屈曲旋转牵引对人腰神经通道影响的断面解剖学研究

目的：探讨腰椎前屈旋转牵引对人腰神经通道的影响。方法：青壮年男尸10具．取腰骶段置入-20℃水柜中冰硬，用电动断层带锯制戚脊柱区腰骶段断层标本。矢状断层标本每具切成6片．分别经两侧的推间管外孔、两侧的关节突关节和正中矢状面。冠状断层标本每具切成4片，分别经关节突关节、椎间管和椎弓根。将制作好的断层标本常温下复温，固定于自制牵引器上．使L4～5间隙对准牵引间隙。先进行牵引、再成角，然后骶骨旋转。牵引距离0～50mm，成角度数0～18°．左右旋转角度0～10°。摄片观察矢状面L4～5、L6～S1矢状面关节突关节，椎间孔．冠状面关节突关节、黄韧带、神经根在上述动作下的变化。结果：矢状面断层水平牵引时，椎间隙增宽，椎间管(孔)增大，关节突关节面上下滑动，关节间隙增宽。牵引的同时腰椎前屈椎间隙后部增宽．椎间盘后突、黄韧带拉紧．椎间孔上2／3(神经根所在位置)增大．而下1／3由于椎间盘后突相对变小．此时若再加骶，向同侧旋转．椎间孔相对变小．关节突关节间隙进一步加大；骶，向对侧旋转．椎间孔变大．关节突关节受挤压。冠状面断层牵引时关节突关节增宽．前屈时关节间隙进一步增宽．黄韧带拉紧．神经根在神经通道内牵伸向上滑动，此时骶，向同侧旋转，关节间隙由于上下关节突的旋转运动使间隙变大，黄韧带牵伸．对侧旋转时也出现上述情况．但不如同侧明显。结论：屈曲旋转牵引可通过纠正关节突关节紊乱、松解神经根粘连．解除神经根在腰神经通道内的卡压达到治疗目的。     

腰椎椎间管和椎间管外区应用解剖学研究

目的：探讨不同节段腰椎椎间管和椎间管外区同有性结构特点。方法：作者对32具肿国成人 腰椎骶椎骨标本进行了形态研究。结果：L1－L5椎弓根水平宽、椎板峡部宽、下关节突最外侧缘至正中矢状面距离和L1至S1上关节突最外侧经级至正中矢状面距离逐渐增大,尤以L4、L5增大显著;L4、L5横突基部下缘较其它3个椎骨横突基部下缘显著下移,因而L4／L5、L5／S1关节突关节显著上移。结论：从后面观,L1／L2至L5／S1手术窗逐渐减小并显著向外侧移,尤以L4／L5、L5／S1显著。     

腰椎椎间管和椎间管外区应用解剖学研究

目的 :探讨不同节段腰椎椎间管和椎间管外区骨性结构特点。方法 :作者对 3 2具中国成人腰骶椎骨标本进行了形态研究。结果 :L1 ～L5 椎弓根水平宽、椎板峡部宽、下关节突最外侧缘至正中矢状面距离和L1 至S1 上关节突最外侧缘至正中矢状面距离逐渐增大 ,尤以L4、L5 增大显著 ;L4、L5 横突基部下缘较其它 3个椎骨横突基部下缘显著下移 ,因而L4/L5 、L5 /S1关节突关节显著上移。结论 :从后面观 ,L1 /L2 至L5 /S1 手术窗逐渐减小并显著向外侧移 ,尤以L4/L5 、L5 /S1 显著。     

矢向轴动态椎弓根钉棒系统固定腰椎失稳有限元分析

[目的]利用有限元方法对矢向轴动态椎弓根钉棒内固定系统固定腰椎失稳模型的生物力学特性进行评价,为此动态内固定系统临床应用提供生物力学基础和理论依据.[方法]采用预先获取的健康成年中国男性志愿者的腰椎CT数据建立腰椎正常模型及L4,5失稳模型.根据矢向轴动态椎弓根钉棒系统和坚强椎弓根钉棒系统的材料参数计算和构建有限元模型,并将其导入已通过验证的腰椎失稳模型,分别构建L4,5单节段动态固定模型和坚强固定模型.约束L5椎体下终板,在轴向500N载荷和10N·m力矩下分别模拟人体腰椎正常生理轴向载荷、前屈、后伸、侧弯和旋转五种工况,分别记录4种模型轴向载荷工况下L4,5轴向位移及后四种工况下L4,5固定节段及L3,4邻近节段活动度、椎间盘应力、邻近节段小关节的应力和器械应力,并进行分析比较.[结果]矢向轴动态椎弓根钉棒系统固定失稳腰椎可让固定节段椎间关节留有大于坚强固定组、小于完整脊柱组运动范围的适当活动度,对邻近节段腰椎活动度的影响也小于坚强固定组,同时固定节段椎间盘应力较坚强固定组大,器械应力却小于坚强椎弓根钉棒系统,邻近节段腰椎间盘及椎间小关节应力也小于坚强固定组.[结论]应用矢向轴动态椎弓根钉棒系统固定失稳腰椎,既保留了腰椎固定节段适当活动性,又能提供即刻的稳定性;同时该系统与脊柱合力承担载荷,能有效避免因术后应力遮挡及器械应力集中引起的内固定失效等并发症;它也能降低邻近节段椎间盘及椎间关节的应力,对邻近节段腰椎活动度影响也较坚强固定小,理论上有利于减少和预防邻近节段退变.     

腰椎小关节方向性与腰椎间盘突出症

背景:腰椎小关节及其对称性与腰椎间盘突出之间是否存在关系,文献报道争议很大。目的:测量分析腰椎小关节方向性与腰椎间盘突出的关系。方法:收集因腰腿痛行CT检查的169例患者,L4/5腰椎间盘突出35例,L5/S1腰椎间盘突出67例,无间盘突出对照组67例。在CT终端机上选取L3～S1椎间隙的远侧椎体上终板层面,测量3个节段的腰椎小关节角。结果与结论:①L4/5和L5/S1腰椎间盘突出组L3/4、L4/5、L5/S1每个节段腰椎小关节角左侧均大于右侧(P<0.05);各组小关节前内侧角和后外侧角两侧相比差异均无显著性意义(P>0.05)。②各节段腰椎小关节角、前内侧角、后外侧角3组之间比较没有显著性差异(P>0.05)。③各组腰椎小关节角、后外侧角自L3/4至L5/S1节段均逐渐增大(P<0.05);而前内侧角L4/5节段最大,L3/4节段最小(P<0.05)。提示腰椎间盘突出与腰椎小关节角左右侧不相等有关;腰椎小关节角和后外侧角自L3/4至L5/S1逐渐更偏向冠状位,而内侧角在L4/5节段更偏冠状位,可能与腰椎管狭窄的发病有关。     

腰椎小关节方向性与腰椎间盘突出症

背景：腰椎小关节及其对称性与腰椎间盘突出之间是否存在关系,文献报道争议很大。目的：测量分析腰椎小关节方向性与腰椎间盘突出的关系。方法：收集因腰腿痛行CT检查的169例患者,L4/5腰椎间盘突出35例,L5/S1腰椎间盘突出67例,无间盘突出对照组67例。在CT终端机上选取L3～S1椎间隙的远侧椎体上终板层面,测量3个节段的腰椎小关节角。结果与结论：①L4/5和L5/S1腰椎间盘突出组L3/4、L4/5、L5/S1每个节段腰椎小关节角左侧均大于右侧（P〈0.05）;各组小关节前内侧角和后外侧角两侧相比差异均无显著性意义（P〉0.05）。②各节段腰椎小关节角、前内侧角、后外侧角3组之间比较没有显著性差异（P〉0.05）。③各组腰椎小关节角、后外侧角自L3/4至L5/S1节段均逐渐增大（P〈0.05）;而前内侧角L4/5节段最大,L3/4节段最小（P〈0.05）。提示腰椎间盘突出与腰椎小关节角左右侧不相等有关;腰椎小关节角和后外侧角自L3/4至L5/S1逐渐更偏向冠状位,而内侧角在L4/5节段更偏冠状位,可能与腰椎管狭窄的发病有关。     

兔腰神经根的解剖位置及实验性硅胶管压迫程度的测量

目的　确定兔腰神经根的解剖位置及硅胶管在椎间管内压迫神经根的程度。方法　 18只纯种新西兰成年兔 ,雄性 ,随机分为 2组 :A组 6只 ,利用几何作图原理 ,测量脊神经的长度、角度、脊神经在椎间外孔的直径及椎间外孔面积等解剖特点 ;B组 12只 ,采用断层解剖技术 ,6只用于测量冠状面和椎间外孔矢状面上硅胶管的压迫程度 ,6只用于关节突关节矢状面的压迫程度。测量工具主要有 :圆规、量角器和游标卡尺。结果　脊神经长度、与硬脊膜的夹角及椎间外孔面积在不同椎间隙各不相同。L5、L6脊神经长度分别为5 .83± 1.18和 8.94± 1.64mm ,与硬脊膜的夹角分别为 5 5 .2± 11.1和 2 9.6± 4.2°。硅胶管的截面积为椎间管经关节突关节矢状面面积的 2 0 %左右 ,为椎间外孔面积的 5 0 %左右。结论　本模型为脊神经轻度受压实验模型 ,接近于临床椎间盘突出和椎间管狭窄对脊神经的压迫。按照A组实验的结果进行插管 ,实验成功率高 ,不会因硅胶管损伤脊髓和脊神经而影响实验结果     

腰椎滑脱患者关节突关节形态的评价

目的文章探讨关节突关节形态对腰椎滑脱的影响。方法L4～5节段退变性滑脱25例(均年龄55岁)、后滑脱12例(均年龄53岁)和峡部裂滑脱11例(均年龄44岁)与32例(均年龄47岁)正常人进行对照检查。CT轴向扫描关节突关节,测量L3～4、L4～5、L5～S1关节突关节角度、关节宽度、关节面的深度和关节面形态。结果由上向下关节角度逐步从矢状向冠状转化。在L4～5节段退变性滑脱患者关节角度方向与对照组相比明显偏向矢状(P<0.01),退变性滑脱组和后滑脱组的关节宽度均大于对照组(P<0.01),退变性滑脱组的关节面深度比也有显著差异。峡部裂滑脱组的唯一差异是关节宽度显著减少(P<0.01)。结论结果提示关节突关节矢状排列可能是生长过程中形成的,某些患者发生腰椎退变时可能会出现滑脱。     

单枚融合器行经椎间孔腰椎椎体间融合的解剖学观测

背景:有部分学者认为,与经椎间孔腰椎椎体间融合技术相关的手术器械是按照西方人体格设计,和国人体格存在一定的差异,甚至融合物难以置入,所以探讨相关的解剖技术就显得很有必要.目的:测量腰椎椎间孔及与经椎间孔腰椎椎体间融合相关的解剖参数.方法:对14具正常成人尸体脊柱腰段椎间孔宽度、长度、高度进行了观测;对腰椎各结构与后正中矢状面的距离进行了观测.结果与结论: 结果表明腰段(L1～L5)椎间孔宽度逐渐变小;L1-L4椎间孔高度逐渐增大,L5略小于L4,L1～L5高度均明显大于其宽度(P＜0.01);L1～L5椎间孔长度逐渐增大(P＜0.05).L1至L5椎板峡部宽、下关节突最外侧缘至后正中矢状面距离逐渐增大,其性别间、左右间差异均无显著性意义(P＞0.05).结果表明国人经椎间孔入路能满足高度9～14 mm单枚椎间融合器斜向置入,单枚椎间融合器置入不会因牵拉硬膜囊和神经根而导致脊髓与神经根损伤.     

腰椎滑脱患者关节突关节形态的评价

目的 文章探讨关节突关节形态对腰椎滑脱的影响。方法 L4－5节段退变性滑脱25例（均年龄55岁），后滑脱12例（均年龄53岁）和峡部裂滑脱11例（均年龄44岁）与32例（均年龄47岁）正常人进行对照检查，CT轴向扫描关节突关节，测量L3－4，L－4，5L5－S1关节突关节角度，关节宽度，的深度和关节面形态。结果 由上向下关节角度逐步从矢状向冠状转化。在L4－5节段退变性滑脱患者关节角度方向与对照组相比明显偏向矢状（P＜0．01），退变性滑脱组和后滑脱组的关节宽度均大于对照组（P＜0．01），退变性滑脱组的关节面深度比有显著差异，峡部裂滑脱组的唯一差异是关节宽度显著减少（P＜0．01）。结论 结果提示关节突变状排列可能是生长过程中形成的，某些患者发生腰椎退变性时可能会出现滑脱。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。