红细胞免疫粘附功能、红细胞内超氧化物歧化酶在手术前后的变化。结果显示：心胸手术后Ｔ细胞亚群和红细胞的免疫功能受到抑制，且ＣＰＢ组的免疫抑制比非ＣＰＢ组严重。重点讨论ＣＰＢ对Ｔ细胞亚群和红细胞免疫功能的影响。