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BACKGROUND: Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) is a major cause of short stature in childhood. Most but not all children experience catch-up growth by 2 years of age. METHODS: We investigated the endocrine profile (thyroid function, prolactin, cortisol, C-peptide and insulin-like growth factor-I [IGF-IJ levels) of 57 children with IUGR, aged 2-10 years, and compared it with 30 controls whose birth weight was appropriate-for-gestational-age. RESULTS: The hormonal profile for both groups was similar for thyroid hormones, prolactin, C-peptide and IGF-I. Cortisol levels were significantly lower in the IUGR group compared to controls (p <0,05). When the IUGR group was divided into 'catch-up' growth and 'non-catch-up' subgroups, the latter had significantly lower IGF-I levels (p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Lower cortisol levels in children born with IUGR may reflect impaired function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis associated with this condition. The significantly lower IGF-I levels of the 'non-catch-up' subgroup may be involved in their failure to grow.  相似文献   

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目的:对294例宫内发育迟缓(IUGR)儿童出生2年内的身长追长观察,了解不同性别、不同胎龄、不同出生体重IUGR儿身长追长情况。方法:294例IUGR儿童与300例足月正常儿在出生后4、6、9、12、15、18、21、24月龄随访,测量其身长,计算身长增长值,比较身长增长情况。结果:IUGR儿童身长追长成功率男女分别为72.2%和71.5%(P=0.90);早产小样儿与足月小样儿追长成功率分别为77.4%、68.6%(P=0.11);出生体重1500~2499 g者的身长追长成功率较出生体重<1500 g和≥2500 g者高(P<0.01)。IUGR男童在4、6月龄及18、21、24月龄测得的身长增长值明显高于正常儿(P<0.05);女童在4、6、9、12及21月龄测得的身长增长值明显高于正常儿。男童早产小样儿在6月龄及9月龄身长增长值明显大于足月小样儿,女童早产小样儿在4月龄及18月龄身长增长值明显大于足月小样儿。不论男女,出生体重<1500 g者在4月龄身长增长值均明显大于≥2500 g者;男童1500~2499 g者在4、6、18、21及24月龄身长增长值明显大于≥2500 g者,女童1500~2499 g者在4、6、9、12及21月龄身长增长明显大于≥2500 g者。结论:IUGR女童的追长以出生后第一年为主,而男童除出生半年内追长外,在出生第二年仍追长明显。早产小样儿的追长比足月小样儿好。出生体重<1500 g者及1500~2499 g者的追长比≥2500 g者好。  相似文献   

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Midarm to head circumference ratio was evaluated in 233 term infants for identification of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) at birth. A ratio of 0.233±0.014 could identify all babies with severe IUGR, while all but two babies with mild I UGR had this ratio less than 0.280. The observation suggest that this method can be utilised for easy diagnosis of IUGR even by paramedical workers at community level, and is independent of ethnic groups or intrauterine growth curves.  相似文献   

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Background: Much epidemiological evidence has linked low birthweight with late cardiovascular risk. Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) is associated with the increased risk of cardiovascular disease in adult life; it is unclear whether the relationship is present at younger ages. We evaluated whether abdominal aortic stiffness was altered in patients with IUGR (born at term with birthweight small for gestational age) in younger ages. Methods: Thirty‐two (24 girls and eight boys) IUGR children aged 8.77 ± 2.05 years were enrolled in the study. The birthweight was traced from the medical records. Their gestational ages were 38.9 ± 0.85 weeks and birthweights 2130 ± 198 g, respectively. Thirty‐one healthy subjects who had normal gestational age and birthweight, matched for age and sex were recruited as a control group. Aortic strain, pressure strain elastic modulus (Ep), and normalized Ep and aortic distensibility were measured by a sphygmomanometer and transthoracic echocardiography in all subjects from the abdominal aorta. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the study and the control groups in sex, mean age, body mass index, lipid profile, leptin, insulin‐like growth factor‐1 or insulin‐like growth factor binding protein 3. In IUGR children, aortic strain (0.201 ± 0.027 vs 0.254 ± 0.031, P < 0.001) and aortic distensibility (1.08 ± 0.19 vs 1.42 ± 0.24, P < 0.001) were significantly lower compared with the control group. However Ep (188 ± 36.2 vs 146 ± 27.1, P < 0.001) and normalized Ep (2.97 ± 0.40 vs 2.1 ± 0.39, P < 0.001) were significantly higher in IUGR patients. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that abdominal aortic stiffness is increased in IUGR patients. These data suggest that prenatal events could be related to cardiovascular risk in later life.  相似文献   

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目的 探讨宫内发育迟缓(IUGR)早产儿生后生长迟缓对早期神经发育的影响。方法 回顾性分析2008 年5 月至2012 年5 月出生并定期随访至校正胎龄6 个月的171例早产儿的临床资料,其中IUGR早产儿40 例,早产适于胎龄儿(AGA)131 例。比较两组校正胎龄40 周、3个月、6个月的生长迟缓率及校正胎龄3 个月、6 个月时的神经发育情况。神经发育采用Gesell发育量表评估。结果 IUGR 组校正胎龄40 周、3个月、6个月的生长迟缓率均明显高于AGA 组;校正胎龄3 个月时Gesell 各项发育商(大运动、精细动作、语言、适应性及个人社交)均低于AGA 组;校正胎龄6 个月时,IUGR组精细动作及语言发育商低于AGA组,但两组大运动、适应性及个人社交发育商比较差异已无统计学意义。IUGR组6月龄时体重追赶落后的患儿各项发育商均明显低于追赶理想的IUGR 和AGA 患儿。结论 IUGR早产儿生后早期的生长迟缓可对早期神经发育产生不良影响。  相似文献   

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A birth cohort of 727 squatter children from Karachi was followed to study growth patterns by measuring anthropometric parameters at specific ages during the first 2 years of life. The mean weight and length of the intrauterine growth retarded and appropriate for gestational age children fell below the 10th percentile of the NCHS standards after 9 months and further deteriorated in the subsequent study period. However, the intrauterine growth retarded children showed slightly higher growth velocities compared to appropriate for gestational age children in the first few months for all four measurements, but subsequently these differences in growth velocities diminished. Our results suggest that nutrition intervention strategies should begin in early pregnancy.  相似文献   

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OBJECTIVES: To assess the patterns of early postnatal physiological adaptation and maturation in intrauterine growth retarded (IUGR) infants by measuring changes in sleeping deep body temperature, heart rate, and concentrations of urinary cortisol. SETTING: At home. PATIENTS: Sixty five IUGR babies and 127 controls matched for sex, social class, and levels of parental smoking. RESULTS: Night time sleeping deep body temperature, heart rate, and cortisol excretion fell with age, eventually establishing an adult type diurnal rhythm of physiological function. Minimum overnight temperature showed a linear decline with age (p < 0.001), but the IUGR infants and the controls had significant differences in intercept (p = 0.007) and slope (p = 0.02). The estimated rate of decline per week was 0.020 degrees C for IUGR infants and 0.031 degrees C for controls. Maximum temperature did not show similar changes. IUGR infants had a mean (SE) age adjusted minimum overnight heart rate that was 4.2 (1.5) beats/min (p = 0.005) higher than controls. Overnight cortisol/creatinine ratios declined with age at a rate of 4.1% per week (log ratio -0.421 (0.0165), p = 0.01), but the ratio for IUGR infants was on average 42% higher (log ratio 0.35 (0.11), p = 0.002) than for controls of the same age. Morning cortisol concentrations did not show a similar pattern. CONCLUSIONS: Postnatal physiological adaptation and maturation of IUGR infants is slower than normal and therefore they remain in a physiologically immature state for longer. The higher heart rates and greater cortisol excretion in such infants may be precursors to hypertension and cardiovascular disease seen in adults.  相似文献   

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宫内发育迟缓的病因复杂,众多环节发生障碍均可导致该病的发生.其分子发病机制也正在进一步揭示,这些分子发病机制的研究将有助于更好地理解该病的宫内起源机制.现就宫内发育迟缓的分子发病机制进行探讨.  相似文献   

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In a retrospective study of 47 children seen before puberty for growth retardation secondary to intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), 23 boys had a final height of 161.9 ± 8.0 cm and 24 girls a final height of 147.6 ± 7.2 cm, values that were significantly lower than the target heights of these patients ( p < 0.001). This reduction in adult height indicates the possible usefulness of growth hormone therapy in children with IUGR.  相似文献   

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A total of 130 short children were included in a French multicentre study and randomized between a control group (group A) and two groups treated with daily subcutaneous injections of GH at doses of 0.7 IU/kg/week (group B) and 1.4 IU/kg/week (group C) for 2 years. Height velocity was significantly increased ( p <0.0005) in groups B and C, with a greater increase in group C than in group B ( p < 0.001). The benefit after 2 years compared with controls was 4.3 cm in group B and 5.9 cm in group C. The rate of bone maturation was not affected by GH therapy. These results led to the conclusion that 2 years of treatment with GH improves final height prognosis in children with short stature secondary to IUGR, and that this effect is dose dependent. The effect on final height has still to be demonstrated.  相似文献   

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"慢性疾病胎儿起源学说"假说、"节俭表型假说"、"营养程序化"、"代谢程序化" 概念指出了早期营养与远期健康的关系问题,流行病学调查也已证实宫内发育迟缓与胰岛素抵抗密切相关,但宫内发育迟缓发生胰岛素抵抗的具体机制目前尚未明确.遗传信息的调控可能会不同程度改变胎儿组织器官的结构和功能,在基因水平上,胰十二指肠同源盒基因、Munc13-1、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体基因、胰岛素受体底物基因、线粒体DNA、ghrelin mRNA等的表达情况都对宫内发育迟缓发生胰岛素抵抗有影响.  相似文献   

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R Lanes  L P Plotnick  P A Lee 《Pediatrics》1979,63(5):731-735
Previous studies have not clarified whether human growth hormone (HGH) therapy can significantly increase the height of patients with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). To determine whether the initial increase in growth rate is sustained through subsequent treatment, 19 prepubertal patients who had IUGR were treated with HGH. Ten of them received a second treatment course. Growth rates (in centimeters per year) were 4.8 +/- 1.4 (mean +/- SD) for the pretreatment period, 7.6 +/- 2.3 for the first treatment period, 4.2 +/- 2.5 for the interval between treatments, 5.9 +/- 1.4 for the second treatment period, and 4.3 +/- 2.6 for the posttreatment period. Growth rates for the two treatment periods were significantly greater than for the periods before, interval between, and posttreatment. Height expressed as the number of standard deviations below the mean for age increased significantly between the onset of treatment and the most recent measurement. These data indicate that HGH has a sustained positive effect on increasing growth rates in children with IUGR, although the magnitude of the effect may decrease with further treatment. Furthermore, we suggest that it is worthwhile to treat patients who have IUGR with HGH for prolonged periods of time, if supplies exceed those necessary to treat children with growth hormone deficiency.  相似文献   

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Although both preterm (PT) and intrauterine growth retarded (IUGR) infants can have similar birth weights, they are known to show different neonatal and post-neonatal features. Newborns (n = 623) from the Guatemalan longitudinal study of nutritional supplementation during pregnancy were studied. There were 61 PT (less than or equal to 37 wk) and 173 IUGR (less than or equal to 10th percentile) infants. Simultaneous adjustment using the long-linear model showed that calorie and/or protein supplementation during pregnancy lowered the risk of PT (adjusted odd ratios (OR) = 0.52, 95%, CI = 0.40-0.77, and 0.43 CI = 0.36-0.59, respectively), but did not affect the incidence of IUGR. Low maternal head circumference and weight increased the risk of IUGR only (OR = 1.4, CI = 1.02-1.8 and 2.3 CI = 1.8-2.7, respectively). Male fetuses were at higher risk of both PT and IUGR. These data confirm the differential effect of maternal characteristics and nutritional supplementation during pregnancy on both PT and IUGR, and strongly suggest the need to include both gestational age and birth weight as outcome measures in epidemiological studies, thus avoiding the exclusive use of LBW (less than or equal to 2500 g).  相似文献   

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Although intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) is a major risk factor for increased neonatal mortality and morbidity, the mechanisms behind it are not clear. We analyzed cytokine gene expression and gene polymorphisms in infants with and without IUGR in Pakistan, where IUGR is very common. 45 IUGR and 55 control mother/infant pairs were studied. mRNA for IL-10, IL-8, TNF-alpha, TGF-beta, IL-6, IL-4, IL-1beta, IL-12, IFN-gamma and GAPDH was quantified with RT-PCR from placenta. Cytokine and cytokine receptor gene polymorphisms for -1087IL10, -308TNFA, -174IL6, +915TGFB1, intron 2 IL1RN, +36TNFR1, 150V IL4RA and -159CD14 were determined from genomic DNA. The serum levels of IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-alpha and TGF-beta were measured. There was a significant decrease of IL-10 and IL-12, but increase of TGF-beta in the decidua and similarly decrease of IL-10, but increase of TGF-beta in the trophoblasts of the IUGR placentas compared with the non-IUGR placentas. We found significantly lower levels of IL-1beta in serum from the mothers of the IUGR infants and of TGF-beta in serum of the infants with IUGR compared with the non-IUGR infants. We note that the IL-10 mRNA expression in the decidua was down-regulated, but the TGF-beta mRNA up-regulated in IUGR placentas of mothers from a population with multiple risk factors for IUGR. We propose that the low IL-10 in the placenta may be involved in the pathogenesis of IUGR and might possibly be treatable.  相似文献   

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Among the 282 neuroblastomas treated at the Institut Gustave-Roussy between 1982 and 1987, 38 dumbbell forms were observed. Therapeutic approaches included: 1) An initial laminectomy in forms with neurological deficit; 2) Surgical excision of the primary tumor; 3) Preoperative chemotherapy for metastatic forms and non-metastatic forms in which primary tumors considered unresectable at diagnosis; 4) Radiation therapy on macroscopic residual disease. Twenty three of 38 children presented with a neurological deficit. A laminectomy was performed in 21 cases. Neurological recovery was good in 8 cases, partial in 5 cases and absent in 5 cases. Three patients were aggravated after the procedure. The event free survival was 76%. This high survival rate is linked with: 1) The predominantly non metastatic stages (25/38); 2) A high proportion of children under 1 year of age (25/38); 3) A high proportion of thoracic locations. Out of the 29 survivors, there were 10 cases of major neurological sequelae (34%) and 9 cases of major orthopedic sequelae (31%). The coexistence of a serious functional prognosis and an excellent vital prognosis led us to analyse the therapeutic modalities and reevaluate the necessity of routine initial neurosurgical excision by laminectomy, and using a first line chemotherapy in selected indications.  相似文献   

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